Arthur : /* 民主 */

2023-12-11T15:18:06Z

民主

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	== 民主 ==		== 民主 ==
	Democracy is a political system based on the principle of popular sovereignty, where power belongs to the people. In a democracy, citizens play a central role in decision-making and the exercise of power, either directly or through elected representatives. In a direct democracy, citizens actively participate in the formulation and adoption of laws and policies. This direct exercise of power often takes the form of referendums or popular assemblies where citizens vote on specific issues. A historical example of direct democracy is the ancient Athenian city-state, where citizens met to debate and decide on the affairs of state. In most modern democracies, however, the system is representative: citizens elect representatives to govern them and make decisions on their behalf. This form of democracy allows for more practical management of a state's affairs, especially when the population is too large for everyone to participate directly in governance. Elected representatives, such as members of parliament, senators and the head of state, are supposed to reflect the will of the people and act in the general interest.		民主是一种基于人民主权原则的政治制度，权力属于人民。在民主制度中，公民直接或通过选举产生的代表在决策和行使权力方面发挥核心作用。在直接民主制中，公民积极参与法律和政策的制定和通过。这种直接行使权力的形式通常是公民投票或民众大会，由公民就具体问题进行投票。古代雅典城邦就是直接民主的一个历史典范，在那里，公民开会辩论并决定国家事务。然而，在大多数现代民主国家，民主制度是代议制的：公民选举代表来管理他们并代表他们做出决定。这种民主形式可以更实际地管理国家事务，尤其是当人口众多，无法让每个人都直接参与治理时。民选代表，如国会议员、参议员和国家元首，应反映人民的意愿，并以普遍利益为重。

	Representative democracy is usually accompanied by various institutions and mechanisms to ensure transparency, accountability and fairness in the political process. These include regular, free and fair elections, civil rights such as freedom of expression and association, a free press, and independent judicial systems to protect citizens' rights. Countries such as the United States, Germany, Canada and Australia are examples of representative democracies. In these systems, although citizens do not directly make political decisions, they play a crucial role by electing those who govern them and by participating in public debate, which shapes the state's policies and laws.		代议制民主通常伴随着各种机构和机制，以确保政治进程的透明度、问责制和公平性。这些制度和机制包括定期、自由和公平的选举，言论自由和结社自由等公民权利，新闻自由，以及保护公民权利的独立司法系统。美国、德国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国都是代议制民主国家的典范。在这些制度中，虽然公民并不直接做出政治决定，但他们通过选举执政者和参与公共辩论发挥着至关重要的作用，而公共辩论则决定着国家的政策和法律。

	~~The quote from Heinrich~~ Rudolf ~~Schinz, an eminent 19th century Zurich jurist, underlines a fundamental understanding of democracy and the role of government, particularly in the Swiss context. His assertion that~~ "~~all governments in Switzerland must recognise this, that they exist only insofar as they are of the people and act by the people and for the people~~" reflects the idea that the legitimacy of a government rests on its representation of and service to the people. This perspective is particularly relevant to Switzerland, a country that has long valued the principles of direct and participatory democracy. In 1830, when Schinz expressed this view, Switzerland was in the midst of a period of political transformation and development. His ideas resonated with the emerging democratic ideals of responsible government that was responsive to the needs and wishes of its citizens.		19 世纪苏黎世著名法学家海因里希-鲁道夫-申茨（Heinrich Rudolf Schinz）的名言强调了对民主和政府作用的基本理解，尤其是在瑞士。他断言 "瑞士的所有政府都必须认识到这一点，即政府的存在前提是它属于人民，并由人民和为人民行事"，这反映了政府的合法性取决于它是否代表人民并为人民服务。这一观点与瑞士尤其相关，因为瑞士长期以来一直重视直接民主和参与式民主的原则。1830 年，当申茨表达这一观点时，瑞士正处于政治转型和发展时期。他的观点与新兴的民主理想产生了共鸣，即负责任的政府应顺应公民的需求和愿望。

	~~Schinz's emphasis on governments being~~ "~~of the people~~" means that authorities must emanate from the consent and will of citizens. This implies a transparent and fair democratic process in which citizens have a meaningful role in electing their representatives and in political decision-making. The expression "~~governed by the people~~" underlines the importance of citizen participation in governance. In the Swiss system, this translates into mechanisms of direct democracy, such as referendums and popular initiatives, where citizens can directly influence legislation and public policy. As for "acting for the people", this refers to the obligation of governments to work in the general interest, implementing policies and laws that benefit society as a whole, rather than serving particular interests or elites. Schinz's vision is emblematic of the democratic principles that continue to be at the heart of governance in Switzerland, where power is exercised transparently and accountably, with the active participation of citizens. This reflects a commitment to a democracy that is not just a form of government, but also an expression of the values and aspirations of the people.		申茨强调政府是 "人民的政府"，这意味着政府必须来自公民的同意和意愿。这意味着要有一个透明、公平的民主程序，让公民在选举代表和政治决策中发挥有意义的作用。民治 "这一表述强调了公民参与治理的重要性。在瑞士的制度中，这体现为直接民主机制，如全民公决和民众倡议，公民可以直接影响立法和公共政策。至于 "为人民服务"，指的是政府有义务从整体利益出发，执行有利于整个社会的政策和法律，而不是为特定利益或精英服务。施因茨的愿景体现了民主原则，这些原则仍然是瑞士治理的核心，在公民的积极参与下，以透明和负责任的方式行使权力。这体现了对民主的承诺，民主不仅是一种政府形式，也是人民价值观和愿望的体现。

	~~Abraham Lincoln's quote at the dedication of the cemetery at the Battle of Gettysburg in~~ 1863 ~~is one of the most famous speeches in American history and a pillar of democratic thought. His words,~~ "~~May we, by our determination, see that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under the shadow of God, may be reborn in liberty.~~.. ~~and that government of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the face of the earth", resonate deeply with the values of democracy and freedom~~. ~~Lincoln delivered this speech against the backdrop of a wrenching civil war, where the nation was deeply divided over issues of freedom and slavery~~. ~~The Battle of Gettysburg, one of the bloodiest of the American Civil War, was a crucial moment in the conflict~~. ~~By evoking the sacrifices of fallen soldiers, Lincoln sought to give meaning to those losses and to reinforce the nation's commitment to the principles of liberty and unity~~.		亚伯拉罕-林肯在 1863 年葛底斯堡战役墓地落成典礼上的一段话是美国历史上最著名的演讲之一，也是民主思想的支柱。他说，"但愿我们下定决心，使这些死者不致白白牺牲，使这个国家在上帝的庇护下，在自由中获得新生......使民有、民治、民享的政府不致从地球上消失"，这句话与民主和自由的价值观产生了深深的共鸣。林肯发表这篇演讲的背景是一场激烈的内战，当时国家在自由和奴隶制问题上存在严重分歧。葛底斯堡战役是美国内战中最血腥的战役之一，是冲突的关键时刻。通过缅怀阵亡将士的牺牲，林肯试图赋予这些损失以意义，并强化国家对自由和统一原则的承诺。

	~~The idea that~~ "government of the people, by the people, and for the people" must not "perish from the face of the earth" is a powerful affirmation of democratic principles. Lincoln emphasised that democracy was not only essential for the United States, but also an ideal to be preserved for all mankind. This concept implies that government should be based on the will of the people, that it should be exercised by representatives elected to serve the interests of the people, and that its ultimate goal must be the well-being of the people. The Gettysburg Address, though brief, had a profound and lasting impact, not only on American society, but also on the global perception of democracy and freedom. It continues to be cited as an eloquent example of leadership in times of crisis and a powerful reminder of the fundamental values on which democracies are built.		民有、民治、民享 "的理念是对民主原则的有力肯定。林肯强调，民主不仅对美国至关重要，也是全人类的理想。这一理念意味着政府应建立在人民意志的基础上，应由选举产生的代表行使权力，为人民的利益服务，其最终目标必须是人民的福祉。盖茨堡演说》虽然简短，但不仅对美国社会，而且对全球的民主和自由观念都产生了深远而持久的影响。它继续被作为危机时刻领导力的雄辩典范和民主国家赖以建立的基本价值观的有力提醒。

	= ~~Annexes~~ =		= 附录 =

	= ~~References~~ =		= 参考资料 =
	<references />		<references />

	[[Category:droit]]		[[Category:droit]]
	[[Category:Victor Monnier]]		[[Category:Victor Monnier]]

Arthur : /* The Federal State */

2023-12-11T15:17:38Z

The Federal State

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Arthur le 11 décembre 2023 à 15:02

2023-12-11T15:02:13Z

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Page créée avec « 根据维克多-莫尼埃的课程改编<ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/ Profil de Victor Monnier sur le site de l'UNIGE]</ref><ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/publications/ Publications du professeur Victor Monnier]</ref><ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/actus/archives/2019/hommage-victor-monnier/ Hommage au professeur Victor Monnier - Faculté de droit - UNIGE]</ref> {{Tr... »

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Arthur : /* 民主 */

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Arthur le 11 décembre 2023 à 15:02

Arthur : /* 民主 */

Arthur : /* The Federal State */