法律入门：关键概念和定义 - Historique des versions

Arthur le 11 décembre 2023 à 10:56

2023-12-11T10:56:41Z

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	\|[[法律入门：关键概念和定义]] ● [[国家：职能、结构和政治制度]] ● [[法律的不同部门]] ● [[法律渊源]] ● [[法律的主要形成传统]] ● [[法律关系的要素]] ● [[法律的适用]] ● [[法律的实施]] ● [瑞士从起源到20世纪的发展]] ● [[瑞士的国内法律框架]] ● [[瑞士的国家结构、政治制度和中立]] ● [[19世纪末至20世纪中叶国际关系的演变]] ● [[世界组织]] ● [[欧洲组织及其与瑞士的关系]] ● [[基本权利的类别和世代]] ● [[基本权利的起源]] ● [[十八世纪末的权利宣言]] ● [[二十世纪基本权利普遍概念的构建]]		\|[[法律入门：关键概念和定义]] ● [[国家：职能、结构和政治制度]] ● [[法律的不同部门]] ● [[法律渊源]] ● [[法律的主要形成传统]] ● [[法律关系的要素]] ● [[法律的适用]] ● [[法律的实施]] ● [[瑞士从起源到20世纪的发展]] ● [[瑞士的国内法律框架]] ● [[瑞士的国家结构、政治制度和中立]] ● [[19世纪末至20世纪中叶国际关系的演变]] ● [[世界组织]] ● [[欧洲组织及其与瑞士的关系]] ● [[基本权利的类别和世代]] ● [[基本权利的起源]] ● [[十八世纪末的权利宣言]] ● [[二十世纪基本权利普遍概念的构建]]
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Arthur le 11 décembre 2023 à 10:56

2023-12-11T10:56:11Z

← Version précédente		Version du 11 décembre 2023 à 12:56
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	\|[[[法律入门：关键概念和定义]] ● [[国家：职能、结构和政治制度]] ● [[法律的不同部门]] ● [[法律渊源]] ● [[法律的主要形成传统]] ● [[法律关系的要素]] ● [[法律的适用]] ● [[法律的实施]] ● [瑞士从起源到20世纪的发展]] ● [[瑞士的国内法律框架]] ● [[瑞士的国家结构、政治制度和中立]] ● [[19世纪末至20世纪中叶国际关系的演变]] ● [[世界组织]] ● [[欧洲组织及其与瑞士的关系]] ● [[基本权利的类别和世代]] ● [[基本权利的起源]] ● [[十八世纪末的权利宣言]] ● [[二十世纪基本权利普遍概念的构建]]		\|[[法律入门：关键概念和定义]] ● [[国家：职能、结构和政治制度]] ● [[法律的不同部门]] ● [[法律渊源]] ● [[法律的主要形成传统]] ● [[法律关系的要素]] ● [[法律的适用]] ● [[法律的实施]] ● [瑞士从起源到20世纪的发展]] ● [[瑞士的国内法律框架]] ● [[瑞士的国家结构、政治制度和中立]] ● [[19世纪末至20世纪中叶国际关系的演变]] ● [[世界组织]] ● [[欧洲组织及其与瑞士的关系]] ● [[基本权利的类别和世代]] ● [[基本权利的起源]] ● [[十八世纪末的权利宣言]] ● [[二十世纪基本权利普遍概念的构建]]
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Arthur : /* Dispositive, suppletive or declarative rules */

2023-12-11T10:47:05Z

Dispositive, suppletive or declarative rules

← Version précédente		Version du 11 décembre 2023 à 12:47
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	判决书也是包含法院实际判决的部分。在这一部分中，法院对涉案各方的主张或意见做出明确裁决。在执行部分，法院总结了其对主要争议问题的裁决。例如，在民事案件中，这可能包括对损害赔偿要求、合同履行或事故责任的裁决。在刑事案件中，执行部分将包含法院对被告有罪或无罪的判决，并列出刑罚或制裁（如有）。判决书的这一部分至关重要，因为它决定了案件的结果和当事人的法律后果。判决书必须清晰准确，因为执行或上诉行动正是以执行部分为基础。判决书的这一部分也具有法律约束力，可以通过法律的力量强制执行。执行部分作为案件的正式法律结论，体现了法律规则对审判期间所确定事实的具体应用。它反映了法院对法律的解释方式，并考虑了各方提供的证据和论据。简而言之，执行部分是司法判决的核心，将法院的审议和法律推理转化为最终的可执行结论。		判决书也是包含法院实际判决的部分。在这一部分中，法院对涉案各方的主张或意见做出明确裁决。在执行部分，法院总结了其对主要争议问题的裁决。例如，在民事案件中，这可能包括对损害赔偿要求、合同履行或事故责任的裁决。在刑事案件中，执行部分将包含法院对被告有罪或无罪的判决，并列出刑罚或制裁（如有）。判决书的这一部分至关重要，因为它决定了案件的结果和当事人的法律后果。判决书必须清晰准确，因为执行或上诉行动正是以执行部分为基础。判决书的这一部分也具有法律约束力，可以通过法律的力量强制执行。执行部分作为案件的正式法律结论，体现了法律规则对审判期间所确定事实的具体应用。它反映了法院对法律的解释方式，并考虑了各方提供的证据和论据。简而言之，执行部分是司法判决的核心，将法院的审议和法律推理转化为最终的可执行结论。

	=== ~~Dispositive, suppletive or declarative rules~~ ===		=== 处置性、补充性或陈述性规则 ===
	Dispositive rules (also known as suppletive or declaratory rules) capture an important aspect of civil law. These rules are those that apply in the absence of stipulations to the contrary by the parties concerned in their agreements or contracts.		处分性规则（也称为补充性规则或宣告性规则）是民法的一个重要方面。这些规则适用于有关各方在其协议或合同中未作相反规定的情况。

	Dispositive rules function as a frame of reference or default standard. They come into play when the parties to an agreement have not expressed a contrary will or drafted their own clauses to specifically govern their relationship or situation. In other words, these rules offer a standard legal solution that applies automatically, unless the parties have agreed a different arrangement. A classic example of a dispositive rule is the rules governing the distribution of property in the event of the dissolution of a company or marriage without a pre-established contract. If the parties have not drawn up a specific agreement on how to divide the assets, the dispositive rules laid down by law will apply.		处分性规则具有参考框架或默认标准的作用。当协议双方没有表达相反的意愿或起草自己的条款来专门规范他们之间的关系或情况时，这些规则就会发挥作用。换句话说，这些规则提供了一个自动适用的标准法律解决方案，除非双方当事人约定了不同的安排。处置性规则的一个典型例子就是在没有事先订立合同的情况下，公司或婚姻解体时的财产分配规则。如果双方未就如何分配资产达成具体协议，则将适用法律规定的处置规则。

	These rules are essential because they provide legal certainty and predictability in situations where the parties have not drawn up specific agreements. They also allow a degree of flexibility in the regulation of private affairs, giving parties the freedom to determine their own arrangements while providing a legal safety net in the absence of agreement. Dispositive rules act as a filler, filling in gaps where the parties have not expressed any particular will. In this way, they enable transactions and legal relationships to function smoothly, while providing a basic framework for situations not regulated by private agreements.		这些规则至关重要，因为它们在双方未达成具体协议的情况下提供了法律确定性和可预见性。它们还允许对私人事务进行一定程度的灵活管理，给予当事人决定自己安排的自由，同时在没有协议的情况下提供一个法律安全网。处置性规则起着填补的作用，在当事人未表达任何特定意愿的情况下填补空白。通过这种方式，它们使交易和法律关系得以顺利运作，同时为私人协议未规范的情况提供基本框架。

	=== ~~Peremptory rules~~ ===		=== 强制性规则 ===
	Peremptory rules are legal norms that apply absolutely and unconditionally to all persons falling within their scope. They are designed to be incontestable and cannot be modified by individual agreements or wishes. Unlike dispositive rules, which allow parties to agree their own terms as long as they do not run counter to the rules, mandatory rules leave no room for such private negotiations or arrangements. They are established to protect interests deemed fundamental by society, such as public order, morality, safety and fundamental rights.		强制性规则是绝对和无条件适用于其范围内所有人的法律规范。强制性规则的目的是无可争议，不能因个人协议或意愿而改变。强制性规则与处分性规则不同，处分性规则允许当事人商定自己的条款，只要这些条款不违背规则即可，而强制性规则则不给此类私下协商或安排留下任何余地。制定强制性规则是为了保护社会认为基本的利益，如公共秩序、道德、安全和基本权利。

	For example, in the field of labour law, there are mandatory rules concerning minimum wages, maximum working hours and safety conditions in the workplace. These rules are designed to protect workers against exploitation and dangerous working conditions, and cannot be changed by agreement between employer and employee. Similarly, in family law, certain rules relating to filiation, adoption and marriage are mandatory. They guarantee respect for fundamental rights and the protection of the most vulnerable parties, such as children. Imperative rules are therefore essential to ensure fairness, justice and the protection of vital interests in society. They represent the fundamental values and principles on which the legal order is based and serve as an essential guide in the application and interpretation of laws.		例如，在劳动法领域，有关于最低工资、最高工时和工作场所安全条件的强制性规则。这些规则旨在保护工人免受剥削和工作条件危险，雇主和雇员之间不得通过协议进行更改。同样，在家庭法中，有关亲子关系、收养和婚姻的某些规则是强制性的。这些规则保证尊重基本权利，保护儿童等最弱势的一方。因此，强制性规则对于确保公平、公正和保护社会重大利益至关重要。它们代表了法律秩序所依据的基本价值观和原则，是适用和解释法律的基本指南。

	= ~~Annexes~~ =		= 附件 =
	= ~~References~~ =		= 参考资料 =
	<references />		<references />

	[[Category:droit]]		[[Category:droit]]
	[[Category:Victor Monnier]]		[[Category:Victor Monnier]]

Arthur : /* 强制性质：意味着约束 */

2023-12-11T10:45:38Z

强制性质：意味着约束

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* 法律 "一词的多种含义 */

2023-12-11T10:37:09Z

法律 "一词的多种含义

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* 法律和社会秩序的作用 */

2023-12-11T10:33:54Z

法律和社会秩序的作用

← Version précédente		Version du 11 décembre 2023 à 12:33
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	=== 法律和社会秩序的作用 ===		=== 法律和社会秩序的作用 ===
	Law, in its essence, is a system of rules established and applied by a society to regulate the behaviour of its members. These rules may vary greatly from one society to another, but they have in common the objective of maintaining order, protecting rights and property, and promoting the general welfare. Sanctions, for their part, are the means by which compliance with these rules is ensured. It represents a formal response to the transgression of established norms, and can take various forms, such as fines, prison sentences or other disciplinary measures. For example, if an individual commits theft, he or she is breaking not only a moral norm, but also a rule of law. In response to this offence, society's legal system may impose a sanction, such as a prison sentence, both to punish the offender and to deter others from committing similar acts. This repression of prohibited behaviour helps to preserve social order and reinforce confidence in the legal system. Thus, the presence of sanctions to punish breaches of the law is a crucial element in maintaining cohesion and stability in any society. It reflects the need for a balance between individual freedom and collective interests, ensuring that the rights and freedoms of some are not crushed by the actions of others.		从本质上讲，法律是一个社会为规范其成员的行为而制定和实施的规则体系。这些规则在不同的社会可能大相径庭，但它们的共同目标是维持秩序、保护权利和财产以及促进普遍福利。制裁则是确保遵守这些规则的手段。它是对违反既定规范行为的正式回应，可以采取各种形式，如罚款、监禁或其他纪律措施。例如，如果一个人犯了盗窃罪，他或她不仅违反了道德规范，也违反了法律规则。针对这种违法行为，社会的法律制度可能会施加制裁，如监禁，以惩罚违法者，并阻止其他人实施类似行为。这种对违禁行为的压制有助于维护社会秩序，增强人们对法律制度的信心。因此，惩罚违法行为的制裁措施是任何社会保持凝聚力和稳定的关键因素。它反映了在个人自由和集体利益之间保持平衡的必要性，确保一些人的权利和自由不会被另一些人的行为压垮。

	The state plays a vital role in ensuring that society functions properly, a task that involves establishing and maintaining rules of discipline under the authority of a centralised government structure. This responsibility is based on several essential functions. Firstly, the state is responsible for creating and enforcing rules and norms that define appropriate behaviour and interactions within society. These rules, often formalised in the form of laws and regulations, serve to prevent chaos and promote a safe and orderly environment. The clarity and precision of these rules are crucial. Well-defined and comprehensible laws enable citizens to clearly recognise their rights and duties, thereby facilitating adherence to these norms and reducing the risk of misunderstanding or conflict. The authority of the State is manifest in its power to enforce these laws. This includes the maintenance of public order by the police, the trial and punishment of offences by the courts, and the enforcement of sentences. For example, in the event of a breach of road traffic laws, police officers are empowered to intervene, and offenders may be subject to penalties such as fines or, in more serious cases, prison sentences. In addition, the State has a duty to regularly adapt and update the legal framework to reflect social, economic and technological changes. This adaptability is essential to meet the emerging challenges and evolving needs of society. For example, with the advent of the internet and digital technologies, many states have developed new laws to regulate online activities, protect personal data and combat cybercrime. In this way, by establishing a legal and regulatory framework and ensuring that it is enforced, the State ensures order and security in society. These actions not only help to maintain peace and social cohesion, but also contribute to the development and overall prosperity of the community.		国家在确保社会正常运转方面发挥着至关重要的作用，这项任务涉及在中央政府机构的领导下建立和维护纪律规则。这一责任基于几项基本职能。首先，国家负责制定并执行规则和规范，以界定社会中的适当行为和互动。这些规则通常以法律法规的形式正式确定下来，其作用是防止混乱，促进安全有序的环境。这些规则的清晰度和准确性至关重要。定义明确、易于理解的法律使公民能够清楚地认识到自己的权利和义务，从而促进对这些规范的遵守，减少误解或冲突的风险。国家的权威体现在其执行这些法律的权力上。这包括由警察维护公共秩序，由法院审判和惩罚犯罪，以及执行判决。例如，在违反道路交通法的情况下，警察有权进行干预，违法者可能会受到罚款等处罚，严重者可能会被判处监禁。此外，国家有义务定期调整和更新法律框架，以反映社会、经济和技术的变化。这种适应性对于应对新出现的挑战和满足不断变化的社会需求至关重要。例如，随着互联网和数字技术的出现，许多国家都制定了新的法律来规范在线活动、保护个人数据和打击网络犯罪。这样，通过建立法律和监管框架并确保其得到执行，国家确保了社会的秩序和安全。这些行动不仅有助于维护和平与社会凝聚力，还有助于社会的发展和全面繁荣。

	The law plays a fundamental role in facilitating peaceful coexistence within society. As a system of legal rules and norms, the law functions as an essential framework for regulating interactions between individuals, thereby ensuring social harmony and stability. One of the main functions of the law is to pacify human relations. It achieves this by defining acceptable behaviour and prescribing consequences for unacceptable behaviour. For example, civil law determines rights and obligations in contractual and family relationships, while criminal law establishes penalties for harmful behaviour such as theft or violence. By providing a systematic way of resolving conflicts and dealing with transgressions, the law helps to prevent disorder and promote justice. The law also serves as the foundation of social order. It creates a framework within which economic, political and social activities can take place in an orderly and predictable manner. By establishing clear rules and ensuring that they are applied, the law facilitates cooperation and mutual trust, which are essential to the smooth running of any society. So the law is not just a set of rules and regulations; it is a vital component of the social structure, playing a key role in preserving peace and order, and enabling people to live together productively and harmoniously.		法律在促进社会和平共处方面发挥着根本性作用。作为一个法律规则和规范体系，法律发挥着规范个人之间互动的基本框架的作用，从而确保社会和谐稳定。法律的主要功能之一是缓和人际关系。为此，法律界定了可接受的行为，并规定了不可接受行为的后果。例如，民法确定了契约和家庭关系中的权利和义务，而刑法则规定了对盗窃或暴力等有害行为的惩罚。通过提供解决冲突和处理违法行为的系统方法，法律有助于防止混乱和促进正义。法律还是社会秩序的基础。它创建了一个框架，使经济、政治和社会活动能够以有序和可预测的方式进行。通过制定明确的规则并确保这些规则得到执行，法律促进了合作与互信，而这对任何社会的平稳运行都至关重要。因此，法律不仅仅是一套规则和条例，它还是社会结构的重要组成部分，在维护和平与秩序方面发挥着关键作用，使人们能够富有成效地和谐共处。

	~~The main purpose of law is to organise society and protect national interests, but also, and perhaps more fundamentally, to safeguard individual rights and freedoms.~~ "~~I still don't know what law is, but I now know what a state without law is~~" ~~The historical experience to which Vedel refers, that of the arrival of prisoners liberated from the concentration camps at the Gare de Lyon in~~ 1944, highlights the tragic consequences of a state operating without respect for the principles of law. In such a context, the absence of adequate legal structures and protections opens the way to abuses of power, oppression and massive violations of human rights. The period of the Second World War and the horrors of the concentration camps represent perhaps the darkest and most poignant example of what can happen when the state acts without being constrained or guided by law. Vedel's observation is therefore a striking illustration of the need for a strong and respected legal system. The law, in its ideal form, must function as a safeguard against arbitrariness and abuse of power, while organising social, political and economic structures. It is essential for establishing and maintaining order, justice and freedom in any society. Thus, the historical experience highlighted by Vedel is an eloquent reminder of the fundamental role of law as a pillar of social order and protector of the fundamental rights of individuals.		法律的主要目的是组织社会和保护国家利益，但更根本的目的是保障个人权利和自由。"我仍然不知道什么是法律，但我现在知道什么是没有法律的国家"。维德尔提到的历史经历，即 1944 年从集中营解放出来的囚犯抵达里昂车站的经历，突出表明了一个不尊重法律原则的国家的悲惨后果。在这种情况下，缺乏适当的法律结构和保护措施就为滥用权力、压迫和大规模侵犯人权开辟了道路。第二次世界大战时期和集中营的恐怖也许是最黑暗、最令人痛心的例子，说明了国家在不受法律约束或指导的情况下行事会发生什么。因此，Vedel 的观点有力地说明了建立一个强大的、受人尊重的法律体系的必要性。理想形式的法律必须发挥保障作用，防止专横和滥用权力，同时组织社会、政治和经济结构。在任何社会中，法律对于建立和维护秩序、正义和自由都至关重要。因此，维德尔强调的历史经验雄辩地提醒我们，法律作为社会秩序的支柱和个人基本权利的保护者，发挥着根本性的作用。

	Social order, in its broadest sense, is a complex structure that ensures the cohesion and harmonious functioning of society. It rests on a number of fundamental pillars which, together, enable a community to prosper and adapt to change. At the heart of this social order is a structured organisation that provides a framework for society. This organisation can take many forms, including governmental, legal, educational and other social institutions that define the rules of community life. These institutions are responsible for establishing the norms and laws that govern interactions between individuals and groups, thereby ensuring order and predictability in social relations. A key element of social order is the authority that directs and supervises the operation of these institutions. This authority, whether political, legal or otherwise, plays a crucial role in implementing laws and policies and in directing public affairs. The authority ensures that the laws are respected and that the decisions taken serve the general interest. The social order must also ensure the material and intellectual sustenance of its members. This means not only meeting basic physical needs, such as food, housing and health, but also promoting education, culture and access to information. By meeting these basic needs, the social order contributes to the well-being and fulfilment of individuals. Another fundamental aspect of social order is its ability to maintain a balance between divergent interests. In any society, different groups and individuals have different needs, desires and perspectives, which can lead to conflict. The social order, through its institutions and processes, seeks to harmonise these opposing interests, through negotiation, mediation and the implementation of equitable policies. Finally, the social order must be in a constant state of adaptation. Societies are dynamic; they evolve over time as a result of changes in mores, values, technologies and environmental conditions. An effective social order is one that is able to adapt to these changes, revising its laws, policies and structures to meet new challenges and opportunities. In short, the social order is a complex, multidimensional system that plays an essential role in structuring society. It ensures social cohesion by meeting basic needs, managing divergent interests and adapting to ongoing changes in society.		广义上的社会秩序是一个复杂的结构，它确保社会的凝聚力与和谐运作。它建立在一些基本支柱之上，这些支柱共同使社会繁荣昌盛并适应变化。这种社会秩序的核心是一个结构化的组织，它为社会提供了一个框架。这种组织有多种形式，包括政府、法律、教育和其他社会机构，这些机构确定了社区生活的规则。这些机构负责制定规范个人和群体间互动的准则和法律，从而确保社会关系的秩序和可预见性。社会秩序的一个关键要素是指导和监督这些机构运作的权威。这种权威，无论是政治权威、法律权威还是其他权威，都在执行法律和政策以及指导公共事务方面发挥着至关重要的作用。权力机构确保法律得到遵守，所做决定符合普遍利益。社会秩序还必须确保其成员的物质和智力生计。这意味着不仅要满足基本的物质需求，如食物、住房和健康，还要促进教育、文化和信息的获取。通过满足这些基本需求，社会秩序有助于个人的福祉和成就。社会秩序的另一个基本方面是其在不同利益之间保持平衡的能力。在任何社会中，不同群体和个人都有不同的需求、愿望和观点，这可能导致冲突。社会秩序通过其机构和程序，通过谈判、调解和实施公平的政策，努力协调这些对立的利益。最后，社会秩序必须不断调整。社会是动态的；随着时间的推移，社会风气、价值观、技术和环境条件都会发生变化。一个有效的社会秩序必须能够适应这些变化，修订其法律、政策和结构，以应对新的挑战和机遇。简而言之，社会秩序是一个复杂、多维的系统，在构建社会方面发挥着重要作用。它通过满足基本需求、管理不同利益和适应社会的不断变化来确保社会的凝聚力。

	== ~~The many meanings of the word "law~~" ==		== 法律 "一词的多种含义 ==
	The word "law", derived from the Low Latin "directum", suggests the idea of something that is direct or straight, as opposed to something that is tortuous or devious. This etymological origin clearly illustrates the concept of law as a clear and straightforward path to justice and fairness. From this perspective, the law is seen as a reliable and upright guide that steers individuals and society towards just and appropriate behaviour, and away from fraud, corruption and injustice. The term 'juridical', on the other hand, refers to everything that belongs to the law, or 'ius' in Latin. "Ius" derives from the Latin verb "iubere", meaning "to order". This root underlines the authority inherent in law - it is not simply a set of suggestions or advice, but rather a body of commands and obligations that govern the conduct of individuals and institutions. Moreover, 'iustus', meaning 'the just', is the origin of the word 'iusticia', meaning 'justice'. This highlights the intrinsic relationship between law and justice. The law is thus conceived as a tool in the service of justice, aimed at ensuring that each individual receives what is due to him or her and that decisions and actions are taken in a fair and balanced manner. These terms therefore reflect the founding principles of many legal systems: the idea that the law should lead to right, just and orderly actions, and that justice is the ultimate goal of all legal rules and regulations.		The word "law", derived from the Low Latin "directum", suggests the idea of something that is direct or straight, as opposed to something that is tortuous or devious. This etymological origin clearly illustrates the concept of law as a clear and straightforward path to justice and fairness. From this perspective, the law is seen as a reliable and upright guide that steers individuals and society towards just and appropriate behaviour, and away from fraud, corruption and injustice. The term 'juridical', on the other hand, refers to everything that belongs to the law, or 'ius' in Latin. "Ius" derives from the Latin verb "iubere", meaning "to order". This root underlines the authority inherent in law - it is not simply a set of suggestions or advice, but rather a body of commands and obligations that govern the conduct of individuals and institutions. Moreover, 'iustus', meaning 'the just', is the origin of the word 'iusticia', meaning 'justice'. This highlights the intrinsic relationship between law and justice. The law is thus conceived as a tool in the service of justice, aimed at ensuring that each individual receives what is due to him or her and that decisions and actions are taken in a fair and balanced manner. These terms therefore reflect the founding principles of many legal systems: the idea that the law should lead to right, just and orderly actions, and that justice is the ultimate goal of all legal rules and regulations.

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	In our exploration of the vast field of law, we embark on an intellectual journey through the principles and structures that underpin legal systems and shape interactions within our societies. This discussion does not simply define law in its most basic terms; it seeks to reveal how it permeates and guides fundamental aspects of community life. By examining concepts such as objective and subjective law, we seek to understand not only the rules that govern individual behaviour, but also how these rules reflect and influence social values and structures.		在对广阔的法律领域进行探索的过程中，我们将踏上一段知识之旅，探究支撑法律体系和塑造社会互动的原则和结构。这种讨论并不只是简单地从最基本的角度来定义法律，而是试图揭示法律是如何渗透和指导社会生活的基本方面的。通过研究客观法和主观法等概念，我们不仅要了解规范个人行为的规则，还要了解这些规则如何反映并影响社会价值观和结构。

	We will look at positive law and its interaction with natural law, a subject that reveals the tensions and balances between written laws and universal ethical principles. The example of the French Civil Code is a perfect illustration of how ideals of justice and equality, once seen as the domain of morality or philosophy, have been incorporated into positive law, reflecting changing societal perceptions over time.		我们将研究实在法及其与自然法的相互作用，这一课题揭示了成文法与普遍伦理原则之间的紧张关系和平衡。法国民法典》的例子很好地说明了正义和平等的理想曾被视为道德或哲学的范畴，是如何被纳入实在法的，反映了随着时间的推移社会观念的变化。

	By exploring legal institutions such as marriage and adoption, we recognise how law shapes and is shaped by human relationships. These institutions are not simply legal agreements; they reflect how society conceives of and values personal relationships and responsibilities.		通过对婚姻和收养等法律制度的探讨，我们认识到法律是如何塑造人与人之间的关系，又是如何被人与人之间的关系所塑造的。这些制度不仅仅是法律协议；它们反映了社会如何看待和重视个人关系和责任。

	The judicial process, with its states of affairs and devices, is another focal point of our discussion. Here, we reveal how legal decisions are made, highlighting the importance of interpreting the facts and applying the rules of law. Imperative and dispositive rules offer an insight into the dynamic between individual freedom and the constraints imposed by the law.		司法程序及其状态和手段是我们讨论的另一个焦点。在这里，我们揭示了法律决定是如何做出的，强调了解释事实和适用法律规则的重要性。强制性规则和决定性规则让我们深入了解个人自由与法律约束之间的动态关系。

	This discussion is more than an academic presentation; it is an exploration of how law shapes and is shaped by human values and social interactions. By better understanding these principles, we gain not only legal knowledge, but also a deeper perspective on society itself and our role within it.		本次讨论不仅仅是一次学术演讲，更是对法律如何塑造人类价值观和社会互动，以及法律如何被人类价值观和社会互动所塑造的一次探索。通过更好地理解这些原则，我们不仅能获得法律知识，还能从更深的角度认识社会本身以及我们在其中的角色。

	= ~~What is law?~~ =		= 什么是法律？ =
	The law is a coherent set of socially established and imposed rules of conduct that dictate the behaviour expected of members of a society. These rules, endowed with binding power, serve as a guide for human interaction, regulating interpersonal relations in a fair and predictable manner. At the heart of its function is the overriding objective of ensuring harmonious and peaceful coexistence within the community. The law acts as a peacemaking mechanism, mitigating and resolving conflicts between individuals. It also plays a crucial role in the structural organisation of society, protecting not only individual and collective interests, but also the goods that are essential for harmonious social functioning. Law is the fundamental pillar of social order, guaranteeing stability and justice within the community.		法律是一整套由社会制定并强制实施的行为规则，规定了社会成员的预期行为。这些规则具有约束力，是人类互动的指南，以公平和可预测的方式调节人际关系。法律职能的核心是确保社会和谐与和平共处。法律充当调解机制，缓解和解决个人之间的冲突。法律在社会结构组织中也发挥着至关重要的作用，它不仅保护个人和集体利益，也保护和谐社会运作所必需的物品。法律是社会秩序的基本支柱，保障社会的稳定和公正。

	== ~~The law in society~~ ==		== 社会中的法律 ==
	Society can be further redefined as a set of individuals who coexist within an organised framework, sharing common norms, values and institutions. This coexistence is not static, but rather characterised by a multitude of interpersonal relationships that are constantly developing and evolving.		社会可以被进一步重新定义为在一个有组织的框架内共存的一组个人，他们共享共同的规范、价值观和制度。这种共存并非一成不变，而是以不断发展和演变的多种人际关系为特征。

	Each member of society is involved in a dense network of interactions with others, forming a rich and diverse social fabric. These interactions are not simply occasional contacts; rather, they constitute a complex series of relationships that shape individual and collective experiences. These relationships are influenced by factors such as cultural norms, laws, beliefs and economic practices.		每个社会成员都参与到与他人互动的密集网络中，形成了丰富多样的社会结构。这些互动并不只是偶尔的接触，而是构成了一系列复杂的关系，塑造着个人和集体的经历。这些关系受到文化规范、法律、信仰和经济习俗等因素的影响。

	Society can be seen as a living organism, where each member plays a crucial role in maintaining and evolving its structure and culture. The constant interaction between individuals is not only a feature of society, but also the driving force that shapes and transforms it.		社会可以被视为一个有生命的有机体，每个成员都在维护和发展社会结构和文化方面发挥着至关重要的作用。个人之间的不断互动不仅是社会的特征，也是塑造和改造社会的动力。

	=== ~~The organisation of society, public constraint and the legal order~~ ===		=== 社会组织、公共约束和法律秩序 ===
	In any society, individuals face a range of constraints that influence and delimit their behaviour, choices and opportunities. These constraints manifest themselves in a variety of ways, reflecting the complexity and diversity of social structures. Laws and regulations are a major form of constraint in any society. Imposed by government authorities and other regulatory bodies, these legal norms aim to ensure public order, security and justice. While they are essential for maintaining order and protecting the rights of citizens, they can also limit certain individual freedoms, defining a legal framework within which individuals must act. Beyond laws, social and cultural norms exert a powerful influence on individual behaviour. Cultural values, traditions and expectations often determine what is considered acceptable or unacceptable in a society. These norms can sometimes restrict the expression of individuality and impose patterns of behaviour that correspond to collective expectations. Economic conditions are another significant form of constraint. Wealth, poverty and unequal access to resources significantly influence the options available to individuals. These economic constraints can limit opportunities for education, healthcare, decent housing and other essential aspects of well-being. Finally, the physical and geographical environment imposes its own limitations. Climate, topography and access to natural resources have a direct impact on people's lifestyles. These environmental factors can determine the types of economic activity possible, lifestyles, and even the challenges faced by individuals. These different forms of constraint are fundamental in defining the structure and functioning of societies. They contribute to social stability and the predictability of human interactions, while shaping the dynamics of community life. Public coercion refers to the legitimate power exercised by state authorities to impose standards, rules and decisions. This power extends to all state institutions and agents, including the government, law enforcement agencies, the judiciary and public administrations. The essence of this power lies in its ability to enforce laws and regulations, thereby guaranteeing public order and the safety of citizens. The concept of public constraint also extends to individuals or entities that hold rights recognised by law. In this context, the holder of a right is entitled to demand that this right be respected, if necessary by appealing to the authority of the State. For example, an owner can assert his property rights in the event of an offence, by requesting the intervention of the competent authorities to enforce compliance with the law. Public enforcement is therefore a fundamental part of the rule of law. It not only ensures that the law is enforced, but also serves as a mechanism for protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals within society. It is through this power that the State maintains order, justice and social cohesion.		在任何社会中，个人都面临着影响和限制其行为、选择和机会的一系列制约因素。这些制约因素的表现形式多种多样，反映了社会结构的复杂性和多样性。在任何社会中，法律法规都是一种主要的约束形式。这些法律规范由政府当局和其他监管机构实施，旨在确保公共秩序、安全和公正。虽然它们对维持秩序和保护公民权利至关重要，但也会限制某些个人自由，为个人的行为确定法律框架。除法律外，社会和文化规范也对个人行为产生强大影响。文化价值观、传统和期望往往决定了在一个社会中什么是可接受的，什么是不可接受的。这些规范有时会限制个性的表达，并强加符合集体期望的行为模式。经济条件是另一种重要的制约形式。财富、贫困和获得资源的机会不均等都会对个人的选择产生重大影响。这些经济制约因素会限制教育、医疗保健、体面住房和其他基本福祉方面的机会。最后，自然和地理环境也有其自身的限制。气候、地形和自然资源的获取直接影响着人们的生活方式。这些环境因素可以决定可能的经济活动类型、生活方式，甚至个人面临的挑战。这些不同形式的制约因素对于确定社会的结构和功能至关重要。它们有助于社会稳定和人类互动的可预测性，同时也塑造了社区生活的活力。公共强制是指国家当局行使的强制标准、规则和决定的合法权力。这种权力适用于所有国家机构和人员，包括政府、执法机构、司法机构和公共行政部门。这种权力的本质在于其执行法律法规的能力，从而保障公共秩序和公民安全。公共制约的概念也延伸至拥有法律承认的权利的个人或实体。在这种情况下，权利持有人有权要求尊重这一权利，必要时可诉诸国家权力。例如，在发生违法行为时，所有者可以要求主管当局介入，强制遵守法律，从而维护自己的财产权。因此，公共执法是法治的基本组成部分。它不仅确保法律得到执行，也是保护社会中个人权利和自由的机制。国家正是通过这种权力来维护秩序、正义和社会凝聚力。

	The legal order is a complex, integrated system of legal rules that orchestrate relations within societies and between various entities on the international stage. This system encompasses a range of norms, from a country's domestic laws to the rules governing international interactions, providing a multi-layered regulatory framework. At the heart of this legal order are rules imposed by the rule of law and reinforced by sanctions for non-compliance. These rules serve as a foundation for justice and public order, ensuring that actions and interactions within society conform to accepted and ethical standards. For example, an individual who breaks a national law may be subject to criminal sanctions, reflecting the application of legal constraint to maintain social order. The legal order covers both national and supranational dimensions. At the national level, it comprises the constitution, laws made by parliament, administrative regulations and court rulings. These elements form the legal framework on which government structures and the rights and obligations of citizens are based. For example, a country's constitution defines the form of government and the fundamental rights of its citizens, while laws and regulations detail specific aspects of life in society, such as labour law or environmental protection. At international level, the legal system is made up of treaties, international conventions and globally recognised legal principles. These standards govern relations between states and other international players, covering areas such as international trade, human rights and humanitarian law. For example, the Geneva Conventions establish rules for the treatment of prisoners of war, illustrating how international law strives to maintain order and humanity even in times of conflict.		法律秩序是一个复杂、综合的法律规则体系，它协调着社会内部以及国际舞台上各实体之间的关系。这一体系包含一系列规范，从一国的国内法到国际互动规则，提供了一个多层次的监管框架。这一法律秩序的核心是法治所规定的规则，并通过对不守法行为的制裁予以强化。这些规则是正义和公共秩序的基础，确保社会中的行为和互动符合公认的道德标准。例如，违反国家法律的个人可能会受到刑事制裁，这反映了运用法律约束来维护社会秩序。法律秩序涵盖国家和超国家两个层面。在国家层面，它包括宪法、议会制定的法律、行政法规和法院裁决。这些要素构成了法律框架，政府机构和公民的权利与义务都建立在此框架之上。例如，一个国家的宪法规定了政府的形式和公民的基本权利，而法律法规则详细规定了社会生活的具体方面，如劳动法或环境保护。在国际层面，法律体系由条约、国际公约和全球公认的法律原则组成。这些标准规范国家与其他国际参与者之间的关系，涵盖国际贸易、人权和人道主义法等领域。例如，《日内瓦公约》确立了战俘待遇规则，说明了国际法如何在冲突时期努力维护秩序和人道。

	Taken as a whole, the legal order provides an essential structure for the stability and efficiency of societies, while ensuring a framework for the peaceful resolution of conflicts and the protection of rights and freedoms on a global scale. It represents not only a set of rules, but also a living system that evolves with social, economic and political change, reflecting the constant dynamics of life in society and international relations.		从整体上看，法律秩序为社会的稳定和效率提供了一个必要的结构，同时确保为和平解决冲突以及在全球范围内保护权利和自由提供一个框架。它不仅是一套规则，也是一个有生命力的体系，随着社会、经济和政治的变化而演变，反映了社会生活和国际关系的不断动态。

	=== ~~The function of law and social order~~ ===		=== 法律和社会秩序的作用 ===
	Law, in its essence, is a system of rules established and applied by a society to regulate the behaviour of its members. These rules may vary greatly from one society to another, but they have in common the objective of maintaining order, protecting rights and property, and promoting the general welfare. Sanctions, for their part, are the means by which compliance with these rules is ensured. It represents a formal response to the transgression of established norms, and can take various forms, such as fines, prison sentences or other disciplinary measures. For example, if an individual commits theft, he or she is breaking not only a moral norm, but also a rule of law. In response to this offence, society's legal system may impose a sanction, such as a prison sentence, both to punish the offender and to deter others from committing similar acts. This repression of prohibited behaviour helps to preserve social order and reinforce confidence in the legal system. Thus, the presence of sanctions to punish breaches of the law is a crucial element in maintaining cohesion and stability in any society. It reflects the need for a balance between individual freedom and collective interests, ensuring that the rights and freedoms of some are not crushed by the actions of others.		Law, in its essence, is a system of rules established and applied by a society to regulate the behaviour of its members. These rules may vary greatly from one society to another, but they have in common the objective of maintaining order, protecting rights and property, and promoting the general welfare. Sanctions, for their part, are the means by which compliance with these rules is ensured. It represents a formal response to the transgression of established norms, and can take various forms, such as fines, prison sentences or other disciplinary measures. For example, if an individual commits theft, he or she is breaking not only a moral norm, but also a rule of law. In response to this offence, society's legal system may impose a sanction, such as a prison sentence, both to punish the offender and to deter others from committing similar acts. This repression of prohibited behaviour helps to preserve social order and reinforce confidence in the legal system. Thus, the presence of sanctions to punish breaches of the law is a crucial element in maintaining cohesion and stability in any society. It reflects the need for a balance between individual freedom and collective interests, ensuring that the rights and freedoms of some are not crushed by the actions of others.

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Page créée avec « 根据维克多-莫尼埃的课程改编<ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/ Profil de Victor Monnier sur le site de l'UNIGE]</ref><ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/collaborateur/profshonoraires/victor-monnier/publications/ Publications du professeur Victor Monnier]</ref><ref>[https://www.unige.ch/droit/actus/archives/2019/hommage-victor-monnier/ Hommage au professeur Victor Monnier - Faculté de droit - UNIGE]</ref> {{Tr... »

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法律入门：关键概念和定义 - Historique des versions

Arthur le 11 décembre 2023 à 10:56

Arthur le 11 décembre 2023 à 10:56

Arthur : /* Dispositive, suppletive or declarative rules */

Arthur : /* 强制性质：意味着约束 */

Arthur : /* 法律 "一词的多种含义 */

Arthur : /* 法律和社会秩序的作用 */

Arthur le 11 décembre 2023 à 10:33

Arthur : /* Dispositive, suppletive or declarative rules */

Arthur : /* 强制性质：意味着约束 */

Arthur : /* 法律 "一词的多种含义 */

Arthur : /* 法律和社会秩序的作用 */