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		<title>Arthur : /* Facteurs explicatifs du vote de classe */</title>
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		<updated>2020-05-11T20:06:43Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Facteurs explicatifs du vote de classe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 22:06&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l147&quot;&gt;Ligne 147 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 147 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;A seconda della definizione che prendiamo delle classi e del voto di classe, il risultato può cambiare drasticamente. C'è chi si affida a una distinzione tradizionale con una distinzione binaria e all'indice Alford e trova un declino, mentre chi si affida all'indice Thomson e Kappa raggiunge conclusioni diverse con una trasformazione piuttosto che con un declino.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;A seconda della definizione che prendiamo delle classi e del voto di classe, il risultato può cambiare drasticamente. C'è chi si affida a una distinzione tradizionale con una distinzione binaria e all'indice Alford e trova un declino, mentre chi si affida all'indice Thomson e Kappa raggiunge conclusioni diverse con una trasformazione piuttosto che con un declino.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Facteurs explicatifs du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fattori esplicativi per il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est possible de faire une énumération des facteurs explicatifs qui influenceraient le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces facteurs sont plutôt des facteurs structurels de long terme&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais &lt;/del&gt;il &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut y avoir des changements conjoncturels qui peuvent faire varier le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;È possibile elencare i fattori esplicativi che influenzano il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi fattori tendono ad essere fattori strutturali a lungo termine&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma ci possono essere cambiamenti ciclici che possono far variare &lt;/ins&gt;il &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prospérité économique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elle influencerait le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en le faisant diminuer&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est ce qu’on appel aussi &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théorie de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;modernisation avec la monté des classes moyennes avec la perte d’une importance entre clivages de classes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;effet qui peut être plutôt négatif sur le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prosperità economica&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;influenzerebbe il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diminuendolo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa è anche chiamata &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teoria della modernizzazione con l'ascesa della classe media con &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perdita di importanza tra le divisioni di classe&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo è &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;effetto che può essere piuttosto negativo sul voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;chômage &lt;/del&gt;: il &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aurait tendance à faire augmenter le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lié à l’insécurité de l’emploi notamment&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont des théories qui s’inscrivent dans l’idée des théories de la modernisation&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;disoccupazione&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tenderebbe ad aumentare &lt;/ins&gt;il &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;legato in particolare alla precarietà del lavoro&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Queste sono teorie che sono in linea con l'idea delle teorie della modernizzazione&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;emploi dans l’industrie &lt;/del&gt;: la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diminution du secteur industriel et l’augmentation du secteur des services qui caractérise les sociétés &lt;/del&gt;post-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrielles aurait tendance à faire décliner le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne serait-ce que parce qu’il y aurait une diminution de la &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ouvrière&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y aurait également l’émergence de nouvelles classes par l’émergence de nouveaux conflits et de nouvelles lignes de démarcation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir de nouveaux clivages qui ferraient diminuer le clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le pouvoir explicatif du clivage de classes&lt;/del&gt;. Il &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne faut pas confondre la force explicative des clivages en général&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir le rôle qu’ont les clivages dans l’explication dans les comportements politiques et le rôle et les forces explicatives de ce clivage&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;occupazione nell'industria&lt;/ins&gt;: la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diminuzione del settore industriale e l'aumento del settore dei servizi che caratterizza le società &lt;/ins&gt;post-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industriali tenderebbero a far diminuire il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se non altro perché ci sarebbe una diminuzione della &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;operaia&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci sarebbe anche l'emergere di nuove classi attraverso l'emergere di nuovi conflitti e nuove linee di divisione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cioè nuove divisioni che ridurrebbero il divario di classe e il potere esplicativo del divario di &lt;/ins&gt;classe. Il &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potere esplicativo delle divisione in generale, cioè il ruolo delle scissioni nella spiegazione del comportamento politico&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;non deve essere confuso con il ruolo e il potere esplicativo della divisione di classe&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dimensione della &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;operaia&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'è una diminuzione della dimensione della &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;operaia che porterebbe ad una diminuzione del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;*taille de la &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ouvrière &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a une diminution de la &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ouvrière qui amènerait à une diminution du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;densità sindacale&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aumenta con &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;densità sindacale, ma c'è una certa ambiguità in questo rapporto&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Non sempre c'è &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;consenso nelle scienze sociali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa ambiguità è legata al fatto che può esserci una &lt;/ins&gt;forte &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sindacalizzazione dei lavoratori &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manuali che implica che i lavoratori &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manuali vadano a lavorare per la sinistra e così facendo diminuiscono il ruolo o la tradizionale opposizione destra&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sinistra e quindi il ruolo della &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;divisa nello spiegare il voto&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;densité syndicale &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;augmente avec &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;densité syndicale mais il y a une certaine ambiguïté dans cette relation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il n’y a pas toujours &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;consensus en sciences sociales&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette ambiguïté est liée au fait qu’il peut y avoir une &lt;/del&gt;forte &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;syndicalisation des travailleurs &lt;/del&gt;non&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-manuels qui implique une forte que les travailleurs &lt;/del&gt;non-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manuels vont travailler pour la gauche et ce faisant, ils diminuent le rôle ou l’opposition gauche – droite traditionnelle et donc le rôle du clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans l’explication du vote&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Disuguaglianza di reddito&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le differenze di reddito sono legate al tenore di vita delle diverse classi sociali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le grandi differenze di reddito prevedono una forte importanza nel voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;inégalités de revenu &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les différences de revenu sont liées au niveau de vie des différentes classes sociales&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Des grandes différences de revenus prédisent des fortes importances dans le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frammentazione religiosa e dimensione del gruppo laico&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;questo è uno dei fattori tradizionalmente studiati nella politica comparativa, ovvero l'importanza della divisione religiosa&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che è una delle quattro scissioni tradizionali di &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Molti studi dimostrano che se questa divisione è importante&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diminuisce il ruolo della &lt;/ins&gt;classe sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perché i lavoratori che potenzialmente potrebbero iscriversi in &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sinistra-destra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quelli che sono credenti si iscrivono in una scissione religiosa&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La divisione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e la divisione religiosa sono studiate come &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;due maggiori divisione che competono nello studio dell'effetto delle&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fragmentation religieuse et taille du groupe séculaire &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est l’un des facteurs étudié traditionnellement dans la politique comparée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir l’importance du clivage religieux qui est l’un des quatre clivages traditionnels de &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Beaucoup d’études montrent que si ce clivage est important&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela fait diminuer le rôle de la &lt;/del&gt;classe sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parce que les ouvriers qui pourraient potentiellement s’inscrire dans &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gauche – droite&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ceux qui sont croyant s’inscrivent dans un clivage religieux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;clivage religieux sont étudiés comme les deux grands clivages qui sont en concurrence par rapport à l’étude de l’effet des clivages sociaux sur le comportement électoral&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;*scollature sociali sul comportamento di voto&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;polarisation gauche – droite &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les études montrent que &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;polarisation tend à augmenter le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;polarizzazione destra-sinistra&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gli studi dimostrano che &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;polarizzazione tende ad aumentare il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impact de la nouvelle politique des valeurs &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela renvoi aux nouveaux clivages&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impatto della nuova politica dei valori&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si tratta delle nuove divisioni&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont des facteurs explicatifs qui résultent d’une revue de la littérature&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les transformations de la société &lt;/del&gt;post-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrielle produisent une diminution du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais cela dépend de la manière on dont définit &lt;/del&gt;la classe&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;; le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;; de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manière dont on les mesure &lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Certains auteurs sont arrivés à un constat opposé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir que &lt;/del&gt;non&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, il n’y a pas &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;déclin du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais du moins&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une stabilité qui peut aussi parfois se transformer en une augmentation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Surtout&lt;/del&gt;, si &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on adopte une définition de la &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus sophistiquée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on arrive &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pas à un constat d’une diminution mais à un constat d’une transformation du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui reste important mais qui s’est transformé dans ses mobilités&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si tratta di fattori esplicativi risultanti da una revisione della letteratura&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le trasformazioni nella società &lt;/ins&gt;post-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industriale producono una diminuzione del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, ma questo dipende da come si definisce &lt;/ins&gt;la classe&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, dal voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e da come &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si misura&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Alcuni autori sono giunti alla conclusione opposta, cioè che no&lt;/ins&gt;, non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'è &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;calo del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma almeno c'è stabilità, che &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;volte può anche trasformarsi in un aumento&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Soprattutto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se &lt;/ins&gt;si &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adotta una definizione più sofisticata di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e di voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si arriva all'osservazione di una diminuzione, ma all'osservazione di una trasformazione del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che rimane importante ma che si è trasformata nelle sue mobilitazioni&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Le nuove divisioni=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Le nuove divisioni=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48364&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Définition et mesure du vote de classe */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48364&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-11T20:03:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Définition et mesure du vote de classe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l138&quot;&gt;Ligne 138 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 138 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il risultato di questo tipo di schema è qualcosa di molto più elaborato della tradizionale distinzione tra classi manuali e non manuali. Si tratta infatti di uno schema che dettaglia 11 diverse classi sociali. Questo schema può essere aggregato. E' possibile avere livelli di aggregazione con il clustering.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il risultato di questo tipo di schema è qualcosa di molto più elaborato della tradizionale distinzione tra classi manuali e non manuali. Si tratta infatti di uno schema che dettaglia 11 diverse classi sociali. Questo schema può essere aggregato. E' possibile avere livelli di aggregazione con il clustering.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Définition et mesure du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Definizione e misurazione del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On distingue deux approches afin de mesurer le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci sono due approcci per misurare il voto in &lt;/ins&gt;classe.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une première approche est celle du vote absolu dont &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mesure traditionnelle est l’index d’Alford&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir qu’on regarde la différence dans &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soutien pour les partis de la gauche entre les classes manuelles et les autres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À partir de là&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on regarde dans les deux groupes quelle est &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proportion des personnes qui appartient à ces deux groupes et qui votent plutôt pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gauche ou pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;droite&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;raisonnement binaire au niveau de la &lt;/del&gt;classe sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et au niveau du vote&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En d’autres termes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l’index d’Alford est &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différence entre les occupations manuelles et &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manuelles dans le soutien pour les partis de gauche&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un primo approccio è quello del voto assoluto, &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cui misura tradizionale è l'indice Alford&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che guarda alla differenza di sostegno ai partiti di sinistra tra le classi manuali e &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;altre classi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Da lì&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guardiamo &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proporzione di persone dei due gruppi che appartengono a questi due gruppi e che votano di più per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sinistra o per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;destra&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si tratta di &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ragionamento binario a livello di &lt;/ins&gt;classe sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e di voto&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'indice di Alford è &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;differenza tra le occupazioni manuali e &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manuali nel sostegno ai partiti di sinistra&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il n’y a pas d’unanimité afin de savoir si le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a diminué&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donc est-ce que le rôle de clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diminué ou pas. Ceux qui critiquent ce schéma à deux classes et l’index d’Alford&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est binaire afin de calculer le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s’appuient sur le schéma de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;Thomson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et l’index de &lt;/del&gt;Kappa. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On appel cela le vote relatif&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On s'appuie sur la probabilité que les citoyens qui appartiennent à l’une ou l’autre classe puisse voter pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gauche ou &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autre parti&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différence entre l’index de &lt;/del&gt;Thomson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et l’index de &lt;/del&gt;Kappa &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se trouve dans le fait que l’index de &lt;/del&gt;Thomson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;garde l’idée binaire entre gauche et droite en regardant &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proportion des membres des classes différentes à voter pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gauche ou pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;droite&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’index de &lt;/del&gt;Kappa &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s’appuie sur l’index de &lt;/del&gt;Thomson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais il introduit une multidimensionnalité en regardant &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;probabilité que les membres de différentes classes sociales ont de voter pour &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parti qu’un autre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On abandonne &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distinction &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peu grossière de voter pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gauche ou pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;droite&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a l’idée implicite qu’il est &lt;/del&gt;difficile &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de faire la distinction aujourd’hui entre gauche et droite&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour calculer l’index de &lt;/del&gt;Thomson, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela revient à faire une régression logistique binaire tandis que &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on effectue une régression &lt;/del&gt;multinomiale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour l’index de Kappa&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Non c'è unanimità sul fatto che il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sia diminuito&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;così come il ruolo della divisione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è diminuito o meno. Chi critica questo schema &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;due classi e l'indice di Alford&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che è binario per calcolare il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si affida allo schema di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;di &lt;/ins&gt;Thomson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e all'indice di &lt;/ins&gt;Kappa. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo si chiama voto relativo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si basa sulla probabilità che i cittadini che appartengono a una delle due classi possano votare per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sinistra o per &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;altro partito&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;differenza tra l'indice &lt;/ins&gt;Thomson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e l'indice &lt;/ins&gt;Kappa &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è che l'indice &lt;/ins&gt;Thomson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mantiene l'idea binaria tra sinistra e destra guardando &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proporzione di membri di diverse classi che votano per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sinistra o per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;destra&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'indice &lt;/ins&gt;Kappa &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si basa sull'indice &lt;/ins&gt;Thomson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma introduce &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;multidimensionalità guardando alla probabilità che i membri di diverse classi sociali abbiano di votare per &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partito piuttosto che per un altro&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Abbandona &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distinzione &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;po' cruda di votare per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sinistra o per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;destra&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'è l'idea implicita che oggi sia &lt;/ins&gt;difficile &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distinguere tra destra e sinistra&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per calcolare l'indice &lt;/ins&gt;Thomson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è come fare una regressione logistica binaria&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mentre per &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indice Kappa si fa una regressione &lt;/ins&gt;multinomiale.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En fonction de la définition que l’on prend des classes et du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le résultat peut changer drastiquement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ceux qui s’appuient sur une distinction traditionnelle avec une distinction binaire et l’index d’Alford et constatent &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;déclin&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alors que ceux qui s’appuient sur l’index de &lt;/del&gt;Thomson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et de kappa arrivent à des conclusions différentes avec une transformation plutôt qu’un déclin&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A seconda della definizione che prendiamo delle classi e del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il risultato può cambiare drasticamente&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'è chi si affida &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;una distinzione tradizionale con una distinzione binaria e all'indice Alford e trova &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;declino&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mentre chi si affida all'indice &lt;/ins&gt;Thomson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e Kappa raggiunge conclusioni diverse con una trasformazione piuttosto che con un declino&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Facteurs explicatifs du vote de classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Facteurs explicatifs du vote de classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48363&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Definizione e misurazione delle classi sociali */</title>
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		<updated>2020-05-11T20:02:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Definizione e misurazione delle classi sociali&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 22:02&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l126&quot;&gt;Ligne 126 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 126 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Definizione e misurazione delle classi sociali=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Definizione e misurazione delle classi sociali=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On distingue deux approches&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir une approche que nous pouvons qualifier de « traditionnelle » se basant sur &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;schéma à deux classes avec d’une part les travailleurs manuels et d’autre part toutes les autres classes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette manière a été traditionnellement utilisée pour évaluer l’impact du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;jusqu’aux années 1980&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certain moment, certains chercheurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;notamment &lt;/del&gt;Erikson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Goldthorpe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui ont proposés un schéma de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différent et beaucoup plus détaillé&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si possono distinguere due approcci&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ovvero &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;approccio che possiamo definire &amp;quot;tradizionale&amp;quot;, basato su uno schema a due classi, con lavoratori manuali da un lato e tutte le altre classi dall'altro&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo approccio è stato tradizionalmente utilizzato per valutare l'impatto del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fino agli anni '80&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ad &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certo punto alcuni ricercatori&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in particolare &lt;/ins&gt;Erikson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/ins&gt;Goldthorpe&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, hanno proposto uno schema di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diverso e molto più dettagliato&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique définition et mesure des classes sociales 1.png|vignette|Erikson, R. et J.H. Goldthorpe (1993). The Constant Flux. Oxford: Clarendon Press.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Erikson, Robert, and John H. Goldthorpe. ''The constant flux : a study of class mobility in industrial societies''. Oxford England New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, 1992. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hachen, D. (1994). Book Reviews : Robert Erikson and John H. Goldthorpe: The Constant Flux. A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. Acta Sociologica, 37(1), 110–113. &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939403700110&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kaelble, H. (1994). The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies.Robert Erikson , John H. Goldthorpe. American Journal of Sociology, 100(1), 252–253. &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://doi.org/10.1086/230509&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique définition et mesure des classes sociales 1.png|vignette|Erikson, R. et J.H. Goldthorpe (1993). The Constant Flux. Oxford: Clarendon Press.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot;&amp;gt;Erikson, Robert, and John H. Goldthorpe. ''The constant flux : a study of class mobility in industrial societies''. Oxford England New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, 1992. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Hachen, D. (1994). Book Reviews : Robert Erikson and John H. Goldthorpe: The Constant Flux. A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. Acta Sociologica, 37(1), 110–113. &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://doi.org/10.1177/000169939403700110&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kaelble, H. (1994). The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies.Robert Erikson , John H. Goldthorpe. American Journal of Sociology, 100(1), 252–253. &amp;lt;nowiki&amp;gt;https://doi.org/10.1086/230509&amp;lt;/nowiki&amp;gt;&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l132&quot;&gt;Ligne 132 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 132 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;On part d’une distinction entre employeurs et employés mais on introduit aussi l’idée des indépendants et on rajoute des distinctions supplémentaires afin d’arriver à treize classes sociales différentes.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;On part d’une distinction entre employeurs et employés mais on introduit aussi l’idée des indépendants et on rajoute des distinctions supplémentaires afin d’arriver à treize classes sociales différentes.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce schéma s’appui sur une premier distinction qui est ensuite développée à travers des sous-catégories un peu plus fines et correspondant à la réalité actuelle de notre société&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;position de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s’appuie sur la distinction binaire entre employeurs et employés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a été ajouté également &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;catégorie des indépendants&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela constitue &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;premier niveau très général afin de distinguer entre plusieurs positions de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ce qui nous intéresse est de savoir comment les individus s’insèrent dans cette position de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le côté objectif du clivage social&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y existe des distinctions supplémentaires&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En ce qui concerne les employeurs&lt;/del&gt;, il &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y a une distinction entre la taille des entreprises et une autre distinction entre le secteur industriel et le secteur de l’agriculture&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela donne quelques classes sociales avec une catégorisation des classes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En ce qui concerne les employés&lt;/del&gt;, Erikson &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Goldthorpe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont fait la distinction entre les travailleurs qui s’appuient sur la contrainte du travail par opposition à une relation de service&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo schema si basa su una distinzione iniziale che viene poi sviluppata attraverso sottocategorie leggermente più fini, corrispondenti alla realtà attuale della nostra società&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;posizione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;di &lt;/ins&gt;base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si basa sulla distinzione binaria tra datori di lavoro e dipendenti&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ed è stata aggiunta anche &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;categoria dei lavoratori autonomi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo costituisce &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;primo livello molto generale per distinguere tra diverse posizioni di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e ciò che ci interessa è come gli individui si inseriscono in questa posizione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e il lato oggettivo del divisione sociale&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci sono ulteriori distinzioni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per quanto riguarda i datori di lavoro&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'è una distinzione tra le dimensioni delle aziende e un'altra distinzione tra &lt;/ins&gt;il &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;settore industriale e quello agricolo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo dà alcune classi sociali con una categorizzazione delle classi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per quanto riguarda i dipendenti&lt;/ins&gt;, Erikson &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/ins&gt;Goldthorpe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hanno fatto una distinzione tra i lavoratori che si affidano a un vincolo di lavoro e non a un rapporto di servizio&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a deux distinctions avec &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;première qui est entre employeurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;employés &lt;/del&gt;et &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indépendants&lt;/del&gt;, et &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la deuxième entre ceux qui s’appuient sur l’existence d’un contrat de travail&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par contre l’autre catégorie est basée sur des relations de services&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a d’autres sous-catégories qui sont moins intéressantes selon le niveau d’éducation&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci sono due distinzioni: &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prima è tra datori di lavoro, lavoratori dipendenti e autonomi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la seconda è tra coloro che fanno affidamento sull'esistenza di un contratto di lavoro. L'altra categoria si basa invece sui rapporti di servizio. Ci sono altre sottocategorie che sono meno interessanti a seconda del livello di istruzione.[[Fichier:comportement politique définition &lt;/ins&gt;et &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mesure des classes sociales 2.png|center|vignette|Erikson&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;R. &lt;/ins&gt;et &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;J.H. Goldthorpe (1993)&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The Constant Flux&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Oxford: Clarendon Press&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique définition et mesure des classes sociales 2.png|center|vignette|Erikson, R. et J.H. Goldthorpe (1993). The Constant Flux. Oxford: Clarendon Press.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:1&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il risultato di questo tipo di schema è qualcosa di molto più elaborato della tradizionale distinzione tra classi manuali e &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manuali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si tratta infatti di uno schema che dettaglia &lt;/ins&gt;11 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diverse classi sociali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo schema può essere aggregato&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E' possibile avere livelli di aggregazione con il clustering&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le résultat de ce type de schéma est quelque chose qui est beaucoup plus élaboré par rapport à la distinction traditionnelle entre classes manuelles et &lt;/del&gt;non&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-manuelles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est en fait un schéma qui détails &lt;/del&gt;11 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;classes sociales différentes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce schéma peut être agrégé&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est possible d’avoir des niveaux d’agrégation avec un regroupement&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Définition et mesure du vote de classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Définition et mesure du vote de classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48362&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Impatto del voto di classe */</title>
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		<updated>2020-05-11T20:01:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Impatto del voto di classe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 22:01&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l112&quot;&gt;Ligne 112 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 112 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Come si misura la classe e il voto di classe? Riassumendo, in relazione al voto di classe, ci sono tre posizioni che riflettono in gran parte o in gran parte le posizioni evocate in relazione al ruolo delle scollature tradizionali:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Come si misura la classe e il voto di classe? Riassumendo, in relazione al voto di classe, ci sono tre posizioni che riflettono in gran parte o in gran parte le posizioni evocate in relazione al ruolo delle scollature tradizionali:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des travaux montrent une forme de persistance&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme le fait que &lt;/del&gt;la classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;continue à structurer le comportement de vote &lt;/del&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alcuni lavori mostrano una forma di persistenza&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;come il fatto che &lt;/ins&gt;la classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;continua a strutturare il comportamento di voto&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'è l'idea del declino del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;come disallineamento - lo squilibrio tra offerta e domanda politica&lt;/ins&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;*il y a l’idée du déclin de vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, à savoir un désalignement soit la correspondance entre une offre politique et une demande politique &lt;/del&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'è anche l'idea della trasformazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La divisione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è ancora importante, ma struttura &lt;/ins&gt;il &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voto in modo diverso. Ci sarebbe stato un riallineamento tra &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;classi sociali da &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lato e i partiti che rappresentano gli interessi di classe dall'altro&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a également l’idée d’une transformation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est toujours important mais &lt;/del&gt;il &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;structure différemment &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vote. Il y aurait eu &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;réalignements entre les classes sociales d’une part et les partis qui représentent les intérêts des classes d’autre part&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique impact du vote de classe 1.png|vignette|Leduc, L., R. Niemi et P. Norris, éds. (1996). Comparing Democracies. Thousand Oaks: Sage.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LeDuc, L., Niemi, R., &amp;amp; Norris, P. (2010). Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in the 21st Century. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288740&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique impact du vote de classe 1.png|vignette|Leduc, L., R. Niemi et P. Norris, éds. (1996). Comparing Democracies. Thousand Oaks: Sage.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot;&amp;gt;LeDuc, L., Niemi, R., &amp;amp; Norris, P. (2010). Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in the 21st Century. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446288740&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De nombreux chiffres abondent dans le sens du déclin&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Avec ce graphique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on cherche à voir dans le long terme&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Apparaissent plusieurs figures allant de &lt;/del&gt;1945 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à &lt;/del&gt;1995 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concernant des pays différents montrant que partout, il y a eu &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;déclin du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en tout cas à partir de la fin de la Deuxième guerre &lt;/del&gt;mondiale. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette différence existe autant dans les pays où le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est important&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Numerose cifre abbondano nella direzione del declino&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Con questo grafico&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guardiamo al lungo termine&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dal &lt;/ins&gt;1945 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;al &lt;/ins&gt;1995 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;compaiono diverse cifre per diversi Paesi che mostrano che ovunque c'è stato &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;calo delle votazioni di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;almeno dalla fine della seconda guerra &lt;/ins&gt;mondiale. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa differenza esiste tanto nei paesi in cui il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è importante&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les chercheurs de la troisième génération reprochent à ce type de représentation de s’appuyer sur une définition trop simpliste à la fois de la &lt;/del&gt;classe sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est suite à l’hyper&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;simplification de ces deux concepts qu’on arrive à &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;constat de déclin&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces chercheurs disent que si on redéfinit &lt;/del&gt;la classe sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le &lt;/del&gt;vote de classe, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on arrive à relativiser le déclin&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;I ricercatori della terza generazione criticano questo tipo di rappresentazione per aver fatto affidamento su una definizione troppo semplicistica sia della &lt;/ins&gt;classe sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E' come risultato dell'iper&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;semplificazione di questi due concetti che si osserva &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;declino&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi ricercatori dicono che se ridefiniamo &lt;/ins&gt;la classe sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e il voto di classe, possiamo mettere il declino in prospettiva.[[Fichier:comportement politique impact du &lt;/ins&gt;vote de classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2.png|vignette|center|Leduc, L.&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;R. Niemi et P. Norris, éds. (1996). Comparing Democracies. Thousand Oaks: Sage&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique impact du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;2.png|vignette|center|Leduc, L.&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Niemi et P&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Norris&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éds. (1996). Comparing Democracies. Thousand Oaks: Sage&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;:0&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;]]&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In questa tabella sono riportate le variazioni internazionali. Non c'è solo il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma anche tutte le altre divisione tradizionali Rokkan&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le cifre sono coefficienti di correlazione tra caratteristiche sociali e preferenze di partito&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;È importante notare che c'è una grande varietà&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;come ha dimostrato la seconda generazione&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce tableau montre les variations internationales. Il n’y a pas seulement &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais il y a aussi tous les autres clivages traditionnels de Rokkan&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les chiffres sont des coefficients de corrélations entre les caractéristiques sociales et les préférences partisanes. Il faut souligner qu’il y a de fortes variations&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme la deuxième génération l’avait montrée&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per alcuni ricercatori, &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;curve che specificano il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si basano sull'indice di Alford, cioè la percentuale della classe operaia che dice di preferire un partito di sinistra meno la percentuale della classe media che vota per la sinistra&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si tratta di una misura che è stata utilizzata, specifica e, secondo alcuni, troppo semplicistica, nascondendo una realtà molto più complessa, e se misurata in modo diverso&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si potrebbero trarre conclusioni diverse&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour certains chercheurs, les courbes qui spécifient le vote de classe sont basées sur l’index d'Alford, à savoir le pourcentage de classe ouvrière affirmant qu’il préférait un parti de gauche moins le pourcentage de la classe moyenne qui vote pour la gauche. C’est une mesure qui a été utilisée, spécifique et, selon certains, trop simpliste, cachant une réalité beaucoup plus complexe et si on mesure différemment, on pourrait arriver à des conclusions différentes.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Definizione e misurazione delle classi sociali&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Définition et mesure des classes sociales&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;On distingue deux approches, à savoir une approche que nous pouvons qualifier de « traditionnelle » se basant sur un schéma à deux classes avec d’une part les travailleurs manuels et d’autre part toutes les autres classes. Cette manière a été traditionnellement utilisée pour évaluer l’impact du vote de classe jusqu’aux années 1980. À un certain moment, certains chercheurs, notamment Erikson et Goldthorpe qui ont proposés un schéma de classe différent et beaucoup plus détaillé.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;On distingue deux approches, à savoir une approche que nous pouvons qualifier de « traditionnelle » se basant sur un schéma à deux classes avec d’une part les travailleurs manuels et d’autre part toutes les autres classes. Cette manière a été traditionnellement utilisée pour évaluer l’impact du vote de classe jusqu’aux années 1980. À un certain moment, certains chercheurs, notamment Erikson et Goldthorpe qui ont proposés un schéma de classe différent et beaucoup plus détaillé.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48361&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le vote de classe */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48361&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-11T19:59:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le vote de classe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 21:59&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l102&quot;&gt;Ligne 102 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 102 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La terza posizione è che le divisioni tradizionali si stanno indebolendo, ma ne stanno emergendo di nuove, come la divisione tra l'orientamento materialista e post-materialista o la scissione tra i vincitori e i perdenti della globalizzazione. Queste nuove scissioni, che non sono state concettualizzate da Rokkan e che fino a poco tempo fa non erano nemmeno presenti nella storia europea, hanno in qualche misura sostituito o stanno sostituendo sempre più le divisioni tradizionali, e la prova di ciò è l'emergere di nuovi partiti che si appoggiano a nuovi movimenti sociali al di fuori dell'asse principale della linea tradizionale. Per chi si trova in questa terza posizione, ciò dimostra che le divisioni tradizionali non spiegano più il comportamento politico e che ci sono nuove divisioni che le hanno sostituite.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La terza posizione è che le divisioni tradizionali si stanno indebolendo, ma ne stanno emergendo di nuove, come la divisione tra l'orientamento materialista e post-materialista o la scissione tra i vincitori e i perdenti della globalizzazione. Queste nuove scissioni, che non sono state concettualizzate da Rokkan e che fino a poco tempo fa non erano nemmeno presenti nella storia europea, hanno in qualche misura sostituito o stanno sostituendo sempre più le divisioni tradizionali, e la prova di ciò è l'emergere di nuovi partiti che si appoggiano a nuovi movimenti sociali al di fuori dell'asse principale della linea tradizionale. Per chi si trova in questa terza posizione, ciò dimostra che le divisioni tradizionali non spiegano più il comportamento politico e che ci sono nuove divisioni che le hanno sostituite.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ceci nous amène à parler de la transformation des clivages et de l’émergence des nouveaux clivages&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le clivage le plus étudié dans &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;littérature est le clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le quatrième clivage selon &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s’appui sur la division cristallisée dans le moment critique représenté par les révolutions du début du XXème siècle opposant &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bourgeoisie et le prolétariat&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo ci porta a parlare della trasformazione delle divisioni e dell'emergere di nuove divisioni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La divisione più studiata in letteratura è &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;divisione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La quarta divisioni secondo &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si basa sulla divisione cristallizzata nel momento critico rappresentato dalle rivoluzioni dell'inizio del XX secolo contro &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;borghesia e il proletariato&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans l’histoire de son analyse, on distingue trois générations&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une première génération se situe dans les années 1950&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le behaviorisme qui est l’étude des comportements individuels de vote&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;né quelque temps avant cette phase historique et donc dans les débuts de l’analyse des votes de &lt;/del&gt;classe. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On voulait mettre en avant l’idée que l’appartenance de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est fortement explicative du comportement de vote&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;position &lt;/del&gt;sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;explique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;détermine les choix électoraux&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deuxième génération&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dès la fin des années 1960&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a essayée d’introduire plus de variables explicatives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans l’analyse statistique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on a essayé de contrôler l’effet que &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;position &lt;/del&gt;sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avait sur le vote en tenant compte de nombreux autres aspects&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette deuxième génération va aussi commencer à s’intéresser aux variations et en particulier aux variations internationales&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire que &lt;/del&gt;la classe sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est fortement explicative dans &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certain contexte et beaucoup moins dans &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autre contexte peut être aussi à cause du potentiel mobilisateur du clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de classe qui résulte du degré d’ouverture ou de fermeture voire de segmentation ou d’intégration et du degré de pacification&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Et enfin troisième génération&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dès le milieu de années 1980&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où il y a eu une redéfinition des classes sociales et du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces chercheurs avaient constatés que les conclusions et les théories sur lesquelles s’étaient appuyés les chercheurs des années précédentes se baisaient sur des conceptualisations et des définitions trop simplistes à la fois de ce qu’est une &lt;/del&gt;classe sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et de ce qu’est le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et de la manière dont on la mesure&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nella storia della sua analisi si possono distinguere tre generazioni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La prima generazione risale agli anni '50&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il comportamento, che è lo studio del comportamento di voto individuale&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è nato qualche tempo prima di questa fase storica e quindi all'inizio dell'analisi delle votazioni di &lt;/ins&gt;classe. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Abbiamo voluto proporre l'idea che l'appartenenza alla &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sia fortemente esplicativa del comportamento di voto&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;posizione &lt;/ins&gt;sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spiega&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;infatti&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;determina le scelte elettorali&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seconda generazione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a partire dalla fine degli anni '60&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ha cercato di introdurre variabili più esplicative&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nell'analisi statistica&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hanno cercato di controllare l'effetto che &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;posizione &lt;/ins&gt;sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ha avuto sul voto tenendo conto di molti altri aspetti&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa seconda generazione inizierà anche a guardare alle variazioni e in particolare alle variazioni internazionali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cioè &lt;/ins&gt;la classe sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è fortemente esplicativa in &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certo contesto e molto meno in &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;altro contesto può anche essere dovuta al potenziale di mobilitazione del divisione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che deriva dal grado di apertura o di chiusura o anche di segmentazione o integrazione e dal grado di pacificazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;E infine la terza generazione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dalla metà degli anni Ottanta in poi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quando ci fu una ridefinizione delle classi sociali e del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi ricercatori avevano scoperto che le conclusioni e le teorie su cui i ricercatori degli anni precedenti avevano basato il loro lavoro si basavano su concettualizzazioni e definizioni eccessivamente semplicistiche sia di cosa sia una &lt;/ins&gt;classe sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sia di cosa sia il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e di come sia misurato&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les résultats peuvent être résumés en deux éléments&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Premièrement les classes ouvrières manuelles tendaient à soutenir les partis de gauche alors que les classes &lt;/del&gt;non&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-manuelles tendaient à soutenir les partis de droite&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est une idée désormais désuète que l’on se fait du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le deuxième élément concerne les résultats, on constate d’importantes variations entre les pays&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;I risultati possono essere riassunti in due parti&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In primo luogo, le classi lavoratrici manuali tendevano a sostenere i partiti di sinistra, mentre le classi &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manuali tendevano a sostenere i partiti di destra&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa è ormai un'idea antiquata del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il secondo elemento riguarda i risultati; ci sono variazioni significative tra i vari paesi&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Impact du vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Impatto del voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Comment mesure t-on &lt;/del&gt;la classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe ? &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour résumer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par rapport au vote de &lt;/del&gt;classe, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a trois positions qui reflètent largement ou en grande partie les positions évoquées par rapport au rôle des clivages traditionnels &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Come si misura &lt;/ins&gt;la classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e il voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe? &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Riassumendo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in relazione al voto di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ci sono tre posizioni che riflettono in gran parte o in gran parte le posizioni evocate in relazione al ruolo delle scollature tradizionali&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*des travaux montrent une forme de persistance, comme le fait que la classe continue à structurer le comportement de vote ;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*des travaux montrent une forme de persistance, comme le fait que la classe continue à structurer le comportement de vote ;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48360&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Impact des clivages sur le comportement politique */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48360&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-11T19:58:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Impact des clivages sur le comportement politique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 21:58&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l93&quot;&gt;Ligne 93 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 93 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'idea del grado di pacificazione è importante perché ci sono alcuni autori che hanno ipotizzato che lo spazio lasciato per l'emergere e la mobilitazione di nuove scissioni, cioè scissioni che non sono una delle quattro scissioni tradizionali Rokkan, è inversamente proporzionale al grado di salienza della divisioni tradizionale. In altre parole, più salienti sono le divisioni tradizionali, meno spazio c'è per l'emergere e l'espressione politica di nuove divisioni. Più le divisioni tradizionali, in particolare quelle religiose e di classe, sono state pacificate attraverso procedure informali o istituzionali, più c'è spazio per la nascita di nuove scissioni. È così, ad esempio, che alcuni hanno spiegato perché i cosiddetti &amp;quot;nuovi movimenti sociali&amp;quot;, che sono movimenti emersi dopo gli anni Settanta con la nuova sinistra, sono riusciti a mobilitarsi fortemente in alcuni Paesi più che in altri. L'idea è che siano stati in grado di mobilitarsi in paesi dove, appunto, le divisioni tradizionali sono state pacificate e quindi indebolite, e anche le identità politiche basate sulla scissione tradizionale sono state indebolite, lasciando più spazio a nuovi gruppi politici per catturare un elettorato e mobilitare gruppi e settori della società. Le nozioni di apertura e di pacificazione collegano la teoria macro-politica di Rokkan delle divisioni storiche a ciò che vogliamo spiegare, cioè il comportamento politico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'idea del grado di pacificazione è importante perché ci sono alcuni autori che hanno ipotizzato che lo spazio lasciato per l'emergere e la mobilitazione di nuove scissioni, cioè scissioni che non sono una delle quattro scissioni tradizionali Rokkan, è inversamente proporzionale al grado di salienza della divisioni tradizionale. In altre parole, più salienti sono le divisioni tradizionali, meno spazio c'è per l'emergere e l'espressione politica di nuove divisioni. Più le divisioni tradizionali, in particolare quelle religiose e di classe, sono state pacificate attraverso procedure informali o istituzionali, più c'è spazio per la nascita di nuove scissioni. È così, ad esempio, che alcuni hanno spiegato perché i cosiddetti &amp;quot;nuovi movimenti sociali&amp;quot;, che sono movimenti emersi dopo gli anni Settanta con la nuova sinistra, sono riusciti a mobilitarsi fortemente in alcuni Paesi più che in altri. L'idea è che siano stati in grado di mobilitarsi in paesi dove, appunto, le divisioni tradizionali sono state pacificate e quindi indebolite, e anche le identità politiche basate sulla scissione tradizionale sono state indebolite, lasciando più spazio a nuovi gruppi politici per catturare un elettorato e mobilitare gruppi e settori della società. Le nozioni di apertura e di pacificazione collegano la teoria macro-politica di Rokkan delle divisioni storiche a ciò che vogliamo spiegare, cioè il comportamento politico.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Impact des clivages sur le comportement politique&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Impatto delle divisioni sul comportamento politico&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par rapport à l’idée de savoir dans &lt;/del&gt;quelle &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mesure les clivages traditionnels soulignés par Rokkan et notamment les clivages religieux et de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;influencent les comportements politiques&lt;/del&gt;, il &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y a différents positons dans la littérature&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In relazione all'idea della misura in cui le divisioni tradizionali evidenziate da Rokkan, in particolare &lt;/ins&gt;quelle &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;religiose e di &lt;/ins&gt;classe, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;influenzano &lt;/ins&gt;il &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comportamento politico, ci sono posizioni diverse nella letteratura&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une première position est celle de &lt;/del&gt;Bartolini &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Mair &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est de dire que les clivages traditionnels continuent à influencer &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;même si ce n’est pas nécessairement de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;même manière. Nous verrons comment certains auteurs ont essayés de montrer de quelle manière le clivage de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est toujours important aujourd’hui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;montrant qu’en se transformant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il a pu garder une certaine importance en terme d’explication des comportements politiques qu’il n’aurait autrement pas eu&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Una prima posizione è quella di &lt;/ins&gt;Bartolini &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/ins&gt;Mair&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, cioè che le divisioni tradizionali continuano a influenzare &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politica&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;anche se non necessariamente allo stesso modo. Vedremo come alcuni autori hanno cercato di mostrare come &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;divisione di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sia ancora oggi importante&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dimostrando che, trasformandosi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ha saputo mantenere una certa importanza in termini di spiegazione di comportamenti politici che altrimenti non avrebbe avuto&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deuxième position dit que les divisions sociales structurent de moins en moins les choix électoraux individuels&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ceci étant dû à la résolution des conflits sociaux représentés par les clivages traditionnels&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela est dû à la pacification des clivages de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;traditionnel en Europe et grâce à &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pacification des clivages religieux qui serait le résultat des processus de sécularisation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il faut souligner que cette position ne met pas en avant l’émergence de nouveaux clivages. Autrement dit&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils admettent une position de désalignement où &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;volatilité électorale à savoir le passage de voix d’un secteur à l’autre ou d’un parti à l’autre devient de plus en plus &lt;/del&gt;importante &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et fréquent&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seconda posizione afferma che le divisioni sociali sono sempre meno strutturanti per le scelte elettorali individuali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;questo è dovuto alla risoluzione dei conflitti sociali rappresentati dalle divisioni tradizionali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ciò è dovuto alla pacificazione delle divisioni di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tradizionali in Europa e grazie alla pacificazione delle divisioni religiose che sarebbero il risultato di processi di secolarizzazione. Va sottolineato che questa posizione non indica &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comparsa di nuove divisioni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ammettono una posizione di disallineamento in cui &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;volatilità elettorale, cioè il passaggio dei voti da un settore all'altro o da un partito all'altro, sta diventando sempre più &lt;/ins&gt;importante &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e frequente&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;troisième position est que les clivages traditionnels s&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;affaiblissent, mais de nouveaux clivages émergents tels que le clivage entre orientation matérialiste et &lt;/del&gt;post-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;matérialiste ou alors le clivage entre les gagnants et les perdants de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mondialisation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces nouveaux clivages qui n’étaient pas conceptualisés par &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et qui n’étaient même pas présent tout au fil de l’histoire européenne jusqu’à récemment ont en quelque sorte remplacés ou remplacent de plus en plus les clivages traditionnels et preuve en est l’émergence de nouveaux partis qui s’appuient sur de nouveaux mouvements sociaux sortant de l’axe principal de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ligne traditionnelle&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour ceux qui s’inscrivent dans cette troisième position&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela prouve que les clivages traditionnels n’expliquent plus les comportements politiques et qu’il y a de nouveaux clivages qui les ont remplacés&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terza posizione è che le divisioni tradizionali si stanno indebolendo, ma ne stanno emergendo di nuove, come la divisione tra l&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;orientamento materialista e &lt;/ins&gt;post-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;materialista o &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;scissione tra i vincitori e i perdenti della globalizzazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Queste nuove scissioni, che non sono state concettualizzate da &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e che fino a poco tempo fa non erano nemmeno presenti nella storia europea, hanno in qualche misura sostituito o stanno sostituendo sempre più le divisioni tradizionali, e &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prova di ciò è l'emergere di nuovi partiti che si appoggiano a nuovi movimenti sociali al di fuori dell'asse principale della linea tradizionale&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per chi si trova in questa terza posizione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ciò dimostra che le divisioni tradizionali non spiegano più il comportamento politico e che ci sono nuove divisioni che le hanno sostituite&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Le vote de classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Le vote de classe=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48359&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Potentiel de mobilisation des clivages */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48359&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-11T19:55:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Potentiel de mobilisation des clivages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 21:55&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l81&quot;&gt;Ligne 81 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 81 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;C'è una teoria importante che sottolinea il ruolo delle divisioni e delle fratture sociali per spiegare sia la configurazione dell'offerta politica, cioè dei sistemi di partito, ma anche per spiegare in particolare il comportamento di voto. Questa teoria, che si concentra sulle divisioni e sulla loro politicizzazione attraverso diverse soglie, sottolinea anche il fatto che queste forze politiche, che sono state precursori, sono state in grado di creare identità politiche altamente esplicative, in particolare del comportamento di voto. Con il modello del Michigan, noto come modello psicologico o &amp;quot;modello di identificazione partigiano&amp;quot;, per spiegare il comportamento di voto, anche se questi teorici non lo collegano esplicitamente alla teoria delle divisioni di Rokkan, sottolineano l'idea che c'è un elettorato che si identifica fortemente con un'organizzazione o un partito che può spiegare perché la gente vota per questo o quel partito.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;C'è una teoria importante che sottolinea il ruolo delle divisioni e delle fratture sociali per spiegare sia la configurazione dell'offerta politica, cioè dei sistemi di partito, ma anche per spiegare in particolare il comportamento di voto. Questa teoria, che si concentra sulle divisioni e sulla loro politicizzazione attraverso diverse soglie, sottolinea anche il fatto che queste forze politiche, che sono state precursori, sono state in grado di creare identità politiche altamente esplicative, in particolare del comportamento di voto. Con il modello del Michigan, noto come modello psicologico o &amp;quot;modello di identificazione partigiano&amp;quot;, per spiegare il comportamento di voto, anche se questi teorici non lo collegano esplicitamente alla teoria delle divisioni di Rokkan, sottolineano l'idea che c'è un elettorato che si identifica fortemente con un'organizzazione o un partito che può spiegare perché la gente vota per questo o quel partito.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Potentiel de mobilisation des clivages&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Potenziale di mobilizzazione della divisione&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tous les clivages n’influencent pas de la même manière les comportements politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit&lt;/del&gt;, le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potentiel de mobilisation des clivages varie&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au-delà de toute considération de type historique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le clivage aujourd’hui et actuel&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certains de ces clivages sont plus mobilisateurs que d’autres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;beaucoup de facteurs qui peuvent expliquer mais il faut souligner deux éléments qui caractérisent les clivages et qui permettent d’expliquer pourquoi ces clivages sont plus ou moins explicatifs des comportements de vote mais aussi des comportements &lt;/del&gt;non&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-électoraux&lt;/del&gt;. :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Non tutte le divisioni influenzano il comportamento politico allo stesso modo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il potenziale per mobilitare &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;divisioni varia&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Al di là di ogni considerazione sulla scissione storica&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attuale e attuale&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alcune di queste divisioni sono più mobilitanti di altre&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci sono molti fattori che possono spiegare, ma due elementi che caratterizzano le divisioni e che aiutano &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spiegare perché queste divisioni sono più o meno esplicative del comportamento di voto ma anche del comportamento &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elettorale&lt;/ins&gt;. :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;degré d’ouverture – segmentation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intégration &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un clivage se caractérise également par son degré d’ouverture&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Différents clivages peuvent être plus ou moins ouverts ou plus ou moins fermés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela est lié à la définition même du clivage se référant à deux dimensions qui sont d’une part &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;segmentation d’un clivage et l’intégration&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un clivage&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans ce type de théorie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est d’autant plus mobilisateur qu’il est fortement segmenté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-&lt;/del&gt;dire &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que les groupes qui composent ce clivage sont fortement distinct objectivement et subjectivement dans la mesure où ils s’auto-définissent comme étant différent de l’autre groupe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D’autre part&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le degré d’ouverture se caractérise par la plus ou moins forte intégration au sein de l’un et de l’autre groupe qui s’oppose&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est un clivage qui permet d’expliquer d’autant plus les comportements de vote et autres que les groupes qui font parti de ce clivage sont fortement distincts et différents et par le fait qu’il soit fortement intégré en leur intérieur&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dimension subjective est &lt;/del&gt;importante &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour la dimension d’intégration parce que l’intégration dépend aussi de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;création d’une &lt;/del&gt;forte &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identité collective au sein du groupe d’où &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fait que les identités collectives impactent la mobilisation&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;grado di apertura - segmentazione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;integrazione&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;una scissione si caratterizza anche per il suo grado di apertura&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Diverse divisioni possono essere più o meno aperte o più o meno chiuse&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo è legato alla definizione stessa di scissione che si riferisce a due dimensioni che sono da un lato &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;segmentazione di una scissione e dall'altro l'integrazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;una scissione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in questo tipo di teoria&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è tanto più mobilitante quanto più è fortemente segmentata&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vale a &lt;/ins&gt;dire &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che i gruppi che compongono questa scissione sono fortemente distinti oggettivamente e soggettivamente in quanto si autodefiniscono diversi dall'altro gruppo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D'altra parte&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il grado di apertura è caratterizzato dal maggiore o minore grado di integrazione all'interno del gruppo avversario&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si tratta di una scissione che permette di spiegare il voto e altri comportamenti tanto più che i gruppi che fanno parte di questa scissione sono fortemente distinti e diversi e per il fatto che è fortemente integrato al loro interno&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dimensione soggettiva è &lt;/ins&gt;importante &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dimensione dell'integrazione perché l'integrazione dipende anche dalla creazione di una &lt;/ins&gt;forte &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identità collettiva all'interno del gruppo, da qui il fatto che &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identità collettive hanno un impatto sulla mobilitazione&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;degré de pacification – saillance &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cet aspect est plus lié au degré de politisation qui est le degré de saillance ou de pacification&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un clivage est d’autant plus mobilisateur qu’il n’est pas pacifié ou qu’il n’a pas été pacifié par des procédures institutionnelles comme par exemple &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;« paix du travail » en Suisse qui est une forme de pacification&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le degré de pacification signifie que &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conflit qui oppose les deux composantes d’un clivage est réduit&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plus un clivage est pacifié&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;moins il est saillant&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;grado di pacificazione - salienza&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;questo aspetto è più legato al grado di politicizzazione, che è il grado di salienza o di pacificazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Una scissione è tanto più mobilitante se non è pacificata o se non è stata pacificata da procedure istituzionali come &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;pace del lavoro&amp;quot; in Svizzera, che è una forma di pacificazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il grado di pacificazione significa che il conflitto tra &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;due componenti di una scissione si riduce&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Più una scollatura è pacificata&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;meno prominente è&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique CATNET Tilly 1.png|vignette|]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique CATNET Tilly 1.png|vignette|]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Certains ont conceptualisés cela de façon différente dont &lt;/del&gt;Charles Tilly &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui a parlé de &lt;/del&gt;CATNET &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans &lt;/del&gt;''From Mobilization to Revolution'' publié en 1978.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tilly, Charles. From mobilization to revolution. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, 1978. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Muller, E. N. (1980). From Mobilization to Revolution. By Charles Tilly. (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978. Pp. xiii + 349. No price given.). American Political Science Review, 74(4), 1071–1073. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954345&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour &lt;/del&gt;Tilly, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le potentiel de mobilisation des mouvements sociaux, pour la mise en place d’une action collective&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dépend de deux dimensions qui ont amenées à la formation de catégories qui sont des catégories plus ou moins définies mais aussi du degré de réseau à l’intérieur&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différence entre segmentation et intégration&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;flèche représente le développement du degré et de l’intensité du potentiel mobilisateur d’un clivage en fonction du niveau et d’intensité de catégorie et de réseau&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Alcuni l'hanno concettualizzato in modo diverso, come &lt;/ins&gt;Charles Tilly &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che ha parlato di &lt;/ins&gt;CATNET &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in &lt;/ins&gt;''From Mobilization to Revolution'' publié en 1978.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Tilly, Charles. From mobilization to revolution. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co, 1978. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Muller, E. N. (1980). From Mobilization to Revolution. By Charles Tilly. (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1978. Pp. xiii + 349. No price given.). American Political Science Review, 74(4), 1071–1073. https://doi.org/10.2307/1954345&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per &lt;/ins&gt;Tilly, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il potenziale di mobilitazione dei movimenti sociali per l'azione collettiva dipende da due dimensioni che hanno portato alla formazione di categorie più o meno definite&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma anche dal grado di networking al loro interno&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ovvero &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;differenza tra segmentazione e integrazione&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;freccia rappresenta lo sviluppo del grado e dell'intensità del potenziale di mobilitazione di una scissione secondo il livello e l'intensità della categoria e della rete&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée de degré de pacification est &lt;/del&gt;importante &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parce qu’il y a certains auteurs qui ont formulés l’hypothèse que &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;place qui est laissée pour l’émergence et la mobilisation de nouveaux clivages&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir de clivages qui ne sont pas l’un des quatre clivages traditionnels de &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est inversement proportionnel au degré de saillance du clivage traditionnel&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus les clivages traditionnels sont saillants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;moins il y a de l’espace pour l’émergence et l’expression politique de nouveaux clivages&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plus les clivages traditionnels et particulièrement les clivages religieux et de classes ont été pacifiés par des procédures informelles ou institutionnelles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus il y a de l’espace pour l’émergence de nouveaux clivages&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est par exemple de cette manière que certains ont expliqués pourquoi ce qu’on appel les « nouveaux mouvements sociaux » qui sont des mouvements qui ont émergés après les années 1970 avec &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nouvelle gauche&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont pu se mobiliser fortement dans certains pays plus que dans d’autres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée est qu’ils ont pu se mobiliser dans les pays où justement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les clivages traditionnels étaient pacifiés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donc affaiblis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les identités politiques qui se basaient sur &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;clivage traditionnel se sont elles aussi affaiblies&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;laissé plus de marge de manœuvre pour de nouveaux groupes politiques afin de capturer &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;électorat et mobiliser des groupes et des secteurs de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société. Les notions d’ouverture et de pacification permettent de faire le lien entre une théorie &lt;/del&gt;macro-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique de &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des clivages historiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ce que l’on veut expliquer, à savoir les comportements politiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idea del grado di pacificazione è &lt;/ins&gt;importante &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perché ci sono alcuni autori che hanno ipotizzato che lo spazio lasciato per l'emergere e &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mobilitazione di nuove scissioni&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cioè scissioni che non sono una delle quattro scissioni tradizionali &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è inversamente proporzionale al grado di salienza della divisioni tradizionale&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;più salienti sono le divisioni tradizionali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;meno spazio c'è per l'emergere e l'espressione politica di nuove divisioni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Più le divisioni tradizionali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in particolare quelle religiose e di classe, sono state pacificate attraverso procedure informali o istituzionali, più c'è spazio per la nascita di nuove scissioni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;È così, ad esempio, che alcuni hanno spiegato perché i cosiddetti &amp;quot;nuovi movimenti sociali&amp;quot;, che sono movimenti emersi dopo gli anni Settanta con &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nuova sinistra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sono riusciti a mobilitarsi fortemente in alcuni Paesi più che in altri&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idea è che siano stati in grado di mobilitarsi in paesi dove&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;appunto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le divisioni tradizionali sono state pacificate e quindi indebolite&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e anche &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identità politiche basate sulla scissione tradizionale sono state indebolite&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lasciando più spazio &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nuovi gruppi politici per catturare &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elettorato e mobilitare gruppi e settori della società. Le nozioni di apertura e di pacificazione collegano &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teoria &lt;/ins&gt;macro-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politica di &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;delle divisioni storiche a ciò che vogliamo spiegare&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cioè il comportamento politico&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Impact des clivages sur le comportement politique=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Impact des clivages sur le comportement politique=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48358&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Impact des clivages sur le systèmes des partis */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48358&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-11T19:01:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Impact des clivages sur le systèmes des partis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 21:01&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l67&quot;&gt;Ligne 67 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 67 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Questa è l'idea fondamentale di Rokkan e quindi l'idea del sistema dei partiti che è in gran parte determinata da questa divisione sociale. C'è un importante elemento aggiuntivo per lo studio dei comportamenti politici che è l'idea di soglia che abbiamo dovuto attraversare la storia europea. Secondo Rokkan, per capire come un conflitto sociale o socio-economico, una divisione con queste prime due dimensioni sociali, si trasforma in un'opposizione tra le parti, è necessario studiare le condizioni per l'espressione della mobilitazione. È anche necessario comprendere la rappresentazione degli interessi in ogni società che è la rappresentazione politica della divisione. E quindi è necessario comprendere, ad esempio, come possono agire le tradizioni del processo decisionale in un processo politico. Esistono sistemi che si basano principalmente sull'idea della consultazione o della negoziazione tra i diversi gruppi che si oppongono in questa divisione, come ad esempio in Svizzera con l'idea della &amp;quot;pace del lavoro&amp;quot;. Ci sono altre divisioni, tradizioni e paesi che sono in una prospettiva dirigistica. È anche necessario capire, studiare e conoscere i canali che esistono o l'espressione della mobilitazione e della protesta. È anche necessario comprendere le opportunità di beneficio ma anche i costi delle alleanze, cioè i costi e le condizioni per la creazione di alleanze politiche. È anche necessario comprendere le possibilità e le implicazioni del dominio maggioritario nei sistemi politici, cioè quali sono le possibilità di ottenere il potere.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Questa è l'idea fondamentale di Rokkan e quindi l'idea del sistema dei partiti che è in gran parte determinata da questa divisione sociale. C'è un importante elemento aggiuntivo per lo studio dei comportamenti politici che è l'idea di soglia che abbiamo dovuto attraversare la storia europea. Secondo Rokkan, per capire come un conflitto sociale o socio-economico, una divisione con queste prime due dimensioni sociali, si trasforma in un'opposizione tra le parti, è necessario studiare le condizioni per l'espressione della mobilitazione. È anche necessario comprendere la rappresentazione degli interessi in ogni società che è la rappresentazione politica della divisione. E quindi è necessario comprendere, ad esempio, come possono agire le tradizioni del processo decisionale in un processo politico. Esistono sistemi che si basano principalmente sull'idea della consultazione o della negoziazione tra i diversi gruppi che si oppongono in questa divisione, come ad esempio in Svizzera con l'idea della &amp;quot;pace del lavoro&amp;quot;. Ci sono altre divisioni, tradizioni e paesi che sono in una prospettiva dirigistica. È anche necessario capire, studiare e conoscere i canali che esistono o l'espressione della mobilitazione e della protesta. È anche necessario comprendere le opportunità di beneficio ma anche i costi delle alleanze, cioè i costi e le condizioni per la creazione di alleanze politiche. È anche necessario comprendere le possibilità e le implicazioni del dominio maggioritario nei sistemi politici, cioè quali sono le possibilità di ottenere il potere.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Impact des clivages sur le systèmes des partis&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Impatto delle divisione sul sistema delle parti&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Toutes ces conditions suggèrent une séquence de seuil dans la perspective de &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans le chemin à faire et que chaque mouvement doit poursuivre et faire vers &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nouveau système de demande dans &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;système politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces seuils représentent et permettent d’expliquer quels impacts ont les clivages sur les systèmes de parti&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On distingue quatre seuils qui mènent vers l’intégration complète &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tutte queste condizioni suggeriscono una sequenza di soglie dal punto di vista di &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nel percorso da intraprendere e che ogni movimento deve continuare e muoversi verso &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nuovo sistema di domanda in &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sistema politico&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Queste soglie rappresentano e spiegano quali sono gli impatti delle scissioni sui sistemi di partito&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci sono quattro soglie che portano alla piena integrazione&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;légitimation &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce seuil fait références aux mobilisations acceptées par les autres forces politiques dans le système&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est un seuil faible d’intégration ou qu’il faut franchir pour être en tant que force politique intégré à plein titre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De nouveaux mouvements apparaissent à &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certain moment et donc ces mouvements doivent d’abord être considérés comme des interlocuteurs ou des représentants légitimes de certains ensembles d’intérêts&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;question est de savoir dans quelle mesure &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;groupe qui fait parti d’un clivage socioculturel arrive à acquérir &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pouvoir à différents degrés. Les dates et les seuils peuvent être vues comme des seuils à travers lesquels un clivage doit passer afin d’aller de la dimension &lt;/del&gt;sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et culturelle à la dimension politique &lt;/del&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;legittimazione&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;questa soglia si riferisce a mobilitazioni accettate da altre forze politiche del sistema&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;È una soglia debole di integrazione o che deve essere superata per essere una forza politica pienamente integrata&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ad &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certo punto emergono nuovi movimenti e quindi questi movimenti devono prima essere considerati come interlocutori legittimi o rappresentanti di determinati gruppi di interesse&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;questione è fino a che punto &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gruppo che fa parte di una divisione socio-culturale riesce ad acquisire potere in varia misura. Date e soglie possono essere viste come soglie attraverso &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quali deve passare una divisione per passare dalla dimensione &lt;/ins&gt;sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e culturale a quella politica&lt;/ins&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;incorporation &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est la participation au processus politique au même titre que les opposants&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le seuil d’incorporation décide de quels groupes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quels mouvements au sein de la société ont le droit de participer à des mobilisations dans le processus politique &lt;/del&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;incorporazione&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si tratta di partecipazione al processo politico allo stesso livello degli avversari&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La soglia di incorporazione decide quali gruppi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quali movimenti all'interno della società hanno il diritto di partecipare alle mobilitazioni nel processo politico&lt;/ins&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;représentation &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce sont les conditions d’accès aux institutions représentatives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir le parlement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le seuil de représentation détermine la manière par laquelle &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;groupe ou &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mouvement peut avoir accès aux institutions représentatives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela dépend de tout un tas de conditions à savoir le système électoral ou encore les conditions pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;création d’alliances &lt;/del&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rappresentanza&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;queste sono le condizioni di accesso alle istituzioni rappresentative&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cioè al Parlamento&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La soglia di rappresentanza determina come &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gruppo o &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;movimento può avere accesso alle istituzioni rappresentative&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dipende da tutta una serie di condizioni, ovvero dal sistema elettorale o dalle condizioni per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;creazione di alleanze&lt;/ins&gt;;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;majorité &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est le pouvoir d'apporter des changements dans &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;système. Ce seuil détermine les procédures institutionnelles par lesquelles &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parti&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une alliance peut obtenir le pouvoir d’apporter des changements structurels dans le système&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est le seuil qui permet de faire parti d’un gouvernement&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;maggioranza&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è il potere di apportare modifiche al sistema. Questa soglia determina &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;procedure istituzionali con cui &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partito&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un'alleanza può ottenere il potere di apportare modifiche strutturali al sistema&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è la soglia per far parte di un governo&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est grâce à ces quatre étapes qu’une fracture objective et identitaire au sein de la société peut se politiser&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s’organiser et acquérir un certain pouvoir&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Secondo &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è attraverso queste quattro fasi che un divario oggettivo e identitario nella società può diventare politicizzato&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organizzato e potenziato&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théorie du système de partis de &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Lipset &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans Party systems and voter alignments&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cross-national perspectives publié en &lt;/del&gt;1967 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est l’idée que &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fait de franchir ces quatre seuils influence le marché électoral en conditionnant les critères d’accès à ce marché électoral&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En particulier&lt;/del&gt;, il &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y a l’idée que ceux qui viennent en premier dictent les règles. C’est pour cela qu’il y a l’idée de cumul avec l’idée que ceux qui sont d’abord légitimés et incorporés dans &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;système, représentés, voire qui acquièrent &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pouvoir exécutif peuvent dicter les règles du jeu et donc dicter les conditions d’accès pour de nouveaux partis ou organisations politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D’autre part&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a l’idée que ceux qui entrent en premier créent et forgent des identités politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est-à-dire qu’historiquement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les premiers partis qui ont franchis ces seuils&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour une raison ou pour une autre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont ensuite mobilisés &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;électorat et à travers &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mobilisation de cet électorat ont créés des identités politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une fois que ces identités politiques sont créées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;selon &lt;/del&gt;Lipset &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce système politique est en quelque sorte gelé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire qu’il devient &lt;/del&gt;difficile &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de modifier ces identités et donc il devient très &lt;/del&gt;difficile &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de modifier &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;configuration des systèmes de parti&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans les années 1960 et 1970&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le système de parti reflétait largement la configuration des clivages sociaux telle qu’elle était faite à l’époque de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Révolution russe des années 1910 et 1920&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aujourd’hui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;2015, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;beaucoup de choses ont changées&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a eu &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;processus nommé de « globalisation » qui a vraisemblablement brouillé les cartes avec l’émergence de nouveaux partis&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teoria di &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/ins&gt;Lipset &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sul sistema dei partiti nei sistemi di partito e negli allineamenti degli elettori&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la prospettiva transnazionale pubblicata nel &lt;/ins&gt;1967 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è l'idea che il superamento di queste quattro soglie influenza il mercato elettorale condizionando i criteri di accesso al mercato elettorale. In particolare, c'è l'idea che chi viene per primo detta &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;regole&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ecco perché c'è l'idea del cumulo con l'idea che coloro che per primi sono legittimati e incorporati nel sistema, rappresentati&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;o addirittura acquisiscono &lt;/ins&gt;il &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potere esecutivo possono dettare &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;regole del gioco e quindi dettare &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;condizioni di accesso per nuovi partiti o organizzazioni politiche&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D'altra parte&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'è l'idea che chi entra per primo crei e forgi identità politiche&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cioè&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;storicamente&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i primi partiti che hanno superato queste soglie&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;per &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;motivo o per l'altro, hanno poi mobilitato un elettorato e attraverso &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mobilitazione di questo elettorato hanno creato identità politiche&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Una volta create queste identità politiche&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;secondo &lt;/ins&gt;Lipset &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;questo sistema politico è in qualche modo congelato&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cioè diventa &lt;/ins&gt;difficile &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cambiare queste identità e quindi diventa molto &lt;/ins&gt;difficile &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cambiare &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;configurazione dei sistemi di partito&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Negli anni Sessanta e Settanta del secolo scorso&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il sistema dei partiti rifletteva in gran parte &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;configurazione delle divisioni sociali così come era stato fatto al tempo della Rivoluzione russa degli anni Dieci e Venti&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Oggi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nel &lt;/ins&gt;2015, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;molto è cambiato&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'è stato &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;processo noto come &amp;quot;globalizzazione&amp;quot; che ha probabilmente confuso le acque con l'emergere di nuovi partiti&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y une théorie &lt;/del&gt;importante &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui met l’accent sur le rôle des divisions et des fractures sociales afin d’expliquer à &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fois la configuration de l’offre politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire des systèmes de parti mais aussi pour expliquer notamment les comportements de vote&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette théorie qui met l’accent sur les clivages et leur politisation à travers différents seuils&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;met également l’accent sur le fait que ces forces politiques qui ont été des précurseurs ont pu créer des identités politiques qui sont fortement explicatives notamment du comportement de vote&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Avec le modèle de &lt;/del&gt;Michigan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;appelé modèle psychologique ou encore « modèle de l’identification partisane » pour expliquer le comportement électoral&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;même si ces théoriciens ne font pas explicitement un lien avec la théorie des clivages de &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils mettent l’accent sur l’idée qu’il y a &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;électorat qui s’identifie fortement avec une organisation ou &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parti permettant d’expliquer pourquoi on vote pour tel ou tel parti&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'è una teoria &lt;/ins&gt;importante &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che sottolinea il ruolo delle divisioni e delle fratture sociali per spiegare sia &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;configurazione dell'offerta politica, cioè dei sistemi di partito&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma anche per spiegare in particolare il comportamento di voto&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa teoria, che si concentra sulle divisioni e sulla loro politicizzazione attraverso diverse soglie, sottolinea anche il fatto che queste forze politiche, che sono state precursori, sono state in grado di creare identità politiche altamente esplicative&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in particolare del comportamento di voto&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Con il modello del &lt;/ins&gt;Michigan, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;noto come modello psicologico o &amp;quot;modello di identificazione partigiano&amp;quot;, per spiegare il comportamento di voto, anche se questi teorici non lo collegano esplicitamente alla teoria delle divisioni di &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sottolineano l'idea che c'è &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elettorato che si identifica fortemente con &lt;/ins&gt;un&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'organizzazione o un partito che può spiegare perché la gente vota per questo o quel partito&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Potentiel de mobilisation des clivages=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Potentiel de mobilisation des clivages=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48347&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Les clivages traditionnels */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48347&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-11T16:22:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Les clivages traditionnels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;amp;diff=48347&amp;amp;oldid=48346&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48346&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le divisioni */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Le_basi_strutturali_del_comportamento_politico&amp;diff=48346&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-11T15:26:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le divisioni&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 mai 2020 à 17:26&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l40&quot;&gt;Ligne 40 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 40 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Da un punto di vista scientifico, la divisione è stata definita secondo due più una dimensione principale. La nozione di divisione così come formulata da Rokkan conteneva i primi due aspetti e altri autori hanno proposto una terza dimensione con la divisione politica. Inoltre, ci sono sinonimi usati nella scienza o nel linguaggio comune, chiamati anche &amp;quot;divisione&amp;quot; o &amp;quot;divisione sociale&amp;quot;. La divisione è da intendersi come un elemento che cattura la dimensione strutturale e quindi influenza il comportamento:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Da un punto di vista scientifico, la divisione è stata definita secondo due più una dimensione principale. La nozione di divisione così come formulata da Rokkan conteneva i primi due aspetti e altri autori hanno proposto una terza dimensione con la divisione politica. Inoltre, ci sono sinonimi usati nella scienza o nel linguaggio comune, chiamati anche &amp;quot;divisione&amp;quot; o &amp;quot;divisione sociale&amp;quot;. La divisione è da intendersi come un elemento che cattura la dimensione strutturale e quindi influenza il comportamento:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;structurelle &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;division &lt;/del&gt;sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;– c’est l’existence objective d’une division &lt;/del&gt;sociale, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’une fracture&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’une opposition d’intérêts&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Souvent, &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;notion de clivage a été rapprochée à l’idée de conflit d’intérêt&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce clivage peut se baser sur plusieurs « lignes de démarcation » en terme de &lt;/del&gt;classe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou ethnique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au sens général du terme&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela peut être une division qui sépare deux groupes au sein d’une société&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée de l’existence d’une &lt;/del&gt;base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;structurelle ou d’une composante &lt;/del&gt;sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n’est pas suffisante&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il faut encore une deuxième composante&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;strutturale&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la divisione &lt;/ins&gt;sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;- è l'esistenza oggettiva di una divisione &lt;/ins&gt;sociale, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;una frattura&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un'opposizione di interessi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Spesso &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nozione di divisione è stata paragonata all'idea di conflitto di interessi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa divisione può essere basata su diverse &amp;quot;linee di divisione&amp;quot; in termini di &lt;/ins&gt;classe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;o etnia&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In senso generale&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;può essere una divisione che separa due gruppi all'interno di una società&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idea che ci sia una &lt;/ins&gt;base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;strutturale o una componente &lt;/ins&gt;sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;non è sufficiente&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un secondo componente è ancora necessario&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identitaire &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identité collective – il est possible de qualifier cette composante de &lt;/del&gt;base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;culturelle ou ce qu’on peut appeler également la &lt;/del&gt;base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identitaire&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un clivage doit reposer aussi sur l’existence d’une identité commune au sein des deux groupes qui s’opposent&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il faut qu’il y ait &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sentiment d’appartenance dans un clivage&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a une dimension subjective ou culturelle voire identitaire pour qu’on puise parler d’une clivage&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Certains parlent d’une composante subjective normative qui « renvoie à l’ensemble des valeurs et des représentations symboliques qui modèlent l’identité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les attitudes et les acteurs sociaux impliqués »&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il faut qu’il y ait une &lt;/del&gt;base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;structurelle mais aussi que les groupes qui s’opposent dans ce clivage doivent aussi pouvoir s’identifier avec le groupe en question&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour &lt;/del&gt;Rokkan, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce sont les deux éléments qui marquent un clivage&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identitaria&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identità collettiva - questa componente può essere chiamata &lt;/ins&gt;base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;culturale o quella che può essere chiamata anche &lt;/ins&gt;base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;identitaria&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Una divisione deve anche essere basata sull'esistenza di un'identità comune all'interno dei due gruppi opposti&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci deve essere &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;senso di appartenenza in una divisione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'è una dimensione soggettiva o culturale o addirittura identitaria in una divisione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Alcuni parlano di una componente soggettiva normativa che &amp;quot;si riferisce all'insieme dei valori e delle rappresentazioni simboliche che danno forma all'identità&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;agli atteggiamenti e agli attori sociali coinvolti&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci deve essere una &lt;/ins&gt;base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;strutturale, ma anche che i gruppi che si oppongono a questa divisione debbano potersi identificare con il gruppo in questione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per &lt;/ins&gt;Rokkan, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;questi sono i due elementi che segnano una divisione&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organisationnelle &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politisation – pour d’autres&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il faut encore quelque chose d’autre afin que l’on puisse parler d’un clivage politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il faut une politisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que le clivage soit politisé par certaines organisations qui peuvent être des partis politiques mais cela peut être d’autres types d’organisation avec les partis politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les groupes d’intérêts qui n’entrent pas dans le jeu de la compétition électorale mais défendent certains intérêts qui sont fortement liés à l’appartenance à &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;groupe dans &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;clivage. On peut passer d’un niveau institutionnalisé avec les partis politiques ou les groupes d’intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;puis finalement l’organisation de mouvements qui est encore plus externe au système&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organizzativa&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la politicizzazione - per altri&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;per parlare di divisione politica&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la divisione deve essere politicizzata&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deve essere politicizzata da certe organizzazioni che possono essere partiti politici ma possono essere altri tipi di organizzazione con partiti politici&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gruppi d'interesse che non entrano nel gioco della competizione elettorale ma difendono certi interessi che sono fortemente legati all'appartenenza ad &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gruppo in una divisione. Possiamo passare da &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;livello istituzionalizzato con i partiti politici o i gruppi di interesse&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e infine l'organizzazione di movimenti ancora più esterni al sistema&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a ces trois types d’organisation qui constituent &lt;/del&gt;la base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organisationnelle qui contribuent à la politisation d’un clivage politique&lt;/del&gt;, sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et culturel et qui permet de parler d’un véritable clivage politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour &lt;/del&gt;la base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organisationnelle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;« &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;composante organisationnelle politique suppose l’organisation de la division &lt;/del&gt;sociale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par des institutions ou des organisations telles que les partis politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les syndicats&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les groupes d’intérêts ou les associations d’intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les mouvements sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;etc&lt;/del&gt;. ». &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un clivage politique existe dans la mesure où il y a ces trois dimensions présentent en même temps&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En d’autres termes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s’il y a les deux premières dimensions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on peut parler d’un clivage social mais ce clivage reste latent et il ne constitue qu’un potentiel ou &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potentiel de mobilisation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lorsqu’on parle de « mobilisation »&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on parle en général de mobilisation électorale et &lt;/del&gt;non&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-électorale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est seulement lorsqu’il y a &lt;/del&gt;la base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organisationnelle qu’il est possible de parler de clivage politique&lt;/del&gt;. Rokkan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Lipset &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont synthétisés les clivages dans une théorie du clivage&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En ce qui concerne &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il faut citer les travaux de &lt;/del&gt;Bartolini &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Mair &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans leur ouvrage &lt;/del&gt;''Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability'' &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publié en &lt;/del&gt;2010 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui ont mis l’accent sur le fait qu’il faut une politisation du clivage&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Bartolini, Stefano, and Peter Mair. [https://www.rowmaninternational.com/book/identity_competition_and_electoral_availability/3-156-9888c75d-5b7d-4b24-9c7c-dd6aecb24364 Identity, competition and electoral availability: the stabilisation of European electorates, 1885-1985]. Colchester: ECPR, 2007. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ci sono questi tre tipi di organizzazione che costituiscono &lt;/ins&gt;la base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organizzativa che contribuiscono alla politicizzazione di un divario politico&lt;/ins&gt;, sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e culturale&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Così&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;per &lt;/ins&gt;la base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organizzativa&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;componente organizzativa politica implica l'organizzazione della divisione &lt;/ins&gt;sociale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;da parte di istituzioni o organizzazioni come partiti politici&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sindacati&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gruppi di interesse o associazioni&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;movimenti sociali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ecc&lt;/ins&gt;. ». &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Una divisione politica esiste nella misura in cui queste tre dimensioni sono presenti allo stesso tempo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole, se ci sono le prime due dimensioni&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si può parlare di divisione sociale&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma questa divisione rimane latente ed è solo &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potenziale o un potenziale di mobilitazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Quando si parla di &amp;quot;mobilitazione&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in genere si parla di mobilitazione elettorale e &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elettorale&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Solo quando c'è &lt;/ins&gt;la base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;organizzativa è possibile parlare di divisione politica&lt;/ins&gt;. Rokkan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/ins&gt;Lipset &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hanno sintetizzato le scissioni in una teoria di divisione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per quanto riguarda &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politicizzazione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è opportuno citare nel loro libro l'opera di &lt;/ins&gt;Bartolini &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e &lt;/ins&gt;Mair ''Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability'' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pubblicato nel &lt;/ins&gt;2010 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che ha sottolineato la necessità di una politicizzazione del divario&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Bartolini, Stefano, and Peter Mair. [https://www.rowmaninternational.com/book/identity_competition_and_electoral_availability/3-156-9888c75d-5b7d-4b24-9c7c-dd6aecb24364 Identity, competition and electoral availability: the stabilisation of European electorates, 1885-1985]. Colchester: ECPR, 2007. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rokkan a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proposé une théorie afin d’expliquer de par l’émergence des partis politique en Europe&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir la formation des systèmes politiques en Europe&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pourquoi certains électeurs votent pour certains partis et pas pour d’autres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En d’autres termes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il a formulé une théorie des bases sociales et structurelles du comportement électoral en particulier mais que l’on peut appliquer également dans les théories sur les mouvements sociaux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une des théories du comportement de vote&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir le modèle sociologique de l’école de &lt;/del&gt;Columbia &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s’appuie implicitement voire largement sur la théorie des clivages&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Rokkan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ha proposto una teoria per spiegare perché, &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seguito dell'emergere dei partiti politici in Europa&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cioè della formazione di sistemi politici in Europa&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alcuni elettori votano per alcuni partiti e non per altri&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In altre parole&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ha formulato una teoria delle basi sociali e strutturali del comportamento elettorale in particolare, ma che può essere applicata anche nelle teorie sui movimenti sociali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Una delle teorie sul comportamento di voto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ovvero il modello sociologico della &lt;/ins&gt;Columbia &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;School, è implicitamente o addirittura in gran parte basata sulla teoria delle scissioni&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Les clivages traditionnels=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Les clivages traditionnels=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
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