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	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences</id>
	<title>The notion of &quot;concept&quot; in social sciences - Historique des versions</title>
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	<updated>2026-07-15T14:07:29Z</updated>
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		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58900&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:41</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-07T09:41:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 7 juillet 2023 à 11:41&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l11&quot;&gt;Ligne 11 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 11 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale d'&lt;/del&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Pierre Bourdieu]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aux origines de la chute de la République de &lt;/del&gt;Weimar]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale de &lt;/del&gt;Max Weber &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Vilfredo Pareto]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;notion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de « &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» en &lt;/del&gt;sciences&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-sociales&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Histoire de la &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théories et conceptions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxisme et Structuralisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fonctionnalisme et Systémisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionnisme et Constructivisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de l’anthropologie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le débat des trois &lt;/del&gt;I : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et idées&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La théorie du choix rationnel et l'analyse des intérêts en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Approche analytique des &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'étude des idées et idéologies dans la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la guerre en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Guerre &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conceptions et évolutions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La raison d’État&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souveraineté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mondialisation, gouvernance multiniveaux&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la &lt;/del&gt;violence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en science politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et biopouvoir&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des régimes démocratiques et des processus de démocratisation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Systèmes Électoraux &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mécanismes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Enjeux et Conséquences&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le système de gouvernement des démocraties&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphologie des &lt;/del&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’action dans la théorie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la politique suisse&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au comportement politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;définition et &lt;/del&gt;cycle &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise à l'&lt;/del&gt;agenda &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise en œuvre et évaluation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la sous&lt;/del&gt;-discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;relations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationales&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Pierre Bourdieu &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The origins of the fall of the &lt;/ins&gt;Weimar &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Republic&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Max Weber &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Vilfredo Pareto &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;notion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;concept&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; in social &lt;/ins&gt;sciences]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;History of the &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political &lt;/ins&gt;science: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theories and concepts&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxism and Structuralism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Functionalism and Systemism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionism and Constructivism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The theories of political anthropology&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The three &lt;/ins&gt;I&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s debate&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interests&lt;/ins&gt;, institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and ideas&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rational choice theory and the analysis of interests in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;An analytical approach to &lt;/ins&gt;institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The study of ideas and ideologies in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of war in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The War&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Concepts and Evolutions&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The reason of State&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;State&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sovereignty&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;globalization and multi-level governance&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of &lt;/ins&gt;violence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political science‎‎&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and Biopower&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analysis of democratic regimes and democratisation processes&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Electoral Systems&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mechanisms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Issues and Consequences&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The system of government in democracies&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphology of &lt;/ins&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Action in Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to Swiss politics&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to political behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Definition and &lt;/ins&gt;cycle &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: agenda &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;setting and &lt;/ins&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Implementation and Evaluation&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the sub&lt;/ins&gt;-discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of international &lt;/ins&gt;relations&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] ● [[Introduction to Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]]  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58792&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 6 juillet 2023 à 13:58</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-06T13:58:52Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 juillet 2023 à 15:58&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Ligne 1 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 1 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Translations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Translations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/del&gt;notion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;concept&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; in social &lt;/del&gt;sciences&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr &lt;/ins&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/ins&gt;notion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de « &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» en &lt;/ins&gt;sciences&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-sociales&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| es = El noción de &amp;quot;concepto&amp;quot; en ciencias sociales  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| es = El noción de &amp;quot;concepto&amp;quot; en ciencias sociales  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| it = La nozione di &amp;quot;concetto&amp;quot; nelle scienze sociali&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| it = La nozione di &amp;quot;concetto&amp;quot; nelle scienze sociali&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58790&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Métathéorie : Au-delà de la théorie */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58790&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-06T13:54:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Métathéorie : Au-delà de la théorie&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;amp;diff=58790&amp;amp;oldid=58789&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58789&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Spécialisation : La clé d'une meilleure compréhension */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58789&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-06T13:53:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Spécialisation : La clé d&amp;#039;une meilleure compréhension&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 juillet 2023 à 15:53&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l253&quot;&gt;Ligne 253 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 253 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Regression analysis is a valuable tool for isolating the effect of a particular variable while controlling for the effects of other variables. To illustrate this with the example of the fall of the Weimar Republic, we could postulate that the proportional system (an independent variable) played a significant role in this fall (the dependent variable). To test this hypothesis, we could collect data on various countries and historical moments when similar circumstances arose. This data could include other relevant variables, such as the economic situation, political stability, international conflicts, etc. The regression analysis would then measure the effect of the proportional system on the stability of the republic while controlling for the effects of these other variables. If the proportional system proves to have a significant effect, we could then argue with greater confidence that this factor contributed to the fall of the Weimar Republic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Regression analysis is a valuable tool for isolating the effect of a particular variable while controlling for the effects of other variables. To illustrate this with the example of the fall of the Weimar Republic, we could postulate that the proportional system (an independent variable) played a significant role in this fall (the dependent variable). To test this hypothesis, we could collect data on various countries and historical moments when similar circumstances arose. This data could include other relevant variables, such as the economic situation, political stability, international conflicts, etc. The regression analysis would then measure the effect of the proportional system on the stability of the republic while controlling for the effects of these other variables. If the proportional system proves to have a significant effect, we could then argue with greater confidence that this factor contributed to the fall of the Weimar Republic.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Spécialisation &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La clé d'une meilleure compréhension &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Specialisation&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The key to better understanding &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Des &lt;/del&gt;figures &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intellectuelles comme &lt;/del&gt;Marx, Weber, Darwin, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tolstoï&lt;/del&gt;, Dickens &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et Dostoïevski se distinguent par leur maîtrise remarquable de multiples domaines du savoir&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Leur œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent caractérisée par un chevauchement des &lt;/del&gt;disciplines, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a bénéficié de leur capacité à penser de manière holistique et à intégrer des idées provenant de différentes sphères d'&lt;/del&gt;expertise. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une comparaison avec une liste de penseurs contemporains influents&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que &lt;/del&gt;Bill Gates, Warren Buffet, Maria Vargas, Joe Stiglitz &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Martin Wolf, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;révélée par le magazine &lt;/del&gt;Foreign Policy, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pourrait laisser l'&lt;/del&gt;impression &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que cette dernière est moins impressionnante&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual &lt;/ins&gt;figures &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as &lt;/ins&gt;Marx, Weber, Darwin, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tolstoy&lt;/ins&gt;, Dickens &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and Dostoyevsky stand out for their remarkable mastery of multiple fields of knowledge&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Their work&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often characterised by an overlap of &lt;/ins&gt;disciplines, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;benefited from their ability to think holistically and integrate ideas from different spheres of &lt;/ins&gt;expertise. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a comparison with a list of influential contemporary thinkers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as &lt;/ins&gt;Bill Gates, Warren Buffet, Maria Vargas, Joe Stiglitz &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Martin Wolf, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;revealed by &lt;/ins&gt;Foreign Policy &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;magazine&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;might leave the &lt;/ins&gt;impression &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that the latter is less impressive&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;question &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se pose alors &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pourquoi la liste contemporaine semble-t-elle moins éclatante &lt;/del&gt;? &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il existe plusieurs facteurs qui pourraient expliquer pourquoi la liste des penseurs contemporains peut sembler moins impressionnante&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;question &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;then arises&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;why does the contemporary list seem less dazzling&lt;/ins&gt;? &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are several factors that could explain why the list of contemporary thinkers may seem less impressive&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La '''nécessité d'une &lt;/del&gt;perspective &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;historique''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est parfois nécessaire d'avoir une certaine &lt;/del&gt;distance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;temporelle pour véritablement évaluer l&lt;/del&gt;'impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et l'&lt;/del&gt;influence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une personne&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce qui est considéré comme révolutionnaire ou de grande valeur peut ne pas être reconnu comme tel immédiatement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et la valeur d'une &lt;/del&gt;contribution &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intellectuelle peut devenir plus évidente avec le recul&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The need for a historical &lt;/ins&gt;perspective: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is sometimes necessary to have a certain &lt;/ins&gt;distance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in time to truly assess a person&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;influence. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;What is considered revolutionary or of great value may not be immediately recognised as such&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the value of an intellectual &lt;/ins&gt;contribution &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may become clearer with hindsight&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La '''familiarité engendre la banalisation''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La proximité temporelle des penseurs contemporains peut nous rendre plus familiers avec leurs idées et donc nous amener à sous-estimer leur génie ou leur &lt;/del&gt;influence. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nous sommes souvent plus impressionnés par les &lt;/del&gt;figures &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;historiques en raison de leur &lt;/del&gt;stature &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mythique et de la longévité de leur &lt;/del&gt;influence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Familiarity breeds trivialisation&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The temporal proximity of contemporary thinkers can make us more familiar with their ideas and thus lead us to underestimate their genius or &lt;/ins&gt;influence. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;We are often more impressed by historical &lt;/ins&gt;figures &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;because of their mythical &lt;/ins&gt;stature &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the longevity of their &lt;/ins&gt;influence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le '''changement dans la gestion de la connaissance''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au cours des dernières décennies&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu un changement structurel vers une spécialisation accrue des connaissances&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les universités encouragent cette spécialisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et la progression de la connaissance se fait de plus en plus par la coopération et les interactions entre spécialistes dans des domaines de plus en plus spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette spécialisation est facilitée par les nouvelles &lt;/del&gt;technologies, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme &lt;/del&gt;Internet, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui permettent une &lt;/del&gt;collaboration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mondiale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à l'Université de Genève&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les professeurs occupent des chaires qui couvrent des domaines spécifiques de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et un chercheur particulier &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tendance à contribuer à un seul sous&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;domaine de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The change in knowledge management&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In recent decades&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there has been &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;structural shift towards increased specialisation of knowledge&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Universities encourage this specialisation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and knowledge is increasingly developed through cooperation and interaction between specialists in increasingly specific fields&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This specialisation is facilitated by new &lt;/ins&gt;technologies, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as the &lt;/ins&gt;Internet, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which enable global &lt;/ins&gt;collaboration. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;At the University of Geneva&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;professors hold chairs that cover specific areas of political &lt;/ins&gt;science, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and a particular researcher tends to contribute to &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;single sub&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;field of political &lt;/ins&gt;science.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alors que les &lt;/del&gt;figures &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intellectuelles historiques étaient souvent des polymathes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;maîtrisant de nombreux domaines du savoir&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les penseurs contemporains sont généralement des spécialistes dans des domaines particuliers&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;So&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;whereas historical intellectual &lt;/ins&gt;figures &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;were often polymaths&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mastering many areas of knowledge&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contemporary thinkers are generally specialists in particular fields&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des théories de moyenne portée (&lt;/del&gt;mid-range theories&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;) &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;mid-range theories ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de moyenne portée, ou &amp;quot;mid&lt;/del&gt;-range theories&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;, sont des &lt;/del&gt;concepts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;issus de la sociologie et de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elles sont une réponse au défi de construire des &amp;quot;grandes théories&amp;quot; universelles qui expliquent toutes les facettes d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un domaine donné&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &amp;quot;grandes théories&amp;quot; sont souvent critiquées pour leur manque de précision et leur incapacité à fournir des explications spécifiques et testables pour des phénomènes particuliers&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En revanche&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les théories de moyenne portée se concentrent sur des explications spécifiques de certains &lt;/del&gt;aspects &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la réalité sociale ou politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elles visent à expliquer des phénomènes spécifiques en utilisant un ensemble limité de &lt;/del&gt;variables.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mid&lt;/ins&gt;-range theories &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are &lt;/ins&gt;concepts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;from sociology and political &lt;/ins&gt;science. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They are a response to the challenge of constructing universal &lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;grand theories' that explain all facets of a given field&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These 'grand theories' are often criticised for their lack of precision and their inability to provide specific, testable explanations for particular phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Middle-range theories, on the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;focus on specific explanations of certain &lt;/ins&gt;aspects &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of social or political reality&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They aim to explain specific phenomena using a limited set of &lt;/ins&gt;variables.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théorie de moyenne portée&lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a été introduit pour la première fois par le sociologue &lt;/del&gt;Robert K. Merton &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans les années 1950&lt;/del&gt;. Merton &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soutenait que les &lt;/del&gt;sciences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociales devraient viser à développer des théories de ce &lt;/del&gt;type &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui sont suffisamment générales pour être applicables à diverses &lt;/del&gt;situations, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais suffisamment spécifiques pour fournir des prédictions précises et vérifiables&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;middle-range theory&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;was first introduced by the sociologist &lt;/ins&gt;Robert K. Merton &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the 1950s&lt;/ins&gt;. Merton &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;argued that the social &lt;/ins&gt;sciences &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;should aim to develop theories of this &lt;/ins&gt;type &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that are general enough to be applicable to a variety of &lt;/ins&gt;situations, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but specific enough to provide accurate and testable predictions&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de moyenne portée sont très répandues en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où elles sont souvent utilisées pour expliquer des phénomènes spécifiques tels que le comportement électoral&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les mouvements sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la &lt;/del&gt;formation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la prise de décision des gouvernements, etc&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la théorie du choix rationnel&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui postule que les individus agissent de manière à maximiser leur utilité personnelle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est une théorie de moyenne portée utilisée dans de nombreux domaines des &lt;/del&gt;sciences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociales&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y compris la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les avantages des théories de moyenne portée comprennent leur applicabilité à une grande variété de &lt;/del&gt;situations, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leur capacité à fournir des prédictions précises et testables&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et leur flexibilité en termes d'adaptation à de nouvelles données et de nouveaux contextes&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Middle-range theories are very common in political &lt;/ins&gt;science, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where they are often used to explain specific phenomena such as electoral behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;social movements&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;policy &lt;/ins&gt;formation, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;government decision-making and so on&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rational choice theory&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which postulates that individuals act to maximise their personal utility&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is a middle-range theory used in many areas of the social &lt;/ins&gt;sciences, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;including political &lt;/ins&gt;science. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The advantages of middle-range theories include their applicability to a wide variety of &lt;/ins&gt;situations, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;their ability to provide accurate and testable predictions&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and their flexibility in terms of adapting to new data and new contexts&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ère contemporaine&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous constatons une tendance à délaisser les grands &amp;quot;ismes&amp;quot; tels que le marxisme&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le libéralisme&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le constructivisme&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le réalisme, en faveur de débats et de théories de moyenne portée plus spécifiques et liés à un contexte particulier&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces débats et théories ont généralement pour objet des problématiques particulières, susceptibles d'être résolues par une analyse empirique approfondie&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce changement d'orientation vers des théories de moyenne portée témoigne d'un désir d'une meilleure compréhension des dynamiques spécifiques qui sous&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tendent divers phénomènes sociaux et politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au lieu de se fier à des cadres théoriques larges et souvent abstraits&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs se concentrent désormais sur l'élaboration et le test de théories plus concrètes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui peuvent être directement liées à des données empiriques spécifiques et qui sont capables de fournir des explications précises et vérifiables pour des phénomènes spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est une évolution qui reflète l'aspiration à un travail de recherche plus précis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus nuancé et plus directement pertinent pour l'analyse des problèmes du monde réel&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the contemporary era, we are seeing a move away from broad 'isms&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as Marxism&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;liberalism&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;constructivism and realism&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;towards more context-specific&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;medium-range debates and theories&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These debates and theories are generally concerned with particular issues that can be resolved through in-depth empirical analysis&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This shift towards middle&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;range theories reflects a desire for a better understanding of the specific dynamics underlying various social and political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Instead of relying on broad and often abstract theoretical frameworks&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers are now focusing on developing and testing more concrete theories&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which can be directly linked to specific empirical data and which are capable of providing precise and verifiable explanations for specific phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This development reflects the desire for research to be more precise&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;more nuanced and more directly relevant to the analysis of real-world problems&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Métathéorie : Au-delà de la théorie ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Métathéorie : Au-delà de la théorie ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58788&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Methodological reinforcement: Towards more scientific research */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58788&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-06T13:52:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Methodological reinforcement: Towards more scientific research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;amp;diff=58788&amp;amp;oldid=58787&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58787&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Methodological reinforcement: Towards more scientific research */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58787&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-06T13:51:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Methodological reinforcement: Towards more scientific research&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;amp;diff=58787&amp;amp;oldid=58786&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58786&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* From descriptive to explanatory: a major turning point */</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-06T13:51:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;From descriptive to explanatory: a major turning point&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 juillet 2023 à 15:51&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l201&quot;&gt;Ligne 201 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 201 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== From descriptive to explanatory: a major turning point ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== From descriptive to explanatory: a major turning point ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale et particulièrement à partir des années 1960&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous observons un double mouvement dans l'étude des phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;.   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Since the Second World War&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and particularly from the 1960s onwards, there has been a twofold movement in the study of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;.   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans les années qui ont suivi la Seconde Guerre mondiale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les travaux de &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique étaient principalement descriptifs et normatifs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les chercheurs se concentraient sur la description des &lt;/del&gt;structures &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des comportements et des idéologies&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent avec un souci de réforme ou d'amélioration de l'ordre politique existant&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D'une part&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'objet de recherche s'est déplacé de la &lt;/del&gt;simple description &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vers une explication plus approfondie des phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En d'autres termes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs se sont moins intéressés à la description des faits politiques qu'à la compréhension des &lt;/del&gt;causes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et des effets sous-jacents de ces faits&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette approche ne posait pas suffisamment la &lt;/del&gt;question &amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pourquoi&lt;/del&gt;?&amp;quot; - &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une &lt;/del&gt;question &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui nécessite une explication plus profonde des phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour répondre à cette &lt;/del&gt;question, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs doivent élaborer un raisonnement basé sur des hypothèses&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des preuves et des déductions logiques, en d'autres termes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une analyse&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the years following the Second World War&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;research was mainly descriptive and normative&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Researchers concentrated on describing political &lt;/ins&gt;structures, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;behaviour and ideologies&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often with a view to reforming or improving the existing political order&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the one hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the object of research shifted from &lt;/ins&gt;simple description &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to a more in-depth explanation of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In other words&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers were less interested in describing political facts than in understanding the underlying &lt;/ins&gt;causes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and effects of these facts&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this approach did not sufficiently ask the &lt;/ins&gt;question &amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;why&lt;/ins&gt;?&amp;quot; - &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;question &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that requires a deeper explanation of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;To answer this &lt;/ins&gt;question, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers need to develop a line of reasoning based on hypotheses&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;evidence and logical deductions - in other words&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;an analysis&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce n'est que plus tard&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;particulièrement à partir des années 1960&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que les chercheurs en science politique ont commencé à se concentrer davantage sur la question du &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pourquoi?&lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils ont cherché à expliquer les &lt;/del&gt;causes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les effets des phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en utilisant des méthodes analytiques et en se basant sur des preuves empiriques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;permis à la science politique de devenir une &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus rigoureuse et plus scientifique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous avons également observé un mouvement du jugement normatif et descriptif vers une approche plus analytique et rationnelle&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au lieu de porter des jugements de valeur sur les phénomènes politiques ou de simplement les décrire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs se sont efforcés de les comprendre de manière plus objective&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en utilisant des méthodes analytiques et des raisonnements basés sur des preuves empiriques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce changement a permis d'améliorer la rigueur scientifique de la &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et de mieux comprendre la complexité des phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It was only later&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;particularly from the 1960s onwards&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that political scientists began to focus more on the &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;why&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;question&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They sought to explain the &lt;/ins&gt;causes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and effects of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;using analytical methods and based on empirical evidence&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This has enabled political science to become &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;more rigorous and scientific &lt;/ins&gt;discipline. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As a result&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we have also seen a move away from normative and descriptive judgements towards a more analytical and rational approach&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Instead of making value judgements about political phenomena or simply describing them&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers have sought to understand them more objectively&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;using analytical methods and reasoning based on empirical evidence&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This change has made it possible to improve the scientific rigour of the &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and to better understand the complexity of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le cadre de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs s'intéressent souvent à des schémas ou des régularités empiriques qui se produisent dans différentes sociétés et à travers le temps&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces régularités peuvent concerner divers phénomènes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que le comportement électoral&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'émergence de mouvements sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le développement de systèmes politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le déroulement des conflits&lt;/del&gt;, etc. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En identifiant ces régularités&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs peuvent commencer à formuler des théories ou des hypothèses sur les mécanismes sous-jacents qui expliquent ces phénomènes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces mécanismes peuvent impliquer divers facteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que des &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des processus sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;motivations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;individuelles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des facteurs économiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;etc&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'objectif de cette approche est de produire des connaissances qui peuvent nous aider à mieux comprendre le monde politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En identifiant les mécanismes qui produisent certaines régularités empiriques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous pouvons également être en mesure de faire des prédictions sur la manière dont les choses pourraient évoluer dans le futur&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou sur la manière dont des &lt;/del&gt;interventions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécifiques pourraient influencer les résultats politiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In political &lt;/ins&gt;science, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers are often interested in empirical patterns or regularities that occur in different societies and over time&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These regularities can relate to a variety of phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as electoral behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the emergence of social movements&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the development of political systems&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the course of conflicts&lt;/ins&gt;, etc. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;By identifying these regularities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers can begin to formulate theories or hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms that explain these phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These mechanisms may involve a variety of factors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as political &lt;/ins&gt;institutions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;social processes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;individual &lt;/ins&gt;motivations, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic factors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and so on&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The aim of this approach is to produce knowledge that can help us to better understand the political world&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;By identifying the mechanisms that produce certain empirical regularities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we may also be able to make predictions about how things might evolve in the future&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or how specific &lt;/ins&gt;interventions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;might influence political outcomes&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans sa quête d'explication et d'analyse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a adopté des méthodologies empruntées aux &lt;/del&gt;sciences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;naturelles et physiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tout en adaptant ces méthodes à la complexité et à la spécificité des phénomènes sociaux et politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'une de ces méthodes est l'approche &lt;/del&gt;comparative, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui implique l'étude de plusieurs cas pour identifier les similitudes et les différences entre eux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette méthode peut permettre aux chercheurs de mieux comprendre les &lt;/del&gt;causes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les conséquences des phénomènes politiques en observant comment ils se manifestent dans différents contextes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un chercheur en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique pourrait utiliser une approche &lt;/del&gt;comparative &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour étudier la démocratisation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il pourrait examiner un certain nombre de pays qui ont récemment transitionné vers la démocratie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en comparant les processus par lesquels ces &lt;/del&gt;transitions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont eu lieu&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les défis rencontrés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les facteurs qui ont contribué à la réussite ou à l'échec de la démocratisation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant bien que la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique emprunte des méthodes aux &lt;/del&gt;sciences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;naturelles et physiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elle reste une &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les phénomènes qu'elle étudie sont profondément enracinés dans le contexte &lt;/del&gt;social &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et culturel&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et sont souvent influencés par des facteurs subjectifs et intangibles qui peuvent être difficiles à mesurer ou à quantifier&lt;/del&gt;.[[Fichier:Growth_of_causal_thinking.png|center|thumb|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Political &lt;/ins&gt;science, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in its quest for explanation and analysis&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;has adopted methodologies borrowed from the natural and physical &lt;/ins&gt;sciences, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;while adapting these methods to the complexity and specificity of social and political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;One such method is the &lt;/ins&gt;comparative &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;approach&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which involves studying several cases to identify similarities and differences between them&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This method can enable researchers to better understand the &lt;/ins&gt;causes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and consequences of political phenomena by observing how they manifest themselves in different contexts&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researcher might use a &lt;/ins&gt;comparative &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;approach to study democratisation&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;He or she might examine a number of countries that have recently transitioned to democracy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comparing the processes by which these &lt;/ins&gt;transitions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;took place&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the challenges encountered&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the factors that contributed to the success or failure of democratisation&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However, although political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;borrows methods from the natural and physical &lt;/ins&gt;sciences, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it remains a social &lt;/ins&gt;science. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The phenomena it studies are deeply rooted in the &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and cultural context&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and are often influenced by subjective and intangible factors that can be difficult to measure or quantify&lt;/ins&gt;.[[Fichier:Growth_of_causal_thinking.png|center|thumb|400px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;                               &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce tableau présente la quantité d'&lt;/del&gt;articles &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui emploient des termes renvoyant à la causalité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que « analyses causales »&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;non seulement dans le cadre de la revue américaine de science politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais également à travers une gamme plus large de revues scientifiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This table shows the number of &lt;/ins&gt;articles &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;using causal terms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as 'causal analysis'&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;not only in the American Journal of Political Science&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but also across a wider range of scientific journals&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La nette augmentation de l'usage de termes liés à la causalité dans ces &lt;/del&gt;publications &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;met en évidence le rôle croissant accordé à l'explication dans le travail des politologues depuis les années 1960&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela implique que le champ de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique a évolué pour devenir plus axé sur l'analyse causale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En d'autres termes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs en science politique sont de plus en plus intéressés par la compréhension des &lt;/del&gt;causes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et des effets dans les phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils cherchent à identifier les mécanismes qui expliquent pourquoi certaines choses se produisent dans le domaine politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'augmentation de l'utilisation du langage &lt;/del&gt;causal &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reflète également l'&lt;/del&gt;influence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;croissante des approches quantitatives et méthodologiques rigoureuses en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces approches sont souvent utilisées pour établir des relations causales entre différents facteurs politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Enfin&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela pourrait aussi refléter une tendance plus large dans les &lt;/del&gt;sciences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociales à se tourner vers des méthodes plus empiriques et axées sur les données&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les chercheurs sont de plus en plus capables de recueillir et d'analyser de grands ensembles de données&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui leur permet d'examiner les relations causales de manière plus détaillée et rigoureuse&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela dit&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il est &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de noter que l'augmentation de l'accent sur l'analyse causale ne signifie pas nécessairement que d'autres approches sont moins importantes ou moins valables&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il existe de nombreux &lt;/del&gt;aspects &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la politique qui peuvent nécessiter des approches plus qualitatives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interprétatives ou théoriques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The marked increase in the use of causal terms in these &lt;/ins&gt;publications &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;highlights the growing role of explanation in the work of political scientists since the 1960s&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This implies that the field of political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;has evolved to become more focused on causal analysis&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In other words&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;political scientists are increasingly interested in understanding the &lt;/ins&gt;causes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and effects of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They seek to identify the mechanisms that explain why certain things happen in politics&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The increasing use of &lt;/ins&gt;causal &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;language also reflects the growing &lt;/ins&gt;influence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of rigorous quantitative and methodological approaches in political &lt;/ins&gt;science. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These approaches are often used to establish causal relationships between different political factors&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Finally&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it may also reflect a wider trend in the social &lt;/ins&gt;sciences &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;towards more empirical and data-driven methods&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Researchers are increasingly able to collect and analyse large data sets&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allowing them to examine causal relationships in greater detail and rigour&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;That said&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to note that the increased emphasis on causal analysis does not necessarily mean that other approaches are less important or less valid&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are many &lt;/ins&gt;aspects &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of policy that may require more qualitative&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interpretive or theoretical approaches&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Renforcement méthodologique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Vers une recherche plus scientifique &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Methodological reinforcement&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Towards more scientific research &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En science politique comme dans d'autres sciences sociales, l'accent mis sur l'explication a entraîné une plus grande rigueur méthodologique et un renforcement du caractère scientifique de la recherche. Cela signifie que les chercheurs adoptent une approche plus systématique et disciplinée pour tester leurs hypothèses et interpréter leurs données. Ils s'appuient sur des méthodes de recherche bien établies et rigoureuses pour recueillir des données, qu'il s'agisse de sondages, d'entretiens, d'études de cas ou d'analyses de documents. Ces méthodes sont utilisées pour assurer la fiabilité et la validité des résultats de la recherche. En outre, la recherche en science politique a également été marquée par une utilisation accrue des méthodes quantitatives et des analyses statistiques. Cela permet aux chercheurs de traiter de grands ensembles de données et d'établir des liens causaux plus forts entre différentes variables politiques. En fin de compte, cette tendance vers une plus grande rigueur méthodologique et un renforcement du caractère scientifique de la recherche en science politique vise à produire des connaissances plus fiables et plus précises sur le monde politique. Cependant, il est important de noter que cette approche ne remplace pas, mais complète d'autres approches plus qualitatives ou théoriques de la science politique.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En science politique comme dans d'autres sciences sociales, l'accent mis sur l'explication a entraîné une plus grande rigueur méthodologique et un renforcement du caractère scientifique de la recherche. Cela signifie que les chercheurs adoptent une approche plus systématique et disciplinée pour tester leurs hypothèses et interpréter leurs données. Ils s'appuient sur des méthodes de recherche bien établies et rigoureuses pour recueillir des données, qu'il s'agisse de sondages, d'entretiens, d'études de cas ou d'analyses de documents. Ces méthodes sont utilisées pour assurer la fiabilité et la validité des résultats de la recherche. En outre, la recherche en science politique a également été marquée par une utilisation accrue des méthodes quantitatives et des analyses statistiques. Cela permet aux chercheurs de traiter de grands ensembles de données et d'établir des liens causaux plus forts entre différentes variables politiques. En fin de compte, cette tendance vers une plus grande rigueur méthodologique et un renforcement du caractère scientifique de la recherche en science politique vise à produire des connaissances plus fiables et plus précises sur le monde politique. Cependant, il est important de noter que cette approche ne remplace pas, mais complète d'autres approches plus qualitatives ou théoriques de la science politique.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>Arthur : /* L'évolution de la discipline : De l'art à la science */</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-06T13:50:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;L&amp;#039;évolution de la discipline : De l&amp;#039;art à la science&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 juillet 2023 à 15:50&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l189&quot;&gt;Ligne 189 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 189 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Operationalisation is an essential stage in any empirical research process. Without it, concepts remain too abstract to be analysed systematically and rigorously. Operationalisation transforms theoretical concepts into measurable variables that can be observed and analysed. It is a process that translates abstract concepts into concrete, observable terms, enabling researchers to measure and analyse them. It is by operationalising concepts that researchers can test hypotheses and theories using empirical methods. For example, if a researcher has a theory that democratisation leads to a reduction in violence, they must first operationalise the concepts of 'democratisation' and 'violence'. Only once he has defined these concepts in measurable terms can he collect data and analyse the relationship between them. Without operationalisation, it would be impossible to empirically test social and political science theories and hypotheses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Operationalisation is an essential stage in any empirical research process. Without it, concepts remain too abstract to be analysed systematically and rigorously. Operationalisation transforms theoretical concepts into measurable variables that can be observed and analysed. It is a process that translates abstract concepts into concrete, observable terms, enabling researchers to measure and analyse them. It is by operationalising concepts that researchers can test hypotheses and theories using empirical methods. For example, if a researcher has a theory that democratisation leads to a reduction in violence, they must first operationalise the concepts of 'democratisation' and 'violence'. Only once he has defined these concepts in measurable terms can he collect data and analyse the relationship between them. Without operationalisation, it would be impossible to empirically test social and political science theories and hypotheses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'évolution de la &lt;/del&gt;discipline : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De l'&lt;/del&gt;art &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la &lt;/del&gt;science =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The evolution of the &lt;/ins&gt;discipline: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;From &lt;/ins&gt;art &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to &lt;/ins&gt;science =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les cinq &lt;/del&gt;transformations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;clés qui éclairent notre compréhension de l'état actuel de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui nous aident à définir les objets de cette &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et qui nous invitent à réfléchir profondément sur la &lt;/del&gt;nature &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intrinsèque des sciences politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont les suivantes&lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The five key &lt;/ins&gt;transformations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that shed light on our understanding of the current state of political &lt;/ins&gt;science, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that help us define the objects of this &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and that invite us to reflect deeply on the intrinsic &lt;/ins&gt;nature &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political science&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are the following&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'''Passage de la &lt;/del&gt;description/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;jugement à l'explication&lt;/del&gt;/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;analyse''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;transition a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marqué un changement d'orientation fondamental, de l'&lt;/del&gt;expression &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;opinions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;personnelles ou du jugement normatif à l'analyse rigoureuse des phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela signifie que les chercheurs en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique cherchent à expliquer pourquoi les choses se passent comme elles le font&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plutôt qu'à dire comment elles devraient se passer&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Shift from &lt;/ins&gt;description/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;judgement to explanation&lt;/ins&gt;/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;transition &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marked &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fundamental shift from the &lt;/ins&gt;expression &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of personal &lt;/ins&gt;opinions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or normative judgement to the rigorous analysis of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This means that political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers are seeking to explain why things happen as they do&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rather than how they should happen&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'''Montée en puissance de la méthode''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'importance croissante accordée à la méthode a contribué à renforcer le caractère scientifique de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela signifie que les chercheurs en science politique utilisent des méthodes de recherche rigoureuses pour tester leurs hypothèses et théories&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Increasing emphasis on method&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The growing emphasis on method has helped to reinforce the scientific nature of political &lt;/ins&gt;science. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This means that political scientists use rigorous research methods to test their hypotheses and theories&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'''Spécialisation''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Avec le développement de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chercheurs ont commencé à se spécialiser dans des domaines spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que la politique comparée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;relations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationales&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la théorie politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, etc. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette spécialisation a permis de développer des connaissances plus approfondies dans ces domaines spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Specialisation&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;has developed&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;researchers have begun to specialise in specific fields&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as comparative politics&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;international &lt;/ins&gt;relations, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;political theory&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, etc. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This specialisation has made it possible to develop more in-depth knowledge in these specific fields&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'''Passage des approches métathéoriques aux théories de moyenne portée''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de moyenne portée sont des théories qui cherchent à expliquer un phénomène spécifique ou un ensemble de phénomènes liés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contrairement aux théories métathéoriques qui cherchent à expliquer un large éventail de phénomènes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;transition &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a permis d'obtenir des explications plus précises et plus nuancées des phénomènes politiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Transition from metatheoretical approaches to middle-range theories&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Middle-range theories are theories that seek to explain a specific phenomenon or set of related phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;unlike metatheoretical theories which seek to explain a wide range of phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;transition &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;has led to more precise and nuanced explanations of political phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'''Révolution au niveau des données disponibles''' &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'augmentation de la disponibilité et de l'accessibilité des données a profondément changé la manière dont les recherches en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique sont menées&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela a permis aux chercheurs d'analyser des phénomènes politiques à une échelle et avec une précision sans précédent&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Revolution in available data&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The increased availability and accessibility of data has profoundly changed the way political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;research is conducted&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This has enabled researchers to analyse political phenomena on an unprecedented scale and with unprecedented precision&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces changements ont contribué à façonner la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique en une &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rigoureuse et dynamique qui continue d'évoluer en fonction des nouvelles données&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théories et méthodes disponibles&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These changes have helped to shape political &lt;/ins&gt;science &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;into a rigorous and dynamic &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that continues to evolve as new data&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theories and methods become available&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Du descriptif à l'explicatif &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un tournant majeur &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;From descriptive to explanatory&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a major turning point &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale et particulièrement à partir des années 1960, nous observons un double mouvement dans l'étude des phénomènes politiques.   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale et particulièrement à partir des années 1960, nous observons un double mouvement dans l'étude des phénomènes politiques.   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58784&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* L'importance de la mesure en science politique */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58784&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-06T13:49:50Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;L&amp;#039;importance de la mesure en science politique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 juillet 2023 à 15:49&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l171&quot;&gt;Ligne 171 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 171 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;According to this approach, all members of a category have the same status - if a political system meets the necessary and sufficient conditions to be classified as a &amp;quot;democracy&amp;quot;, then it is a democracy in the same way as any other system that meets those conditions. This allows for clarity and precision in the definition of concepts, but can also be criticised for its rigidity. In reality, social and political phenomena can often be more nuanced and less easily categorised in binary terms. For example, some political systems may have elements of democracy without being fully democratic, thus posing challenges to this dichotomous approach.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;According to this approach, all members of a category have the same status - if a political system meets the necessary and sufficient conditions to be classified as a &amp;quot;democracy&amp;quot;, then it is a democracy in the same way as any other system that meets those conditions. This allows for clarity and precision in the definition of concepts, but can also be criticised for its rigidity. In reality, social and political phenomena can often be more nuanced and less easily categorised in binary terms. For example, some political systems may have elements of democracy without being fully democratic, thus posing challenges to this dichotomous approach.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la mesure en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of measurement in political &lt;/ins&gt;science ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;{{Article détaillé|De la théorie aux données}}&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories sont en fait des constructions intellectuelles qui nous aident à comprendre les relations entre différents concepts et à expliquer les phénomènes du monde réel. Mais bien que les concepts eux-mêmes soient des abstractions, ils sont souvent opérationnalisés de manière à pouvoir être mesurés et observés.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'opérationnalisation est le processus par lequel les chercheurs définissent comment un concept spécifique sera mesuré dans le cadre d'une étude particulière&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est une étape essentielle de la recherche en sciences sociales&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car elle permet de passer d'un concept abstrait à des indicateurs concrets et mesurables. Par exemple, le concept de &amp;quot;démocratie&amp;quot; est une abstraction qui englobe de nombreuses idées différentes sur ce que signifie un gouvernement &amp;quot;du peuple, par le peuple, pour le peuple&amp;quot;. Mais pour étudier la démocratie de manière empirique, les chercheurs doivent définir comment ils vont la mesurer. Ils peuvent décider d'opérationnaliser la démocratie en termes de libertés civiles et politiques, de pluralisme politique, de participation électorale, de transparence gouvernementale, etc. Ces indicateurs sont ensuite utilisés pour recueillir des données qui peuvent être analysées pour tester les hypothèses de la théorie&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories are in fact intellectual constructs that help us to understand the relationships between different concepts and to explain real-world phenomena&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;But although the concepts themselves are abstractions&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they are often operationalised so that they can be measured and observed&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est important de noter que l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;opérationnalisation d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un concept peut varier en fonction du contexte de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;étude et des questions de recherche spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les chercheurs doivent donc être clairs sur la façon dont ils opérationnalisent leurs concepts et justifier leurs choix méthodologiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est également crucial de comprendre que même si les concepts sont abstraits et les théories sont inobservables&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils sont essentiels pour structurer notre compréhension du monde et guider notre recherche. Sans eux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous ne saurions pas quoi chercher&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ni comment interpréter ce que nous trouvons&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Operationalisation is the process by which researchers define how a specific concept will be measured in a particular study. This is an essential stage in social science research, as it enables us to move from an abstract concept to concrete, measurable indicators. For example, the concept of &lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;democracy&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is an abstraction that encompasses many different ideas about what it means to have a government 'of the people, by the people, for the people&lt;/ins&gt;'. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;But to study democracy empirically, researchers need to define how they are going to measure it&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They may decide to operationalise democracy in terms of civil and political liberties&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;political pluralism&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;electoral participation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;government transparency and so on. These indicators are then used to collect data that can be analysed to test the hypotheses of the theory&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'opérationnalisation est un processus crucial dans la recherche en sciences sociales. C'est le processus par lequel un &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;abstrait (comme la démocratie, la pauvreté, l'éducation, etc&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;) est transformé en une variable mesurable, souvent grâce à l'utilisation d'indicateurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple, si nous prenons le concept de &amp;quot;démocratie&amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous devons décider comment nous allons mesurer ce concept dans une étude particulière&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est là qu'intervient l'opérationnalisation. Nous pourrions décider que la démocratie sera mesurée par des indicateurs tels que des élections libres et équitables, la protection des droits de l'homme, l'indépendance de la justice&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;etc. L'opérationnalisation est donc une étape essentielle pour passer d'une idée théorique à une recherche empirique. Cela permet de rendre les concepts abstraits &amp;quot;réels&amp;quot; de manière à ce qu'ils puissent être mesurés et analysés. C&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est également une étape qui nécessite une réflexion et une justification rigoureuses, car le choix des indicateurs peut avoir un impact significatif sur les résultats de la recherche&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is important to note that the operationalisation of a &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may vary according to the context of the study and the specific research questions&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Researchers must therefore be clear about how they operationalise their concepts and justify their methodological choices&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is also crucial to understand that although concepts are abstract and theories are unobservable&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they are essential for structuring our understanding of the world and guiding our research&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Without them&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we wouldn&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;t know what to look for or how to interpret what we find&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une mesure est une quantification ou une qualification d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui le rend utilisable dans le cadre d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une étude empirique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La mesure implique de transformer le concept en une variable mesurable qui peut être utilisée pour la collecte de données&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Operationalisation is a crucial process in social science research. It is the process by which an abstract concept (such as democracy, poverty, education, etc.) is transformed into a measurable variable, often through the use of indicators. For example, if we take the concept of 'democracy&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, we need to decide how we are going to measure this &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in a particular study. This is where operationalisation comes in. We might decide that democracy will be measured by indicators such as free and fair elections, the protection of human rights, the independence of the judiciary, and so on. Operationalisation is therefore an essential step in moving from a theoretical idea to empirical research. It makes abstract concepts &lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;real' so that they can be measured and analysed&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is also a step that requires rigorous thought and justification, as the choice of indicators can have a significant impact on the results of the research&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Considérons le &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &amp;quot;démocratisation&amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour l'opérationnaliser, il faut définir les indicateurs de la démocratisation. On peut décider que la démocratisation peut être mesurée par des facteurs tels que l'existence d'élections libres et équitables, la liberté de la presse, le respect des droits de l'homme, l'existence de plusieurs partis politiques, la séparation des pouvoirs, etc. On peut ensuite développer une méthode pour collecter des données sur ces différents facteurs dans un certain nombre de pays. Par exemple, utiliser des bases de données existantes qui évaluent la liberté de la presse, le respect des droits de l'homme, etc., dans différents pays. Alternativement, il est possible de développer sa propre enquête ou méthode d'observation pour collecter ces informations. Dans ce cas, les données sur ces divers indicateurs seraient les mesures du &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de démocratisation. Cependant, tout comme dans l'exemple du bonheur, il est important de se rappeler que ces mesures sont des représentations du concept de démocratisation, et non le concept lui-même. De plus, toutes les mesures ont une certaine marge d'erreur et ne sont jamais parfaites, c'est pourquoi il est essentiel de réfléchir soigneusement à la manière dont d'opérationnaliser et mesurer les concepts dans sa recherche&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A measure is a quantification or qualification of a &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that makes it usable in an empirical study&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Measurement involves transforming the &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;into a measurable variable that can be used for data collection&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de noter que la mesure est une représentation du &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et non le &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lui-même&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aucune mesure n'est parfaite et toutes comportent une certaine marge d'erreur. C'est pourquoi il est essentiel de réfléchir soigneusement à la façon dont d'opérationnaliser et mesurer ses &lt;/del&gt;concepts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans sa recherche&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Consider the concept of 'democratisation'. To operationalise it, we need to define the indicators of democratisation. We can decide that democratisation can be measured by factors such as the existence of free and fair elections, freedom of the press, respect for human rights, the existence of several political parties, the separation of powers, and so on. We can then develop a method for collecting data on these different factors in a number of countries. For example, use existing databases that assess freedom of the press, respect for human rights, etc., in different countries. Alternatively, it is possible to develop one's own survey or observation method to collect this information. In this case, the data on these various indicators would be measures of the concept of democratisation. However, as in the example of happiness, it is &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to remember that these measures are representations of the &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of democratisation, not the &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;itself&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Furthermore, all measures have a certain margin of error and are never perfect&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;so it is essential to think carefully about how to operationalise and measure the &lt;/ins&gt;concepts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in your research&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'opérationnalisation est une étape essentielle dans tout processus de recherche empirique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sans elle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;concepts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;restent trop abstraits pour être analysés de manière systématique et rigoureuse&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'opérationnalisation transforme les &lt;/del&gt;concepts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théoriques en &lt;/del&gt;variables &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mesurables qui peuvent être observées et analysées&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est un processus qui permet de traduire des &lt;/del&gt;concepts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;abstraits en termes concrets et observables&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui permet aux chercheurs de les mesurer et de les analyser&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est en opérationnalisant les &lt;/del&gt;concepts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que les chercheurs peuvent tester les hypothèses et les théories en utilisant des méthodes empiriques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si un chercheur &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une théorie selon laquelle la démocratisation conduit à une diminution de la &lt;/del&gt;violence, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il doit d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;abord opérationnaliser les concepts de &amp;quot;démocratisation&amp;quot; et de &amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;violence&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce n'est qu'après avoir défini ces &lt;/del&gt;concepts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en termes mesurables qu'il peut collecter des données et analyser la relation entre eux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sans l'opérationnalisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il serait &lt;/del&gt;impossible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de tester empiriquement les théories et les hypothèses en sciences sociales et politiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is important to note that the measure is a representation of the concept and not the concept itself. Furthermore, no measurement is perfect and all have a certain margin of error. This is why it is essential to think carefully about how to operationalise and measure your concepts in your research.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Operationalisation is an essential stage in any empirical research process&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Without it&lt;/ins&gt;, concepts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;remain too abstract to be analysed systematically and rigorously&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Operationalisation transforms theoretical &lt;/ins&gt;concepts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;into measurable &lt;/ins&gt;variables &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that can be observed and analysed&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is a process that translates abstract &lt;/ins&gt;concepts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;into concrete, observable terms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;enabling researchers to measure and analyse them&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is by operationalising &lt;/ins&gt;concepts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that researchers can test hypotheses and theories using empirical methods&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;if a researcher has a theory that democratisation leads to &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reduction in &lt;/ins&gt;violence, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they must first operationalise the concepts of 'democratisation' and &lt;/ins&gt;'violence&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Only once he has defined these &lt;/ins&gt;concepts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in measurable terms can he collect data and analyse the relationship between them&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Without operationalisation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it would be &lt;/ins&gt;impossible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to empirically test social and political science theories and hypotheses&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= L'évolution de la discipline : De l'art à la science =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= L'évolution de la discipline : De l'art à la science =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58783&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Conceptualisation: Defining the core concepts */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;diff=58783&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-06T13:49:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Conceptualisation: Defining the core concepts&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=The_notion_of_%22concept%22_in_social_sciences&amp;amp;diff=58783&amp;amp;oldid=58782&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
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