The origins of fundamental rights - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* The philosophical origins */

2023-12-18T19:00:46Z

The philosophical origins

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	The context at the time was one of growing discontent among the nobles, largely due to the high taxes imposed by King John and his failure in military campaigns, particularly in France. Faced with increasing resistance from the barons, the king was forced to negotiate, resulting in the creation of the Magna Carta. This document was revolutionary for several reasons. Firstly, it recognised and guaranteed a number of rights and privileges for the barons and, by extension, for other subjects of the kingdom. Although its main aim was to protect the interests of the aristocracy, the Magna Carta contained principles that evoke our modern conceptions of personal freedoms. These included the guarantee of a fair trial, protection against arbitrary detention and limitations on the king's fiscal powers. In addition, Magna Carta established the idea that even the king was subject to the law. This was a revolutionary notion at a time when monarchs were often considered to have absolute and divinely ordained power. The idea that the law applied equally to the sovereign laid the foundations for the rule of law and constitutional governance in Western societies. Although Magna Carta was repeatedly annulled, revised and reinstated in the years following its first promulgation, its influence has endured. It is often regarded as a precursor to modern constitutions and has significantly influenced the development of legal systems and human rights, not only in England but throughout the world.		The context at the time was one of growing discontent among the nobles, largely due to the high taxes imposed by King John and his failure in military campaigns, particularly in France. Faced with increasing resistance from the barons, the king was forced to negotiate, resulting in the creation of the Magna Carta. This document was revolutionary for several reasons. Firstly, it recognised and guaranteed a number of rights and privileges for the barons and, by extension, for other subjects of the kingdom. Although its main aim was to protect the interests of the aristocracy, the Magna Carta contained principles that evoke our modern conceptions of personal freedoms. These included the guarantee of a fair trial, protection against arbitrary detention and limitations on the king's fiscal powers. In addition, Magna Carta established the idea that even the king was subject to the law. This was a revolutionary notion at a time when monarchs were often considered to have absolute and divinely ordained power. The idea that the law applied equally to the sovereign laid the foundations for the rule of law and constitutional governance in Western societies. Although Magna Carta was repeatedly annulled, revised and reinstated in the years following its first promulgation, its influence has endured. It is often regarded as a precursor to modern constitutions and has significantly influenced the development of legal systems and human rights, not only in England but throughout the world.

	These articles from Magna Carta illustrate the revolutionary scope and vision of this document in terms of rights and freedoms. Article XXXIX, in particular, establishes principles of justice that are fundamental to modern legal systems. The idea that no free man should be punished without the lawful judgment of his peers and according to the law of the land was revolutionary for its time. This article laid the foundations for what we know today as the right to a fair trial, a key element of the rule of law and a fundamental principle of human rights.		These articles from Magna Carta illustrate the revolutionary scope and vision of this document in terms of rights and freedoms. Article XXXIX, in particular, establishes principles of justice that are fundamental to modern legal systems. The idea that no free man should be punished without the lawful judgment of his peers and according to the law of the land was revolutionary for its time. This article laid the foundations for what we know today as the right to a fair trial, a key element of the rule of law and a fundamental principle of human rights.{{citation bloc\|No free man will be arrested or imprisoned, or dispossessed of his property, or declared an outlaw, or exiled, or executed in any way, and we will not act against him or send anyone against him, without the lawful judgment of his peers and in accordance with the law of the land.\|Article XXXIX.}}Article XLI focuses on economic freedom and the safety of merchants. It recognises the importance of safe and unhindered trade and travel for merchants, while setting out rules for conduct in times of war. This article reflects an early understanding of the importance of trade and economic mobility, concepts that are essential in our globalised economy.{{citation bloc\|All merchants may freely and safely leave England, come to England, remain in England, and travel in England both by road and by ship, to buy and to sell, without any irregular tolls, according to ancient and just customs, except in time of war and if such merchants are from a country at war with us. If such merchants are found in our country at the beginning of a war, they shall be detained, without any damage to their persons or property, until we, or our Grand Justicier, are informed of the manner in which our merchants are treated in the country at war with us, and if ours are safe, the others shall be safe in our country.\|Article XLI.}}

	"No free man shall be arrested or imprisoned, or dispossessed of his property, or declared an outlaw, or exiled, or executed in any manner whatsoever, nor shall we act against him, nor send any person against him, without a lawful judgment of his peers and in accordance with the law of the land."

	~~- Article XXXIX~~.{{citation bloc\|No free man will be arrested or imprisoned, or dispossessed of his property, or declared an outlaw, or exiled, or executed in any way, and we will not act against him or send anyone against him, without the lawful judgment of his peers and in accordance with the law of the land.\|Article XXXIX.}}Article XLI focuses on economic freedom and the safety of merchants. It recognises the importance of safe and unhindered trade and travel for merchants, while setting out rules for conduct in times of war. This article reflects an early understanding of the importance of trade and economic mobility, concepts that are essential in our globalised economy.{{citation bloc\|All merchants may freely and safely leave England, come to England, remain in England, and travel in England both by road and by ship, to buy and to sell, without any irregular tolls, according to ancient and just customs, except in time of war and if such merchants are from a country at war with us. If such merchants are found in our country at the beginning of a war, they shall be detained, without any damage to their persons or property, until we, or our Grand Justicier, are informed of the manner in which our merchants are treated in the country at war with us, and if ours are safe, the others shall be safe in our country.\|Article XLI.}}

	Together, these articles bear witness to the gradual evolution of notions of justice, personal freedom and economic rights. The Magna Carta, although primarily designed to protect the rights of the English aristocracy, laid the foundations for legal principles that would, centuries later, benefit all citizens. The document established standards for limiting arbitrary power and protecting individual rights, influencing the subsequent development of constitutional democracies and legal systems in the Western world. These principles, enunciated over eight centuries ago, continue to resonate in charters of rights and constitutions around the world, testifying to their timeless importance and enduring impact on the conception of human rights and equitable governance.		Together, these articles bear witness to the gradual evolution of notions of justice, personal freedom and economic rights. The Magna Carta, although primarily designed to protect the rights of the English aristocracy, laid the foundations for legal principles that would, centuries later, benefit all citizens. The document established standards for limiting arbitrary power and protecting individual rights, influencing the subsequent development of constitutional democracies and legal systems in the Western world. These principles, enunciated over eight centuries ago, continue to resonate in charters of rights and constitutions around the world, testifying to their timeless importance and enduring impact on the conception of human rights and equitable governance.

Arthur : /* The philosophical origins */

2023-12-18T13:01:40Z

The philosophical origins

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Arthur : /* The political origins */

2023-12-18T13:01:05Z

The political origins

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Arthur le 18 décembre 2023 à 12:59

2023-12-18T12:59:52Z

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Arthur le 18 décembre 2023 à 12:57

2023-12-18T12:57:48Z

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Arthur : /* Annexes */

2020-01-18T16:51:18Z

Annexes

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	**[http://alexpeak.com/twr/mc/ texte en anglais, français, latin, espagnol, italien]		**[http://alexpeak.com/twr/mc/ texte en anglais, français, latin, espagnol, italien]
	*[http://dspace.unav.es/dspace/bitstream/10171/12713/1/PD_22_03.pdf Le discours et l'événement. L'émergence des droits de l'homme et le christianisme dans l'histoire occidentale] - Alfred Dufour		*[http://dspace.unav.es/dspace/bitstream/10171/12713/1/PD_22_03.pdf Le discours et l'événement. L'émergence des droits de l'homme et le christianisme dans l'histoire occidentale] - Alfred Dufour
			*Université de Genève. “Introduction Aux Droits De L'Homme.” Coursera, https://www.coursera.org/learn/droits-de-lhomme.

	= References =		= References =

Arthur le 24 juin 2019 à 06:46

2019-06-24T06:46:30Z

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	\| assistants =		\| assistants =
	\| enregistrement =		\| enregistrement =
	\| cours = [[Introduction ~~au droit~~]]		\| cours = [[Introduction to law]]
	\| lectures =		\| lectures =
	*[[~~Définition du droit~~]]		*[[The definition of law]]
	*[[~~L’État~~]]		*[[The State]]
	*[[~~Les différentes~~ branches ~~du droit~~]]		*[[The different branches of law]]
	*[[~~Les~~ sources ~~du droit~~]]		*[[The sources of law]]
	*[[~~Les grandes~~ traditions ~~formatrices du droit~~]]		*[[The great formative traditions of law]]
	*[[~~Les éléments de la relation juridique~~]]		*[[The elements of the legal relationship]]
	*[[~~L’application du droit~~]]		*[[The application of law]]
	*[[~~La mise en œuvre d’une loi~~]]		*[[The implementation of a law]]
	*[[~~L’évolution de la Suisse des origines au XXème siècle~~]]		*[[The evolution of Switzerland from its origins to the 20th century]]
	*[[~~Le cadre juridique interne de la Suisse~~]]		*[[Switzerland's domestic legal framework]]
	*[[La structure ~~d’État~~, ~~le régime politique et la neutralité de la Suisse~~]]		*[[Switzerland's state structure, political system and neutrality]]
	*[[~~L’évolution des~~ relations ~~internationales de la fin du XIXe au milieu du XXe siècle~~]]		*[[The evolution of international relations from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century]]
	*[[~~Les organisations universelles~~]]		*[[The universal organizations]]
	*[[~~Les~~ organisations ~~européennes et leurs~~ relations ~~avec la Suisse~~]]		*[[European organisations and their relations with Switzerland]]
	*[[~~Les catégories et les générations de droits fondamentaux~~]]		*[[Categories and generations of fundamental rights]]
	*[[~~Les origines des droits fondamentaux~~]]		*[[The origins of fundamental rights]]
	*[[~~Les déclarations des droits de la fin du XVIIIe siècle~~]]		*[[Declarations of rights at the end of the 18th century]]
	*[[~~Vers l’édification d’une~~ conception ~~universelle des droits fondamentaux au XXe siècle~~]]		*[[Towards the construction of a universal conception of fundamental rights in the 20th century]]
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* Philosophical origins */

2019-06-24T06:45:17Z

Philosophical origins

← Version précédente		Version du 24 juin 2019 à 08:45
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	= Philosophical origins =		= Philosophical origins =
	{{Article détaillé\|John Locke et le débat sur le gouvernement civil}}		{{Article détaillé\|John Locke et le débat sur le gouvernement civil}}Among the many philosophers who have had an influence on natural human rights, we will discuss John Locke and the debate on civil government (1632 - 1704). His political thinking is determined by the idea that legitimate government, that is, government in conformity with the aspirations of the governed, is the product of the voluntary consent of free and equal individuals.

	~~Parmi les nombreux philosophes qui ont eu une influence sur les droits naturels de l’homme, nous allons aborder [[~~John Locke ~~et le débat sur le gouvernement~~ civil~~]] (1632 – 1704). Sa pensée politique est déterminée par l’idée que le gouvernement légitime~~, ~~c’est-à-dire le gouvernement conforme aux aspirations des gouvernés, est le produit du consentement volontaire d’individus libres et égaux.~~		For John Locke and the debate on civil government, men decided to put an end to the state of nature by agreeing to establish a political society: it is the social contract that forms the basis of political society. This political society established by the social contract from which legitimate government emanates from free and equal individuals aims to guarantee natural human rights. They were previously neither protected nor guaranteed; this need for protection pushes people out of the state of nature and into the political society they constitute, resulting in the guarantee of fundamental and natural human rights.

	~~Pour [[John Locke et le débat sur le gouvernement civil]], les hommes ont décidé de mettre fin à l’état de~~ nature ~~en se mettant d’accord pour établir une société politique~~ : ~~c’est le contrat~~ social ~~qui fonde la société politique~~. ~~Cette société politique établie par le contrat~~ social ~~dont le gouvernement légitime émane d’individus libres et égaux a pour but de garantir les droits naturels de l’homme~~. ~~Ils n’étaient auparavant pas protégés ni garantis~~ ; ~~ce besoin de~~ protection ~~pousse les hommes à sortir de l’état de~~ nature ~~pour rentrer dans la société politique qu’ils constituent ayant pour conséquence de garantir les droits fondamentaux et naturels de l’homme~~.		The theory of the social contract will have a great influence, particularly in the first Declarations of Human Rights. From these religious, political, philosophical origins emanate ideas and principles of freedom and equality of individuals.

	~~La théorie du contrat~~ social ~~aura une grande~~ influence ~~notamment dans les premières Déclarations des droits de l’homme~~. ~~De ces origines religieuses, politiques~~, ~~philosophiques~~, ~~émanent les idées et les principes de liberté et d’égalité des individus~~.

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* Les origines philosophiques */

2019-06-24T06:45:00Z

Les origines philosophiques

← Version précédente		Version du 24 juin 2019 à 08:45
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	The many conflicts between the King and his parliament have led to numerous texts guaranteeing fundamental rights, including many treaties.		The many conflicts between the King and his parliament have led to numerous texts guaranteeing fundamental rights, including many treaties.

	= ~~Les origines philosophiques~~ =		= Philosophical origins =
	{{Article détaillé\|John Locke et le débat sur le gouvernement civil}}		{{Article détaillé\|John Locke et le débat sur le gouvernement civil}}

Arthur : /* Political origins */

2019-06-24T06:44:44Z

Political origins

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	[[File:Joao sem terra assina carta Magna.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|King John of England signs Magna Carta.]]		[[File:Joao sem terra assina carta Magna.jpg\|thumb\|150px\|King John of England signs Magna Carta.]]

	~~Dans l’Angleterre du XIIIe siècle~~, ~~on assiste à un conflit entre le Roi et ses vassaux~~. ~~Au terme de ce conflit est édicté la [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta~~ Magna Carta~~] (« Grande Charte ») du~~ 12 ~~juin~~ 1215. ~~C’est un texte authentique signé par les vassaux et le roi~~. ~~Elle définit clairement les droits et les devoirs et garantit un certain nombre de privilèges de ses vassaux~~. ~~Et ces droits et ces privilèges peuvent rappeler dans un certain sens nos libertés personnelles~~.		In 13th century England, there was a conflict between the King and his vassals. At the end of this conflict, the Magna Carta of June 12, 1215 was enacted. It is an authentic text signed by the vassals and the king. It clearly defines the rights and duties and guarantees a number of privileges to its vassals. And these rights and privileges can be a reminder in a way of our personal freedoms.

	{{citation bloc\|~~Aucun homme libre ne sera arrêté ni emprisonné~~, ~~ou dépossédé de ses biens~~, ~~ou déclaré hors-la-loi~~, ~~ou exilé~~, ~~ou exécuté de quelque manière que ce soit~~, ~~et nous n'agirons pas contre lui et nous n'enverrons personne contre lui~~, ~~sans un jugement légal de ses pairs et conformément à la loi du pays~~.\|Article XXXIX.}}		{{citation bloc\|No free man shall be arrested or imprisoned, or dispossessed of his property, or declared outlawed, or exiled, or executed in any way, and we shall not act against him or send anyone against him, without a legal judgment from his peers and in accordance with the law of the land.\|Article XXXIX.}}

	{{citation bloc\|~~Tous les marchands pourront~~, ~~librement et en toute sûreté~~, ~~quitter l'Angleterre~~, ~~et venir en Angleterre~~, ~~y demeurer~~, ~~et voyager en Angleterre tant par la route que par bateau~~, ~~pour acheter et pour vendre~~, ~~sans aucun péage irrégulier~~, ~~selon les anciennes et justes coutumes~~, ~~excepté en temps de guerre et si ces marchands sont d'un pays en guerre contre nous~~. ~~S'il se trouve de tels marchands dans notre pays au commencement d'une guerre~~, ~~ils seront détenus~~, ~~sans aucun dommage pour leurs personnes ni leurs biens~~, ~~jusqu'à ce que nous~~, ~~ou notre Grand Justicier~~, ~~soyons informés de la manière dont nos marchands sont traités dans le pays en guerre contre nous~~, ~~et si les nôtres sont saufs~~, ~~les autres seront saufs dans notre pays~~.\|Article XLI.}}		{{citation bloc\|All merchants may, freely and safely, leave England, and come to England, remain there, and travel to England by road and ship, to buy and sell, without any irregular tolls, in accordance with ancient and just customs, except in time of war and if these merchants are from a country at war with us. If there are such merchants in our country at the beginning of a war, they will be detained, without any damage to their persons or property, until we, or our Great Justice, are informed of how our merchants are treated in the country at war with us, and if ours are saved, the others will be saved in our country.\|Article XLI.}}

	~~Les nombreux conflits entre le roi et son parlement sont à l’origine de nombreux textes qui garantissent des droits fondamentaux~~, ~~dont de nombreux traités~~.		The many conflicts between the King and his parliament have led to numerous texts guaranteeing fundamental rights, including many treaties.

	= Les origines philosophiques =		= Les origines philosophiques =

The origins of fundamental rights - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* The philosophical origins */

Arthur : /* The philosophical origins */

Arthur : /* The political origins */

Arthur le 18 décembre 2023 à 12:59

Arthur le 18 décembre 2023 à 12:57

Arthur : /* Annexes */

Arthur le 24 juin 2019 à 06:46

Arthur : /* Philosophical origins */

Arthur : /* Les origines philosophiques */

Arthur : /* Political origins */

Arthur : /* The philosophical origins */

Arthur : /* The philosophical origins */

Arthur : /* The political origins */

Arthur : /* Annexes */

Arthur : /* Philosophical origins */

Arthur : /* Les origines philosophiques */

Arthur : /* Political origins */