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	<title>Una breve historia del capitalismo internacional - Historique des versions</title>
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	<updated>2026-08-12T06:49:58Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=50476&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* El segundo y tercer mundo */</title>
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		<updated>2021-01-30T09:53:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;El segundo y tercer mundo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 janvier 2021 à 11:53&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l266&quot;&gt;Ligne 266 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 266 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Estos estados están llevando a cabo una industrialización y un desarrollo orientados hacia el interior. En el caso de América Latina y Asia, en particular la India, esto se conoce como [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializaci%C3%B3n_por_sustituci%C3%B3n_de_importaciones industrialización por sustitución de importaciones] (ISI).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Silva, E. (2007). The Import-Substitution Model. Latin American Perspectives, 34(3), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582x07300589&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Baer, Werner. “Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America: Experiences and Interpretations.” Latin American Research Review, vol. 7, no. 1, 1972, pp. 95–122. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2502457.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sapelli Claudio. 2003. [https://repositorio.uc.cl/bitstream/handle/11534/4837/000352269.pdf?sequence=1 The Political Economics of Import Substitution Industrialization] - [https://www.uc.cl/ Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile] - [https://economia.uc.cl/ Instituto de Economia]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Estos estados están llevando a cabo una industrialización y un desarrollo orientados hacia el interior. En el caso de América Latina y Asia, en particular la India, esto se conoce como [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializaci%C3%B3n_por_sustituci%C3%B3n_de_importaciones industrialización por sustitución de importaciones] (ISI).&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Silva, E. (2007). The Import-Substitution Model. Latin American Perspectives, 34(3), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582x07300589&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Baer, Werner. “Import Substitution and Industrialization in Latin America: Experiences and Interpretations.” Latin American Research Review, vol. 7, no. 1, 1972, pp. 95–122. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/2502457.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Sapelli Claudio. 2003. [https://repositorio.uc.cl/bitstream/handle/11534/4837/000352269.pdf?sequence=1 The Political Economics of Import Substitution Industrialization] - [https://www.uc.cl/ Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile] - [https://economia.uc.cl/ Instituto de Economia]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En gran medida, ideológicamente hablando, es un retorno a las prescripciones del pensamiento mercantilista, en particular el pensamiento de los nacionalistas económicos como [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton Alexander Hamilton] y [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Frederick &lt;/del&gt;List].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mehmet, Ozay (1999). Westernizing the Third World: The Eurocentricity of Economic Development. London: Routledge.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chang, Ha-Joon (2002). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En gran medida, ideológicamente hablando, es un retorno a las prescripciones del pensamiento mercantilista, en particular el pensamiento de los nacionalistas económicos como [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton Alexander Hamilton] y [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_List &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Frederich &lt;/ins&gt;List].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mehmet, Ozay (1999). Westernizing the Third World: The Eurocentricity of Economic Development. London: Routledge.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Chang, Ha-Joon (2002). Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. London: Anthem Press.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La idea es que para desarrollar sus capacidades industriales y tecnológicas, un país debe verse mucho en la economía mundial. A fin de evitar las importaciones de países más avanzados que impiden que su propia industria adquiera esas capacidades y desarrolle sus propias economías de escala, el país debe reservar el mercado interno para sus propias empresas industriales. Por lo tanto, es necesario que sustituyan esas importaciones por la producción nacional para poder independizarse. Ello requiere, entre otras cosas, la imposición de aranceles elevados a las importaciones y la aplicación de políticas comerciales proteccionistas y orientadas hacia el interior. Para estos países, es un intento de reducir la dependencia extranjera mediante la producción local de productos industrializados, ya sea a través de la inversión nacional o extranjera, para el consumo interno o externo.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La idea es que para desarrollar sus capacidades industriales y tecnológicas, un país debe verse mucho en la economía mundial. A fin de evitar las importaciones de países más avanzados que impiden que su propia industria adquiera esas capacidades y desarrolle sus propias economías de escala, el país debe reservar el mercado interno para sus propias empresas industriales. Por lo tanto, es necesario que sustituyan esas importaciones por la producción nacional para poder independizarse. Ello requiere, entre otras cosas, la imposición de aranceles elevados a las importaciones y la aplicación de políticas comerciales proteccionistas y orientadas hacia el interior. Para estos países, es un intento de reducir la dependencia extranjera mediante la producción local de productos industrializados, ya sea a través de la inversión nacional o extranjera, para el consumo interno o externo.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48913&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc */</title>
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		<updated>2020-07-21T19:14:13Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 21 juillet 2020 à 21:14&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce qui a remplacé le système &lt;/del&gt;de Breton Woods &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a été une coopération &lt;/del&gt;ad hoc entre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les États-Unis et ses alliés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le &lt;/del&gt;[https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sommet_du_G7_de_1978 sommet &lt;/del&gt;de Bonn] en 1978, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'&lt;/del&gt;[https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Accords_du_Plaza accord du &lt;/del&gt;Plaza] en 1985 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et l'&lt;/del&gt;[https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Accords_du_Louvre accord du &lt;/del&gt;Louvre] en 1987 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les alliés des États-Unis ont convenu d'ajuster leurs économies &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;manière à aider les États-Unis à stabiliser la valeur du dollar&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, Robert D., C. Randall Henning, and Richard N. Cooper. &amp;quot;[https://scholar.harvard.edu/robertputnam/publications/bonn-summit-1978-case-study-coordination The Bonn summit of 1978: a case study in coordination].&amp;quot; Can Nations Cooperate? (1989).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Frankel, Jeffrey. [https://www.nber.org/papers/w21813 The Plaza Accord, 30 Years Later]. No. w21813. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Richter, Rudolf. “The Louvre Accord From the Viewpoint of the New Institutional Economics.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, vol. 145, no. 4, 1989, pp. 704–719. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Commins, Kevin. “LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH.” LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH | JOC.com, 17 Nov. 1987, https://www.joc.com/louvre-accord-termed-major-factor-crash_19871117.html.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pourquoi ont-ils accepté de le faire &lt;/del&gt;? &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Parce qu'ils voulaient &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le dollar cesse &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se déprécier et &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les États-Unis cessent d'exporter des dollars, car cela alimentait l'inflation &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Europe et au Japon&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lo que reemplazó al sistema &lt;/ins&gt;de Breton Woods &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fue la cooperación &lt;/ins&gt;ad hoc entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los Estados Unidos y sus aliados&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/ins&gt;[https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;4th_G7_summit Cumbre &lt;/ins&gt;de Bonn] en 1978, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el &lt;/ins&gt;[https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plaza_Accord &lt;/ins&gt;Plaza &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Accord&lt;/ins&gt;] en 1985 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y el &lt;/ins&gt;[https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Louvre_Accord Acuerdo del &lt;/ins&gt;Louvre] en 1987 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde los aliados &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;EE.UU. acordaron ajustar sus economías para ayudar a los EE.UU. a estabilizar el valor del dólar&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, Robert D., C. Randall Henning, and Richard N. Cooper. &amp;quot;[https://scholar.harvard.edu/robertputnam/publications/bonn-summit-1978-case-study-coordination The Bonn summit of 1978: a case study in coordination].&amp;quot; Can Nations Cooperate? (1989).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Frankel, Jeffrey. [https://www.nber.org/papers/w21813 The Plaza Accord, 30 Years Later]. No. w21813. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Richter, Rudolf. “The Louvre Accord From the Viewpoint of the New Institutional Economics.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, vol. 145, no. 4, 1989, pp. 704–719. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Commins, Kevin. “LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH.” LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH | JOC.com, 17 Nov. 1987, https://www.joc.com/louvre-accord-termed-major-factor-crash_19871117.html.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;¿Por qué aceptaron hacerlo&lt;/ins&gt;? &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Porque querían &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el dólar dejara &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;depreciarse y &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los Estados Unidos dejaran de exportar dólares porque estaba alimentando la inflación &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Europa y el Japón&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'un des principaux épiphénomènes &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'effondrement du système &lt;/del&gt;de Bretton Woods &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a été l'unification monétaire européenne&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/551325/EPRS_BRI(2015)551325_EN.pdf History of European Monetary Integration] - European Parliament&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;EICHENGREEN, B., &amp;amp; FRIEDEN, J. (1993). THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EUROPEAN MONETARY UNIFICATION: AN ANALYTICAL INTRODUCTION. Economics and Politics, 5(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1993.tb00069.x&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry. “European Monetary Unification.” Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 31, no. 3, 1993, pp. 1321–1357. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2728243.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Fabio Ghironi. &amp;quot;[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10d518tg European Monetary Unification and International Monetary Cooperation].&amp;quot; (1997).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Jeffry A. Frieden. The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification. Boulder: Routledge, 2018. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Apel, Emmanuel. European monetary integration 1958-2002. London New York: Routledge, 1998. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dans un premier temps, les Européens ont tenté de rétablir le système de Bretton Woods qui correspond à la période comprise entre 1971 et 1973 avec les accords du Smithsonian Institute. Cela a échoué parce que les États-Unis ne se soucient pas de rétablir le lien entre le dollar et l'or.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morse, Edward L. “Crisis Diplomacy: The Demise of the Smithsonian Agreement.” The World Today, vol. 29, no. 6, 1973, pp. 243–256. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394706.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lo que los europeos están haciendo es empezar a restaurar un bosque regional bretón, un sistema monetario europeo. Luego, más tarde, para asegurar la estabilidad de este arreglo, reemplazan los tipos de cambio fijos por un banco central y una moneda única, y ese es el euro que tienen hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Uno &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los principales epifenómenos del colapso del sistema &lt;/ins&gt;de Bretton Woods &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fue la unificación monetaria europea&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/551325/EPRS_BRI(2015)551325_EN.pdf History of European Monetary Integration] - European Parliament&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;EICHENGREEN, B., &amp;amp; FRIEDEN, J. (1993). THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EUROPEAN MONETARY UNIFICATION: AN ANALYTICAL INTRODUCTION. Economics and Politics, 5(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1993.tb00069.x&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry. “European Monetary Unification.” Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 31, no. 3, 1993, pp. 1321–1357. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2728243.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Fabio Ghironi. &amp;quot;[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10d518tg European Monetary Unification and International Monetary Cooperation].&amp;quot; (1997).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Jeffry A. Frieden. The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification. Boulder: Routledge, 2018. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Apel, Emmanuel. European monetary integration 1958-2002. London New York: Routledge, 1998. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dans un premier temps, les Européens ont tenté de rétablir le système de Bretton Woods qui correspond à la période comprise entre 1971 et 1973 avec les accords du Smithsonian Institute. Cela a échoué parce que les États-Unis ne se soucient pas de rétablir le lien entre le dollar et l'or.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morse, Edward L. “Crisis Diplomacy: The Demise of the Smithsonian Agreement.” The World Today, vol. 29, no. 6, 1973, pp. 243–256. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394706.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Lo que los europeos están haciendo es empezar a restaurar un bosque regional bretón, un sistema monetario europeo. Luego, más tarde, para asegurar la estabilidad de este arreglo, reemplazan los tipos de cambio fijos por un banco central y una moneda única, y ese es el euro que tienen hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Probablemente el elemento más importante del sistema financiero internacional es el levantamiento de los controles de capital. En los decenios de 1970 y 1980, los países levantaron los controles de capital antes que los países desarrollados. En el decenio de 1990, este proceso se llevó a cabo en la mayoría de los países en desarrollo, con la notable excepción de China. En China, todavía no hay una libre convertibilidad de la moneda local, se necesita un acuerdo administrativo para cambiar el Yuan por otra moneda y todavía en 2019.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Probablemente el elemento más importante del sistema financiero internacional es el levantamiento de los controles de capital. En los decenios de 1970 y 1980, los países levantaron los controles de capital antes que los países desarrollados. En el decenio de 1990, este proceso se llevó a cabo en la mayoría de los países en desarrollo, con la notable excepción de China. En China, todavía no hay una libre convertibilidad de la moneda local, se necesita un acuerdo administrativo para cambiar el Yuan por otra moneda y todavía en 2019.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48912&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc */</title>
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		<updated>2020-07-21T19:11:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 21 juillet 2020 à 21:11&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l448&quot;&gt;Ligne 448 :&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Como resultado, si todos los poseedores de activos en dólares extranjeros intentan recomprar sus tenencias de oro, los Estados Unidos van a la bancarrota.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Como resultado, si todos los poseedores de activos en dólares extranjeros intentan recomprar sus tenencias de oro, los Estados Unidos van a la bancarrota.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Durante los tres meses siguientes, esta medida fortaleció su economía. Al mismo tiempo, el dólar cayó un 7,5% frente al marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Otras naciones comenzaron a exigir la redención de sus dólares por oro. Suiza recompró 50 millones de dólares en julio.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La France a acquis &lt;/del&gt;191 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;millions &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dollars &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; El 5 de agosto de 1971, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos publicó un informe en el que se recomendaba la devaluación del dólar con el fin de protegerlo contra los &amp;quot;licitadores extranjeros&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; El 9 de agosto de 1971, mientras el dólar caía frente a las monedas europeas, Suiza abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La presión comenzó a acumularse en los Estados Unidos para salir de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Durante los tres meses siguientes, esta medida fortaleció su economía. Al mismo tiempo, el dólar cayó un 7,5% frente al marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Otras naciones comenzaron a exigir la redención de sus dólares por oro. Suiza recompró 50 millones de dólares en julio.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Francia adquirió &lt;/ins&gt;191 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;millones &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dólares &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;oro&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; El 5 de agosto de 1971, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos publicó un informe en el que se recomendaba la devaluación del dólar con el fin de protegerlo contra los &amp;quot;licitadores extranjeros&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; El 9 de agosto de 1971, mientras el dólar caía frente a las monedas europeas, Suiza abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La presión comenzó a acumularse en los Estados Unidos para salir de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l459&quot;&gt;Ligne 459 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 459 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;packed&amp;quot; widths=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot; heights=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;packed&amp;quot; widths=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot; heights=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fichier:G7 leaders 1978.jpg|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;4e sommet du &lt;/del&gt;G7 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à &lt;/del&gt;Bonn - &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cinq des dirigeants au 4e sommet du &lt;/del&gt;G7. De &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gauche à droite &lt;/del&gt;: Giulio Andreotti, Takeo Fukuda, Jimmy Carter, Helmut Schmidt, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fichier:G7 leaders 1978.jpg|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;4ª Cumbre del &lt;/ins&gt;G7 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/ins&gt;Bonn - &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cinco de los líderes de la 4ª Cumbre del &lt;/ins&gt;G7. De &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;izquierda a derecha&lt;/ins&gt;: Giulio Andreotti, Takeo Fukuda, Jimmy Carter, Helmut Schmidt, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fichier:Plaza Accord 1985.jpg|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Accord &lt;/del&gt;Plaza&amp;quot; de 1985 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;porte le nom &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'hôtel Plaza &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;New &lt;/del&gt;York, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;été le lieu d'une réunion des ministres des finances qui ont conclu &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;accord sur &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gestion &lt;/del&gt;de la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fluctuation du dollar américain&lt;/del&gt;. De &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gauche à droite &lt;/del&gt;: Gerhard Stoltenberg (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Allemagne de l'Ouest&lt;/del&gt;), Pierre Bérégovoy (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;France&lt;/del&gt;), James A. Baker III (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;États-Unis&lt;/del&gt;), Nigel Lawson (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Grande-Bretagne&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Noboru Takeshita (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Japon&lt;/del&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Fichier:Plaza Accord 1985.jpg|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Acuerdo &lt;/ins&gt;Plaza&amp;quot; de 1985 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lleva el nombre del Hotel Plaza &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la ciudad &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nueva &lt;/ins&gt;York, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donde se celebró una reunión de ministros de finanzas que llegaron &lt;/ins&gt;a un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;acuerdo sobre &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gestión &lt;/ins&gt;de la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fluctuación del dólar estadounidense&lt;/ins&gt;. De &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;izquierda a derecha&lt;/ins&gt;: Gerhard Stoltenberg (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Alemania Occidental&lt;/ins&gt;), Pierre Bérégovoy (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Francia&lt;/ins&gt;), James A. Baker III (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estados Unidos&lt;/ins&gt;), Nigel Lawson (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Reino Unido&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y &lt;/ins&gt;Noboru Takeshita (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Japón&lt;/ins&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;/gallery&amp;gt;  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l471&quot;&gt;Ligne 471 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 471 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La última característica del sistema financiero mundial es que, al igual que el sistema de Bretton Woods se está derrumbando y las corrientes financieras internacionales están aumentando exponencialmente a un ritmo mucho más rápido que la economía o el sistema comercial internacional, esto va acompañado de una mayor fragilidad financiera en todo el mundo. Hay una ola de crisis financieras porque los inversores pueden mover dinero de una jurisdicción a otra. Muy rápidamente también debido a los desarrollos tecnológicos con el auge de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación y así sucesivamente.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La última característica del sistema financiero mundial es que, al igual que el sistema de Bretton Woods se está derrumbando y las corrientes financieras internacionales están aumentando exponencialmente a un ritmo mucho más rápido que la economía o el sistema comercial internacional, esto va acompañado de una mayor fragilidad financiera en todo el mundo. Hay una ola de crisis financieras porque los inversores pueden mover dinero de una jurisdicción a otra. Muy rápidamente también debido a los desarrollos tecnológicos con el auge de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación y así sucesivamente.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a donc trois vagues &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crises financières &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la crise de &lt;/del&gt;la [https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crise_de_la_dette_des_pays_en_voie_de_d%C3%A9veloppement dette &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Amérique latine] dans les années 1980&lt;/del&gt;, la [https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crise_&lt;/del&gt;%C3%&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A9conomique_asiatique crise financière en Asie&lt;/del&gt;] en 1997, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;puis les crises au cœur du système qui ont abouti à &lt;/del&gt;la [https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crise_financi%C3%A8re_mondiale_de_2007-2008 crise financière &lt;/del&gt;de 2007-2008] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et à &lt;/del&gt;la [https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crise_de_la_dette_dans_la_zone_euro crise &lt;/del&gt;de la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zone &lt;/del&gt;euro] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au début des années &lt;/del&gt;2010. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela est dû au fait &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la finance mondiale n'est plus limitée par les contrôles &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;capitaux et que &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nombreux détenteurs peuvent transférer très rapidement &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vastes sommes d'argent au-delà des frontières&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Así pues, hay tres olas &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crisis financieras&lt;/ins&gt;: la [https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crisis_de_la_deuda_latinoamericana crisis de la deuda latinoamericana] &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los años ochenta&lt;/ins&gt;, la [https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crisis_financiera_asi&lt;/ins&gt;%C3%&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A1tica crisis financiera asiática&lt;/ins&gt;] en 1997, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y luego las crisis en el corazón del sistema que condujeron a &lt;/ins&gt;la [https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crisis_financiera_de_2008 crisis financiera &lt;/ins&gt;de 2007-2008] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y &lt;/ins&gt;la [https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crisis_del_euro crisis &lt;/ins&gt;de la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;zona del &lt;/ins&gt;euro] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a principios de &lt;/ins&gt;2010. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esto se debe a &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las finanzas mundiales ya no están limitadas por los controles &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;capital y muchos titulares pueden transferir grandes cantidades &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dinero a través &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las fronteras con gran rapidez&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Anexos=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Anexos=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48910&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48910&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-07-21T19:08:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 21 juillet 2020 à 21:08&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l448&quot;&gt;Ligne 448 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 448 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Como resultado, si todos los poseedores de activos en dólares extranjeros intentan recomprar sus tenencias de oro, los Estados Unidos van a la bancarrota.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Como resultado, si todos los poseedores de activos en dólares extranjeros intentan recomprar sus tenencias de oro, los Estados Unidos van a la bancarrota.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Durante los tres meses siguientes, esta medida fortaleció su economía. Al mismo tiempo, el dólar cayó un 7,5% frente al marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Otras naciones comenzaron a exigir la redención de sus dólares por oro. Suiza recompró 50 millones de dólares en julio.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; El 5 de agosto de 1971, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos publicó un informe en el que se recomendaba la devaluación del dólar con el fin de protegerlo contra los &amp;quot;licitadores extranjeros&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le &lt;/del&gt;9 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;août &lt;/del&gt;1971, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alors que le dollar chutait par rapport aux monnaies européennes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la Suisse a quitté le système &lt;/del&gt;de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Des pressions ont commencé à s'exercer aux États-Unis pour qu'ils quittent &lt;/del&gt;Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Durante los tres meses siguientes, esta medida fortaleció su economía. Al mismo tiempo, el dólar cayó un 7,5% frente al marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; Otras naciones comenzaron a exigir la redención de sus dólares por oro. Suiza recompró 50 millones de dólares en julio.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; El 5 de agosto de 1971, el Congreso de los Estados Unidos publicó un informe en el que se recomendaba la devaluación del dólar con el fin de protegerlo contra los &amp;quot;licitadores extranjeros&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El &lt;/ins&gt;9 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de agosto de &lt;/ins&gt;1971, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mientras el dólar caía frente a las monedas europeas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Suiza abandonó el sistema &lt;/ins&gt;de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La presión comenzó a acumularse en los Estados Unidos para salir de &lt;/ins&gt;Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48909&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48909&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-07-21T19:07:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 21 juillet 2020 à 21:07&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l448&quot;&gt;Ligne 448 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 448 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Como resultado, si todos los poseedores de activos en dólares extranjeros intentan recomprar sus tenencias de oro, los Estados Unidos van a la bancarrota.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Como resultado, si todos los poseedores de activos en dólares extranjeros intentan recomprar sus tenencias de oro, los Estados Unidos van a la bancarrota.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au cours des trois mois suivants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette mesure a renforcé son économie&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Simultanément&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le dollar a chuté de &lt;/del&gt;7,5 % &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par rapport au Deutsche Mark&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D'autres nations ont commencé à exiger le rachat &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leurs dollars contre de l'or&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Suisse a racheté &lt;/del&gt;50 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;millions &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dollars &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;juillet&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le &lt;/del&gt;5 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;août &lt;/del&gt;1971, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le Congrès américain a publié &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rapport recommandant &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dévaluation du dollar, dans un effort pour protéger le dollar contre les &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;renchérisseurs étrangers&lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;.&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 9 août 1971, alors que le dollar chutait par rapport aux monnaies européennes, la Suisse a quitté le système de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La presión comenzó a acumularse en los Estados Unidos para que abandonaran &lt;/del&gt;Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Durante los tres meses siguientes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esta medida fortaleció su economía&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Al mismo tiempo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el dólar cayó un &lt;/ins&gt;7,5% &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frente al marco alemán&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Otras naciones comenzaron a exigir la redención &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sus dólares por oro&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Suiza recompró &lt;/ins&gt;50 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;millones &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dólares &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;julio&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El &lt;/ins&gt;5 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de agosto de &lt;/ins&gt;1971, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el Congreso de los Estados Unidos publicó &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;informe en el que se recomendaba &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;devaluación del dólar con el fin de protegerlo contra los &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;licitadores extranjeros&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 9 août 1971, alors que le dollar chutait par rapport aux monnaies européennes, la Suisse a quitté le système de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Des pressions ont commencé à s'exercer aux États-Unis pour qu'ils quittent &lt;/ins&gt;Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48908&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc */</title>
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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l446&quot;&gt;Ligne 446 :&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==De Bretton Woods a la cooperación ad hoc==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par conséquent&lt;/del&gt;, si &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tous les détenteurs d'actifs &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dollars à l'étranger tentent &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;racheter leurs avoirs en or&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les États-Unis font faillite&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El [[Sistema Bretton Woods: 1944 - 1973|sistema de Bretton Woods]] se derrumbó; el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es 1968-71. ¿Por qué 1968-71? Porque a finales del decenio de 1960 se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores que las de oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Como resultado&lt;/ins&gt;, si &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;todos los poseedores de activos &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dólares extranjeros intentan recomprar sus tenencias &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;oro&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los Estados Unidos van a la bancarrota&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Au cours des trois mois suivants, cette mesure a renforcé son économie. Simultanément, le dollar a chuté de 7,5 % par rapport au Deutsche Mark.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; D'autres nations ont commencé à exiger le rachat de leurs dollars contre de l'or. La Suisse a racheté 50 millions de dollars en juillet.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 5 août 1971, le Congrès américain a publié un rapport recommandant la dévaluation du dollar, dans un effort pour protéger le dollar contre les &amp;quot;renchérisseurs étrangers&amp;quot;..&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 9 août 1971, alors que le dollar chutait par rapport aux monnaies européennes, la Suisse a quitté le système de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La presión comenzó a acumularse en los Estados Unidos para que abandonaran Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En mayo de 1971, Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema de Bretton Woods, no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Au cours des trois mois suivants, cette mesure a renforcé son économie. Simultanément, le dollar a chuté de 7,5 % par rapport au Deutsche Mark.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; D'autres nations ont commencé à exiger le rachat de leurs dollars contre de l'or. La Suisse a racheté 50 millions de dollars en juillet.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 5 août 1971, le Congrès américain a publié un rapport recommandant la dévaluation du dollar, dans un effort pour protéger le dollar contre les &amp;quot;renchérisseurs étrangers&amp;quot;..&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 9 août 1971, alors que le dollar chutait par rapport aux monnaies européennes, la Suisse a quitté le système de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La presión comenzó a acumularse en los Estados Unidos para que abandonaran Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Nadie habla de un estándar de oro, excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano en los Estados Unidos que hablan de un estándar de oro hoy en día.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ce qui a remplacé le système de Breton Woods a été une coopération ad hoc entre les États-Unis et ses alliés. Le [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommet_du_G7_de_1978 sommet de Bonn] en 1978, l'[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_du_Plaza accord du Plaza] en 1985 et l'[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_du_Louvre accord du Louvre] en 1987 où les alliés des États-Unis ont convenu d'ajuster leurs économies de manière à aider les États-Unis à stabiliser la valeur du dollar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, Robert D., C. Randall Henning, and Richard N. Cooper. &amp;quot;[https://scholar.harvard.edu/robertputnam/publications/bonn-summit-1978-case-study-coordination The Bonn summit of 1978: a case study in coordination].&amp;quot; Can Nations Cooperate? (1989).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Frankel, Jeffrey. [https://www.nber.org/papers/w21813 The Plaza Accord, 30 Years Later]. No. w21813. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Richter, Rudolf. “The Louvre Accord From the Viewpoint of the New Institutional Economics.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, vol. 145, no. 4, 1989, pp. 704–719. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Commins, Kevin. “LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH.” LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH | JOC.com, 17 Nov. 1987, https://www.joc.com/louvre-accord-termed-major-factor-crash_19871117.html.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pourquoi ont-ils accepté de le faire ? Parce qu'ils voulaient que le dollar cesse de se déprécier et que les États-Unis cessent d'exporter des dollars, car cela alimentait l'inflation en Europe et au Japon.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Ce qui a remplacé le système de Breton Woods a été une coopération ad hoc entre les États-Unis et ses alliés. Le [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommet_du_G7_de_1978 sommet de Bonn] en 1978, l'[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_du_Plaza accord du Plaza] en 1985 et l'[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accords_du_Louvre accord du Louvre] en 1987 où les alliés des États-Unis ont convenu d'ajuster leurs économies de manière à aider les États-Unis à stabiliser la valeur du dollar.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Putnam, Robert D., C. Randall Henning, and Richard N. Cooper. &amp;quot;[https://scholar.harvard.edu/robertputnam/publications/bonn-summit-1978-case-study-coordination The Bonn summit of 1978: a case study in coordination].&amp;quot; Can Nations Cooperate? (1989).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Frankel, Jeffrey. [https://www.nber.org/papers/w21813 The Plaza Accord, 30 Years Later]. No. w21813. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2015.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Richter, Rudolf. “The Louvre Accord From the Viewpoint of the New Institutional Economics.” Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE) / Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft, vol. 145, no. 4, 1989, pp. 704–719. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40751253.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Commins, Kevin. “LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH.” LOUVRE ACCORD TERMED MAJOR FACTOR IN CRASH | JOC.com, 17 Nov. 1987, https://www.joc.com/louvre-accord-termed-major-factor-crash_19871117.html.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Pourquoi ont-ils accepté de le faire ? Parce qu'ils voulaient que le dollar cesse de se déprécier et que les États-Unis cessent d'exporter des dollars, car cela alimentait l'inflation en Europe et au Japon.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'un des principaux épiphénomènes de l'effondrement du système de Bretton Woods a été l'unification monétaire européenne.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/551325/EPRS_BRI(2015)551325_EN.pdf History of European Monetary Integration] - European Parliament&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;EICHENGREEN, B., &amp;amp; FRIEDEN, J. (1993). THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EUROPEAN MONETARY UNIFICATION: AN ANALYTICAL INTRODUCTION. Economics and Politics, 5(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1993.tb00069.x&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry. “European Monetary Unification.” Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 31, no. 3, 1993, pp. 1321–1357. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2728243.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Fabio Ghironi. &amp;quot;[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10d518tg European Monetary Unification and International Monetary Cooperation].&amp;quot; (1997).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Jeffry A. Frieden. The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification. Boulder: Routledge, 2018. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Apel, Emmanuel. European monetary integration 1958-2002. London New York: Routledge, 1998. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dans un premier temps, les Européens ont tenté de rétablir le système de Bretton Woods qui correspond à la période comprise entre 1971 et 1973 avec les accords du Smithsonian Institute. Cela a échoué parce que les États-Unis ne se soucient pas de rétablir le lien entre le dollar et l'or.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morse, Edward L. “Crisis Diplomacy: The Demise of the Smithsonian Agreement.” The World Today, vol. 29, no. 6, 1973, pp. 243–256. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394706.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;font les Européens, c'est de commencer à restaurer &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bois breton régional&lt;/del&gt;, un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;système monétaire européen&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Puis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus tard&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour assurer &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;stabilité &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cet arrangement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils remplacent les taux &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;change fixes par une banque centrale et une monnaie unique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et c'est l'&lt;/del&gt;euro que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vous avez aujourd'hui&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'un des principaux épiphénomènes de l'effondrement du système de Bretton Woods a été l'unification monétaire européenne.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/551325/EPRS_BRI(2015)551325_EN.pdf History of European Monetary Integration] - European Parliament&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;EICHENGREEN, B., &amp;amp; FRIEDEN, J. (1993). THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF EUROPEAN MONETARY UNIFICATION: AN ANALYTICAL INTRODUCTION. Economics and Politics, 5(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0343.1993.tb00069.x&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry. “European Monetary Unification.” Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 31, no. 3, 1993, pp. 1321–1357. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2728243.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Fabio Ghironi. &amp;quot;[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/10d518tg European Monetary Unification and International Monetary Cooperation].&amp;quot; (1997).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Eichengreen, Barry, and Jeffry A. Frieden. The Political Economy of European Monetary Unification. Boulder: Routledge, 2018. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Apel, Emmanuel. European monetary integration 1958-2002. London New York: Routledge, 1998. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Dans un premier temps, les Européens ont tenté de rétablir le système de Bretton Woods qui correspond à la période comprise entre 1971 et 1973 avec les accords du Smithsonian Institute. Cela a échoué parce que les États-Unis ne se soucient pas de rétablir le lien entre le dollar et l'or.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Morse, Edward L. “Crisis Diplomacy: The Demise of the Smithsonian Agreement.” The World Today, vol. 29, no. 6, 1973, pp. 243–256. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/40394706.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lo &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los europeos están haciendo es empezar a restaurar &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bosque regional bretón&lt;/ins&gt;, un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sistema monetario europeo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Luego&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;más tarde&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;para asegurar &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estabilidad &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;este arreglo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reemplazan los tipos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cambio fijos por un banco central y una moneda única&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y ese es el &lt;/ins&gt;euro que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tienen hoy en día&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'élément le plus important du système financier international est probablement la levée des contrôles sur les capitaux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans les années 70 et 80&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les pays ont levé les contrôles sur les capitaux avant les pays développés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans les années &lt;/del&gt;1990, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce processus est accompli dans &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plupart des pays &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;développement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à l'exception &lt;/del&gt;notable de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la Chine&lt;/del&gt;. En &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Chine&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il n'y a toujours pas de &lt;/del&gt;libre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;convertibilité &lt;/del&gt;de la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;monnaie locale&lt;/del&gt;, un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;accord administratif est nécessaire pour échanger le &lt;/del&gt;Yuan &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contre une autre monnaie et toujours &lt;/del&gt;en 2019.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Probablemente el elemento más importante del sistema financiero internacional es el levantamiento de los controles de capital&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En los decenios de 1970 y 1980&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los países levantaron los controles de capital antes que los países desarrollados&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En el decenio de &lt;/ins&gt;1990, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;este proceso se llevó a cabo en &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mayoría de los países &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;desarrollo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;con la &lt;/ins&gt;notable &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;excepción &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;China&lt;/ins&gt;. En &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;China&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;todavía no hay una &lt;/ins&gt;libre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;convertibilidad &lt;/ins&gt;de la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;moneda local&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se necesita &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;acuerdo administrativo para cambiar el &lt;/ins&gt;Yuan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;por otra moneda y todavía &lt;/ins&gt;en 2019.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dernière caractéristique du système financier mondial est &lt;/del&gt;que, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tout comme le système &lt;/del&gt;de Bretton Woods &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s'effondre et que les flux financiers internationaux augmentent de manière exponentielle à &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rythme bien plus rapide &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'économie internationale ou le système commercial international&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela s'accompagne d'une fragilité financière accrue dans le monde entier&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a une vague &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crises financières parce que les investisseurs peuvent transférer &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'argent d'une juridiction à l'autre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Très rapidement aussi en raison des évolutions technologiques avec l'essor des technologies &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'information et &lt;/del&gt;de la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;communication, etc&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;última característica del sistema financiero mundial es &lt;/ins&gt;que, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;al igual que el sistema &lt;/ins&gt;de Bretton Woods &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se está derrumbando y las corrientes financieras internacionales están aumentando exponencialmente a &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ritmo mucho más rápido &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la economía o el sistema comercial internacional&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esto va acompañado de una mayor fragilidad financiera en todo el mundo&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hay una ola &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crisis financieras porque los inversores pueden mover dinero &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;una jurisdicción a otra&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Muy rápidamente también debido a los desarrollos tecnológicos con el auge &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las tecnologías &lt;/ins&gt;de la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;información y la comunicación y así sucesivamente&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il y a donc trois vagues de crises financières : la crise de la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_la_dette_des_pays_en_voie_de_d%C3%A9veloppement dette en Amérique latine] dans les années 1980, la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_%C3%A9conomique_asiatique crise financière en Asie] en 1997, puis les crises au cœur du système qui ont abouti à la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_financi%C3%A8re_mondiale_de_2007-2008 crise financière de 2007-2008] et à la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_la_dette_dans_la_zone_euro crise de la zone euro] au début des années 2010. Cela est dû au fait que la finance mondiale n'est plus limitée par les contrôles de capitaux et que de nombreux détenteurs peuvent transférer très rapidement de vastes sommes d'argent au-delà des frontières.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il y a donc trois vagues de crises financières : la crise de la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_la_dette_des_pays_en_voie_de_d%C3%A9veloppement dette en Amérique latine] dans les années 1980, la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_%C3%A9conomique_asiatique crise financière en Asie] en 1997, puis les crises au cœur du système qui ont abouti à la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_financi%C3%A8re_mondiale_de_2007-2008 crise financière de 2007-2008] et à la [https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_la_dette_dans_la_zone_euro crise de la zone euro] au début des années 2010. Cela est dû au fait que la finance mondiale n'est plus limitée par les contrôles de capitaux et que de nombreux détenteurs peuvent transférer très rapidement de vastes sommes d'argent au-delà des frontières.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48898&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* De Bretton Woods à la coopération ad hoc */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48898&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-07-16T12:42:17Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;De Bretton Woods à la coopération ad hoc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 16 juillet 2020 à 14:42&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l444&quot;&gt;Ligne 444 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 444 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Desde la perspectiva de los inversores internacionales, los TBI son el equivalente funcional del colonialismo.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Vandevelde, Kenneth J., A Brief History of International Investment Agreements. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law &amp;amp; Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 157, 2005; Thomas Jefferson School of Law Research Paper No. 1478757. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1478757&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Esto no significa que el sistema sea neocolonial, es como si el colonialismo en el pasado estuviera ahí para salvaguardar los derechos de propiedad de los inversores en el mundo avanzado. Hoy en día, los tratados bilaterales de inversión desempeñan el mismo papel.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mahnaz Malik. 2008. [https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2008/dci_recent_dev_bits.pdf Recent Developments in Regional and Bilateral Investment Treaties]. International Institute for Sustainable Development&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Desde la perspectiva de los inversores internacionales, los TBI son el equivalente funcional del colonialismo.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Vandevelde, Kenneth J., A Brief History of International Investment Agreements. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law &amp;amp; Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 157, 2005; Thomas Jefferson School of Law Research Paper No. 1478757. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1478757&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Esto no significa que el sistema sea neocolonial, es como si el colonialismo en el pasado estuviera ahí para salvaguardar los derechos de propiedad de los inversores en el mundo avanzado. Hoy en día, los tratados bilaterales de inversión desempeñan el mismo papel.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mahnaz Malik. 2008. [https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2008/dci_recent_dev_bits.pdf Recent Developments in Regional and Bilateral Investment Treaties]. International Institute for Sustainable Development&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==De Bretton Woods &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;coopération &lt;/del&gt;ad hoc==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==De Bretton Woods &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cooperación &lt;/ins&gt;ad hoc==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le &lt;/del&gt;[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Système de &lt;/del&gt;Bretton Woods : 1944 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;– &lt;/del&gt;1973|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;système &lt;/del&gt;de Bretton Woods]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s'est effondré &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'étalon-or révisé de l'effondrement du dollar est &lt;/del&gt;1968-71. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pourquoi &lt;/del&gt;1968-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;1971 &lt;/del&gt;? &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Parce qu'à la fin des années &lt;/del&gt;1960&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, il devient évident &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le stock &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dollars détenu à l'étranger est supérieur au stock d'or détenu aux États-Unis&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Par conséquent, si tous les détenteurs d'actifs en dollars à l'étranger tentent de racheter leurs avoirs en or, les États-Unis font faillite.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El &lt;/ins&gt;[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sistema &lt;/ins&gt;Bretton Woods: 1944 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;- &lt;/ins&gt;1973|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sistema &lt;/ins&gt;de Bretton Woods]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se derrumbó&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el patrón oro revisado para el colapso del dólar es &lt;/ins&gt;1968-71. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;¿Por qué &lt;/ins&gt;1968-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;71&lt;/ins&gt;? &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Porque a finales del decenio de &lt;/ins&gt;1960 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se hizo evidente que las existencias de dólares mantenidas en el extranjero eran mayores &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;oro mantenidas en los Estados Unidos&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kirshner, J. (2008). Dollar primacy and American power: What’s at stake? Review of International Political Economy, 15(3), 418–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290801928798&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Triffin, Robert. “The International Role and Fate of the Dollar.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 2, 1978, pp. 269–286. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/20040114.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Université de Sherbrooke. “15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar.” 15 Août 1971  - Dévaluation Et Non-Convertibilité En or Du Dollar, perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMEve?codeEve=529.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Par conséquent, si tous les détenteurs d'actifs en dollars à l'étranger tentent de racheter leurs avoirs en or, les États-Unis font faillite.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Kunz, Diane B. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The Fall of the Dollar Order-The World the United States Is Losing].&amp;quot; Foreign Aff. 74 (1995): 22.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert A., and Robert Alexander Mundell. [https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/fora74&amp;amp;div=64&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= The dollar and the policy mix: 1971]. Vol. 85. International Finance Section, Princeton University, 1971.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mundell, Robert. &amp;quot;[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.691.6904&amp;amp;rep=rep1&amp;amp;type=pdf#page=19 Dollar standards in the dollar era].&amp;quot; Journal of Policy Modeling 29.5 (2007): 677-690.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mai &lt;/del&gt;1971, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'Allemagne de l'Ouest a quitté le système &lt;/del&gt;de Bretton Woods, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne voulant pas réévaluer le Deutsche Mark&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Au cours des trois mois suivants, cette mesure a renforcé son économie. Simultanément, le dollar a chuté de 7,5 % par rapport au Deutsche Mark.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; D'autres nations ont commencé à exiger le rachat de leurs dollars contre de l'or. La Suisse a racheté 50 millions de dollars en juillet.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 5 août 1971, le Congrès américain a publié un rapport recommandant la dévaluation du dollar, dans un effort pour protéger le dollar contre les &amp;quot;renchérisseurs étrangers&amp;quot;..&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 9 août 1971, alors que le dollar chutait par rapport aux monnaies européennes, la Suisse a quitté le système de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pression &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;commencé à s'intensifier sur les États-Unis pour qu'ils quittent &lt;/del&gt;Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Personne ne parle d'&lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;étalon-or&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sauf certains libertaires &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marge du parti républicain aux États-Unis qui parlent d'&lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;étalon-or aujourd'hui&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;En &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mayo de &lt;/ins&gt;1971, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Alemania Occidental abandonó el sistema &lt;/ins&gt;de Bretton Woods, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;no queriendo revalorizar el marco alemán&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|authorlink= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= 295–98|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hNsSttYnmxsC&amp;amp;pg=PA296 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Au cours des trois mois suivants, cette mesure a renforcé son économie. Simultanément, le dollar a chuté de 7,5 % par rapport au Deutsche Mark.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; D'autres nations ont commencé à exiger le rachat de leurs dollars contre de l'or. La Suisse a racheté 50 millions de dollars en juillet.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La France a acquis 191 millions de dollars en or.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Michael J. Graetz &amp;amp; Olivia Briffault, A &amp;quot;Barbarous Relic&amp;quot;: The French, Gold, and the Demise of Bretton Woods, THE BRETTON WOODS AGREEMENTS, TOGETHERWITH SCHOLARLY COMMENTARIESAND ESSENTIALHISTORICAL DOCUMENTS, NAOMI LAMOREAUX &amp;amp; IAN SHAPIRO, EDS., YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2019; YALE LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS RESEARCH PAPER NO. 558; COLUMBIA LAW &amp;amp; ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER NO. 560(2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.columbia.edu/faculty_scholarship/2541&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 5 août 1971, le Congrès américain a publié un rapport recommandant la dévaluation du dollar, dans un effort pour protéger le dollar contre les &amp;quot;renchérisseurs étrangers&amp;quot;..&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Ricchiuto, Steven R. [https://books.google.fr/books?id=Bod0DwAAQBAJ&amp;amp;pg=PT52&amp;amp;lpg=PT52&amp;amp;dq=August+5,+1971+us+congress+devaluation&amp;amp;source=bl&amp;amp;ots=K0uBOgjrAa&amp;amp;sig=ACfU3U2QRZirubcgPOtBuqks361HthRzHg&amp;amp;hl=en&amp;amp;sa=X&amp;amp;ved=2ahUKEwj1yvbfhIbpAhUCx4UKHbBAATcQ6AEwCnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&amp;amp;q=August%205%2C%201971%20us%20congress%20devaluation&amp;amp;f=false Symptomatic to Systemic: Understanding Postwar Cycles and Financial Debacles]. Greenleaf Book Group Press, 2018.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/08/archives/devalued-dollar-is-asked-in-study-congress-unit-sees-benefits-in.html DEVALUED DOLLAR IS ASKED IN STUDY]. By Edwin L. Dale Jr. Special to The New York Times. Aug. 8, 1971&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Le 9 août 1971, alors que le dollar chutait par rapport aux monnaies européennes, la Suisse a quitté le système de Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref name=&amp;quot;'70s 295&amp;quot; /&amp;gt; La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;presión comenzó &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;acumularse en los Estados Unidos para que abandonaran &lt;/ins&gt;Bretton Woods.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Wikipedia contributors. Nixon shock. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. April 19, 2020, 10:05 UTC. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nixon_shock&amp;amp;oldid=951875513.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nadie habla de &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estándar de oro&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;excepto algunos libertarios al margen del Partido Republicano &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los Estados Unidos que hablan de &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estándar de oro hoy en día&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;youtube&amp;gt;vNAvsrY9vR4&amp;lt;/youtube&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce qui se passe, c'est &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le commerce du dollar à partir de l'or a &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fait renforcé la position du dollar dans le système monétaire international&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le dollar était aussi bon &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'or auparavant. Mais maintenant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le dollar est aussi bon que l'or. Cela signifie qu'&lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;raison &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'importance du dollar dans les transactions économiques internationales, les États-Unis jouissent d'&lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;privilège exorbitant dans le sens où ils peuvent imprimer des dollars et payer tout ce qu'ils ont besoin d'importer sans &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;subir les conséquences&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lo que está sucediendo es &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el comercio del dólar con el oro ha fortalecido la posición del dólar &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el sistema monetario internacional. El dólar solía ser tan bueno como el oro. Pero ahora el dólar es tan bueno como el oro&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esto significa &lt;/ins&gt;que, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;debido a la importancia del dólar &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las transacciones económicas internacionales, los Estados Unidos gozan &lt;/ins&gt;de un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;privilegio exorbitante &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el sentido de que pueden imprimir dólares y pagar lo que sea necesario para importar sin sufrir las consecuencias&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les États-Unis sont aujourd'hui le seul pays au monde pour lequel il n'&lt;/del&gt;y &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a pas de contradiction entre &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;stabilité extérieure et l'autonomie intérieure&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les États-Unis peuvent mener les politiques intérieures qu'ils souhaitent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et cela a &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impact négligeable sur la valeur du dollar&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'était une façon &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comprendre &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crise financière qui s'est produite &lt;/del&gt;en 2008. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu un afflux &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;capitaux dans l'économie américaine au moment même où les géants &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la finance américaine s'effondraient&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Los Estados Unidos son hoy el único país del mundo para el que no hay contradicción entre la estabilidad externa &lt;/ins&gt;y la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autonomía interna&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Los Estados Unidos pueden llevar a cabo las políticas internas que deseen&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;y eso tiene &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impacto insignificante en el valor del dólar&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esa era una forma &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entender &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crisis financiera que había ocurrido &lt;/ins&gt;en 2008. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hubo una afluencia de capital &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la economía &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los Estados Unidos al mismo tiempo que los gigantes &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las finanzas estadounidenses se derrumbaban&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tout comme il y a eu une crise majeure au cœur du système&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les investisseurs ont cru &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'actif le plus sûr restait le gouvernement américain&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le dollar a donc augmenté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alors &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par le passé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;toute personne sensée fuyait le dollar&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans toute économie où il y avait une crise &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette ampleur&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le taux &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;change &lt;/del&gt;se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;serait effondré&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour le dollar, c'était différent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'était l'inverse&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Así como hubo una gran crisis en el corazón del sistema&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los inversores creyeron &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el activo más seguro seguía siendo el gobierno de los EE.UU.&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;por lo que el dólar subió&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mientras &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en el pasado&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cualquier persona sensata huiría del dólar&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En cualquier economía en la que hubiera una crisis &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esta magnitud&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el tipo &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cambio &lt;/ins&gt;se &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;habría derrumbado&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Para el dólar era diferente&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;era al revés&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;packed&amp;quot; widths=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot; heights=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;gallery mode=&amp;quot;packed&amp;quot; widths=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot; heights=&amp;quot;200px&amp;quot;&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48897&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Liberalización de las inversiones y desarrollo económico: el papel de los tratados bilaterales de inversión */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48897&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-07-16T08:26:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Liberalización de las inversiones y desarrollo económico: el papel de los tratados bilaterales de inversión&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 16 juillet 2020 à 10:26&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l434&quot;&gt;Ligne 434 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 434 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Se trata de la política de crear zonas económicas especiales en China, México, las maquiladoras, el Asia sudoriental, y de conceder un trato fiscal preferente a las empresas multinacionales, etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Se trata de la política de crear zonas económicas especiales en China, México, las maquiladoras, el Asia sudoriental, y de conceder un trato fiscal preferente a las empresas multinacionales, etc.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Todo ello adopta la forma de tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) que se firman en su mayoría entre los países que son fuente de inversión multinacional: los Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea, el Japón y la creciente China, así como los países que desean importar capital.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dolzer, Rudolf, and Margrete Stevens. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=u2CF6a6yvCoC&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PR5&amp;amp;dq=bilateral+investment+treaties&amp;amp;ots=bvoN9T-rXC&amp;amp;sig=L2JsbuTgHx6jNQFZxDr7b24RAGQ Bilateral investment treaties]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Neumayer, E., &amp;amp; Spess, L. (2005). Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries? World Development, 33(10), 1567–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Elkins, Z., Guzman, A. T., &amp;amp; Simmons, B. A. (2006). Competing for Capital: The Diffusion of Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1960–2000. International Organization, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060279&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Egger, P., &amp;amp; Pfaffermayr, M. (2004). The impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces pays signent des traités bilatéraux d'investissement &lt;/del&gt;de la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;même manière qu'à l'époque classique, ils ont adopté l'étalon-or&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'approbation &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'argenterie est une garantie pour les investisseurs étrangers &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s'ils apportent leur argent dans le pays d'accueil&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leur investissement sera protégé&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Todo ello adopta la forma de tratados bilaterales de inversión (TBI) que se firman en su mayoría entre los países que son fuente de inversión multinacional: los Estados Unidos, la Unión Europea, el Japón y la creciente China, así como los países que desean importar capital.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dolzer, Rudolf, and Margrete Stevens. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=u2CF6a6yvCoC&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PR5&amp;amp;dq=bilateral+investment+treaties&amp;amp;ots=bvoN9T-rXC&amp;amp;sig=L2JsbuTgHx6jNQFZxDr7b24RAGQ Bilateral investment treaties]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Neumayer, E., &amp;amp; Spess, L. (2005). Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries? World Development, 33(10), 1567–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Elkins, Z., Guzman, A. T., &amp;amp; Simmons, B. A. (2006). Competing for Capital: The Diffusion of Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1960–2000. International Organization, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060279&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Egger, P., &amp;amp; Pfaffermayr, M. (2004). The impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estos países firman tratados bilaterales de inversión &lt;/ins&gt;de la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;misma manera que en la época clásica adoptaron el patrón oro&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La aprobación de la norma &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plata es una garantía para los inversionistas extranjeros&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si traen su dinero al país anfitrión&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;su inversión estará protegida&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une grande poussée dans cette direction &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu lieu à la fin des années 1970 et dans les années 1980 avec l'Amérique latine et les pays d'Europe &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'Est&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;puis à nouveau dans les années 1990, il &lt;/del&gt;y &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a eu une grande poussée &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Europe centrale et orientale après l'effondrement &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'&lt;/del&gt;URSS.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hilj41&amp;amp;div=16&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Economics of Bilateral Investment Treaties, The].&amp;quot; Harv. Int'l. LJ 41 (2000): 469.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjtl36&amp;amp;div=36&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Investment Liberalization and Economic Development: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties].&amp;quot; Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 36 (1998): 501.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hubo un gran impulso en esta dirección &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;finales de los años 70 y 80 con América Latina y los países &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Europa del Este&lt;/ins&gt;, y &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de nuevo en los años 90 hubo un gran impulso &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Europa Central y del Este tras el colapso &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la &lt;/ins&gt;URSS.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hilj41&amp;amp;div=16&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Economics of Bilateral Investment Treaties, The].&amp;quot; Harv. Int'l. LJ 41 (2000): 469.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjtl36&amp;amp;div=36&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Investment Liberalization and Economic Development: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties].&amp;quot; Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 36 (1998): 501.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Parallèlement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on assiste au déclin et à la disparition des expropriations d'entreprises multinationales dans les pays les moins avancés &lt;/del&gt;(PMA).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Al mismo tiempo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se ha producido una disminución y desaparición de las expropiaciones de empresas multinacionales en los países menos adelantados &lt;/ins&gt;(PMA).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À partir &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la fin des années 1980&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le nombre d'&lt;/del&gt;AII &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a grimpé en flèche&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Principalement pendant les années 90&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car c'est à cette époque &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les pays se faisaient concurrence pour attirer les capitaux&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dernière conséquence &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette évolution est qu'il &lt;/del&gt;existe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aujourd'hui un réseau &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dispositifs juridiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;non pas multilatéraux mais préférentiels&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui protègent les droits des investisseurs dans le monde entier&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Desde finales &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los años 80 en adelante&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el número de &lt;/ins&gt;AII &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se disparó&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Principalmente durante el decenio de 1990&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ya que fue el período en &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los países competían por el capital&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;consecuencia final &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esta evolución es que ahora &lt;/ins&gt;existe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;una red &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marcos jurídicos&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;no multilaterales sino preferenciales&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que protegen los derechos de los inversores en todo el mundo&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Du point &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vue des investisseurs internationaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;TBI &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont l'équivalent fonctionnel du colonialisme&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Vandevelde, Kenneth J., A Brief History of International Investment Agreements. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law &amp;amp; Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 157, 2005; Thomas Jefferson School of Law Research Paper No. 1478757. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1478757&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela ne veut pas dire &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le système est néocolonial&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il est tout comme le colonialisme dans le passé était là pour sauvegarder les droits &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;propriété des investisseurs du monde avancé&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aujourd'hui&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les traités bilatéraux d'investissement jouent le même rôle&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mahnaz Malik. 2008. [https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2008/dci_recent_dev_bits.pdf Recent Developments in Regional and Bilateral Investment Treaties]. International Institute for Sustainable Development&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Desde la perspectiva &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los inversores internacionales&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los &lt;/ins&gt;TBI &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;son el equivalente funcional del colonialismo&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt; Vandevelde, Kenneth J., A Brief History of International Investment Agreements. U.C. Davis Journal of International Law &amp;amp; Policy, Vol. 12, No. 1, p. 157, 2005; Thomas Jefferson School of Law Research Paper No. 1478757. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1478757&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esto no significa &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el sistema sea neocolonial&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;es como si el colonialismo en el pasado estuviera ahí para salvaguardar los derechos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;propiedad de los inversores en el mundo avanzado&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Hoy en día&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los tratados bilaterales de inversión desempeñan el mismo papel&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Mahnaz Malik. 2008. [https://www.iisd.org/pdf/2008/dci_recent_dev_bits.pdf Recent Developments in Regional and Bilateral Investment Treaties]. International Institute for Sustainable Development&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==De Bretton Woods à la coopération ad hoc==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==De Bretton Woods à la coopération ad hoc==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>Arthur : /* Libéralisation des investissements et développement économique : le rôle des traités bilatéraux d'investissement */</title>
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		<updated>2020-07-16T08:25:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Libéralisation des investissements et développement économique : le rôle des traités bilatéraux d&amp;#039;investissement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 16 juillet 2020 à 10:25&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l426&quot;&gt;Ligne 426 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 426 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Este gráfico muestra la evolución de los acuerdos comerciales en todo el mundo. Se puede observar el considerable aumento del número de estos acuerdos a partir de 1991. Este es el tipo de cosas que el GATT y más tarde la OMC se crearon para evitar. Ese es el elemento clave.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Este gráfico muestra la evolución de los acuerdos comerciales en todo el mundo. Se puede observar el considerable aumento del número de estos acuerdos a partir de 1991. Este es el tipo de cosas que el GATT y más tarde la OMC se crearon para evitar. Ese es el elemento clave.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Libéralisation des investissements et développement économique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le rôle des traités bilatéraux d'investissement&lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Liberalización de las inversiones y desarrollo económico&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el papel de los tratados bilaterales de inversión&lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Commençons par la concurrence pour attirer les capitaux. L'abandon de l'industrialisation par substitution d'intrants signifie que la source des investissements industriels pour les pays en développement devient désormais le marché mondial et non plus l'économie nationale. Les pays en développement doivent désormais se faire concurrence pour attirer les capitaux, comme ils le faisaient à l'époque de l'étalon-or et à l'époque classique pour attirer les capitaux.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette fois-ci, &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;situation est cependant différente&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car ils sont désormais &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concurrence pour attirer les investissements industriels, les entreprises multinationales du secteur manufacturier, dans les secteurs des hautes technologies ; ces entreprises produisent donc leurs biens sur les marchés &lt;/del&gt;en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;développement et non plus sur les marchés avancés&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Empecemos con la competencia por el capital. El alejamiento de la industrialización por sustitución de insumos significa que la fuente de inversión industrial para los países en desarrollo es ahora el mercado mundial y no &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economía nacional. Los países en desarrollo tienen ahora que competir entre sí para atraer capital&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;como lo hacían &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los días del patrón oro y &lt;/ins&gt;en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la era clásica para atraer capital&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique qui consiste à créer des zones économiques spéciales en Chine&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au Mexique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans les maquiladoras&lt;/del&gt;, en &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Asie du Sud-Est et à accorder un traitement fiscal préférentiel aux entreprises multinationales&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;etc&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esta vez, sin embargo, &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;situación es diferente&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ya que ahora compiten por la inversión industrial&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;las empresas manufactureras multinacionales&lt;/ins&gt;, en &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los sectores de alta tecnología; estas empresas, por lo tanto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;producen sus bienes en los mercados en desarrollo y no en los mercados avanzados&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tout cela prend &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;forme &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;traités bilatéraux d'investissement &lt;/del&gt;(TBI) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui sont pour la plupart signés &lt;/del&gt;entre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les pays qui sont à l'origine des investissements multinationaux &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les États-Unis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'Union européenne&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le Japon et &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Chine croissante&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ainsi &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les pays qui souhaitent importer des capitaux&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dolzer, Rudolf, and Margrete Stevens. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=u2CF6a6yvCoC&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PR5&amp;amp;dq=bilateral+investment+treaties&amp;amp;ots=bvoN9T-rXC&amp;amp;sig=L2JsbuTgHx6jNQFZxDr7b24RAGQ Bilateral investment treaties]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Neumayer, E., &amp;amp; Spess, L. (2005). Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries? World Development, 33(10), 1567–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Elkins, Z., Guzman, A. T., &amp;amp; Simmons, B. A. (2006). Competing for Capital: The Diffusion of Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1960–2000. International Organization, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060279&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Egger, P., &amp;amp; Pfaffermayr, M. (2004). The impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ces pays signent des traités bilatéraux d'investissement de la même manière qu'à l'époque classique, ils ont adopté l'étalon-or. L'approbation de l'argenterie est une garantie pour les investisseurs étrangers : s'ils apportent leur argent dans le pays d'accueil, leur investissement sera protégé.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Se trata de &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;política de crear zonas económicas especiales en China, México, las maquiladoras, el Asia sudoriental, y &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conceder un trato fiscal preferente a las empresas multinacionales, etc.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Todo ello adopta la forma de tratados bilaterales de inversión &lt;/ins&gt;(TBI) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que se firman en su mayoría &lt;/ins&gt;entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los países que son fuente de inversión multinacional&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;los Estados Unidos&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la Unión Europea&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;el Japón y &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;creciente China&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;así como los países &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;desean importar capital&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Dolzer, Rudolf, and Margrete Stevens. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&amp;amp;lr=&amp;amp;id=u2CF6a6yvCoC&amp;amp;oi=fnd&amp;amp;pg=PR5&amp;amp;dq=bilateral+investment+treaties&amp;amp;ots=bvoN9T-rXC&amp;amp;sig=L2JsbuTgHx6jNQFZxDr7b24RAGQ Bilateral investment treaties]. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Neumayer, E., &amp;amp; Spess, L. (2005). Do bilateral investment treaties increase foreign direct investment to developing countries? World Development, 33(10), 1567–1585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Elkins, Z., Guzman, A. T., &amp;amp; Simmons, B. A. (2006). Competing for Capital: The Diffusion of Bilateral Investment Treaties, 1960–2000. International Organization, 60(4). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020818306060279&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Egger, P., &amp;amp; Pfaffermayr, M. (2004). The impact of bilateral investment treaties on foreign direct investment. Journal of Comparative Economics, 32(4), 788–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2004.07.001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Ces pays signent des traités bilatéraux d'investissement de la même manière qu'à l'époque classique, ils ont adopté l'étalon-or. L'approbation de l'argenterie est une garantie pour les investisseurs étrangers : s'ils apportent leur argent dans le pays d'accueil, leur investissement sera protégé.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Une grande poussée dans cette direction a eu lieu à la fin des années 1970 et dans les années 1980 avec l'Amérique latine et les pays d'Europe de l'Est, puis à nouveau dans les années 1990, il y a eu une grande poussée en Europe centrale et orientale après l'effondrement de l'URSS.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hilj41&amp;amp;div=16&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Economics of Bilateral Investment Treaties, The].&amp;quot; Harv. Int'l. LJ 41 (2000): 469.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjtl36&amp;amp;div=36&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Investment Liberalization and Economic Development: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties].&amp;quot; Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 36 (1998): 501.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Une grande poussée dans cette direction a eu lieu à la fin des années 1970 et dans les années 1980 avec l'Amérique latine et les pays d'Europe de l'Est, puis à nouveau dans les années 1990, il y a eu une grande poussée en Europe centrale et orientale après l'effondrement de l'URSS.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/hilj41&amp;amp;div=16&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Economics of Bilateral Investment Treaties, The].&amp;quot; Harv. Int'l. LJ 41 (2000): 469.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Vandevelde, Kenneth J. &amp;quot;[https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/cjtl36&amp;amp;div=36&amp;amp;id=&amp;amp;page= Investment Liberalization and Economic Development: The Role of Bilateral Investment Treaties].&amp;quot; Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 36 (1998): 501.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Una_breve_historia_del_capitalismo_internacional&amp;diff=48895&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* De la liberalización del comercio multilateral al nuevo regionalismo */</title>
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		<updated>2020-07-16T08:24:16Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;De la liberalización del comercio multilateral al nuevo regionalismo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 16 juillet 2020 à 10:24&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l418&quot;&gt;Ligne 418 :&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El 28 de enero de 1992 se firmó en Singapur el acuerdo de la AFTA, que dio lugar a la [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area ASEAN Free Trade Area].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bf07b77f-68fd-4473-9ccb-1197fe323cb8 ASEAN leaders agree to create an ASEAN Free Trade Area - Singapore History]&amp;quot;. [http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history eresources.nlb.gov.sg].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; La ASEAN es uno de los bloques comerciales más grandes e importantes de la zona de libre comercio (FTA), que apoya el comercio y la manufactura locales y facilita la integración económica con los socios regionales e internacionales. Se trata de un bloque de países en desarrollo de la región de Asia sudoriental que incluye a Tailandia, Malasia, Corea, Indonesia y Filipinas, que son economías de alto crecimiento en el decenio de 1990, como Taiwán y Hong Kong.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;El 28 de enero de 1992 se firmó en Singapur el acuerdo de la AFTA, que dio lugar a la [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area ASEAN Free Trade Area].&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;&amp;quot;[http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/bf07b77f-68fd-4473-9ccb-1197fe323cb8 ASEAN leaders agree to create an ASEAN Free Trade Area - Singapore History]&amp;quot;. [http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history eresources.nlb.gov.sg].&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; La ASEAN es uno de los bloques comerciales más grandes e importantes de la zona de libre comercio (FTA), que apoya el comercio y la manufactura locales y facilita la integración económica con los socios regionales e internacionales. Se trata de un bloque de países en desarrollo de la región de Asia sudoriental que incluye a Tailandia, Malasia, Corea, Indonesia y Filipinas, que son economías de alto crecimiento en el decenio de 1990, como Taiwán y Hong Kong.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le système commercial mondial est caractérisé par une libéralisation compétitive&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terme inventé par &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économiste du nom de &lt;/del&gt;[https://&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fr&lt;/del&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Fred_Bergsten Fred Bergsten] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui a eu une grande influence à &lt;/del&gt;Washington &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique commerciale internationale&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Bergsten, C. Fred. [https://www.piie.com/publications/working-papers/competitive-liberalization-and-global-free-trade-vision-early-21st Competitive liberalization and global free trade: a vision for the early 21st century]. No. WP96-15. 1996.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Baier Scott L, Bergstrand Jeffrey H, Egger Peter, « The New Regionalism: Causes and consequences », Économie internationale, 2007/1 (n° 109), p. 9-29. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-economie-internationale-2007-1-page-9.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Andriamananjara, Soamiely. &amp;quot;[https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/it/papers/0305/0305002.pdf Competitive Liberalization or Competitive Diversion?].&amp;quot; Preferential Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System. Washington, DC: US International Trade Commission. May 7 (2003).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différence ici est &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;même s'il &lt;/del&gt;y a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une concurrence comme il y en avait une dans l'entre-deux-guerres, cette fois-ci, &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concurrence ne stimule pas le nationalisme économique et une tendance à l'intériorisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;libéralisation concurrentielle&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les &lt;/del&gt;grandes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;puissances telles que l'Union européenne&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le Japon&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les États-Unis et aussi &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Chine se font concurrence pour obtenir un accès préférentiel aux marchés tiers afin &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leurs propres multinationales puissent mieux se positionner dans la lutte concurrentielle mondiale qui &lt;/del&gt;se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;déroule&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;El sistema de comercio mundial se caracteriza por la liberalización competitiva&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Es &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;término acuñado por &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economista llamado &lt;/ins&gt;[https://&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en&lt;/ins&gt;.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Fred_Bergsten Fred Bergsten] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que tuvo una gran influencia en &lt;/ins&gt;Washington &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;política de comercio internacional&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Bergsten, C. Fred. [https://www.piie.com/publications/working-papers/competitive-liberalization-and-global-free-trade-vision-early-21st Competitive liberalization and global free trade: a vision for the early 21st century]. No. WP96-15. 1996.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Baier Scott L, Bergstrand Jeffrey H, Egger Peter, « The New Regionalism: Causes and consequences », Économie internationale, 2007/1 (n° 109), p. 9-29. URL : https://www.cairn.info/revue-economie-internationale-2007-1-page-9.htm&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Andriamananjara, Soamiely. &amp;quot;[https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/it/papers/0305/0305002.pdf Competitive Liberalization or Competitive Diversion?].&amp;quot; Preferential Trade Agreements and the Multilateral Trading System. Washington, DC: US International Trade Commission. May 7 (2003).&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diferencia es &lt;/ins&gt;que&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, aunque haya competencia como en el período de entreguerras, esta vez la competencia no estimula el nacionalismo económico &lt;/ins&gt;y &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la tendencia &lt;/ins&gt;a la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internalización&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sino &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;liberalización competitiva&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Las &lt;/ins&gt;grandes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potencias como la Unión Europea&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Japón&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estados Unidos y también China están compitiendo por el acceso preferencial a terceros mercados para que sus propias multinacionales puedan posicionarse mejor en &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lucha competitiva mundial &lt;/ins&gt;que se &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;está produciendo&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Otra característica del régimen comercial es que adopta la forma de una profunda liberalización. Esto suele ir acompañado de [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty tratados bilaterales de inversión]. Ya no se trata sólo de los aranceles. También se trata de las llamadas barreras no arancelarias. ¿Por qué se llaman barreras no arancelarias? Porque el comercio está acoplado como no lo estaba antes con la producción. Por consiguiente, es importante que las multinacionales sepan que no sólo podrán importar y exportar productos en determinados mercados, sino que también podrán organizar la producción en esos mercados sin temor a que las autoridades locales interfieran en sus derechos de propiedad.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Otra característica del régimen comercial es que adopta la forma de una profunda liberalización. Esto suele ir acompañado de [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty tratados bilaterales de inversión]. Ya no se trata sólo de los aranceles. También se trata de las llamadas barreras no arancelarias. ¿Por qué se llaman barreras no arancelarias? Porque el comercio está acoplado como no lo estaba antes con la producción. Por consiguiente, es importante que las multinacionales sepan que no sólo podrán importar y exportar productos en determinados mercados, sino que también podrán organizar la producción en esos mercados sin temor a que las autoridades locales interfieran en sus derechos de propiedad.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
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