Version actuelle datée du 6 octobre 2022 à 21:46

Humanitarian action: between action and intervention

Données clés
Faculté	Faculté des sciences de la société
Département	Département de science politique et relations internationales
Professeur(s)	Stephan Davidshofer^[1]^[2]^[3] Xavier Guillaume^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Cours	Critical approaches to international relations

Lectures

Humanitarian action is a research subject that has been of much less interest to scientific debates and is above all a question of practitioners. Humanitarian aid is difficult to build as an object of research. It is difficult to operationalize theoretical concepts in the case of humanitarian work.

Languages

Español Français Italiano

Brief History of Humanitarian Action[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

There is a dilemma and contradiction around the issue of humanitarian aid since there is a surge of charity, but the issue of politics comes into play and humanitarian aid can be instrumentalized.

After the battle of Solferino, Henri Dunant created the Red Cross, which became the ICRC, and laid the foundations of humanitarian law through the Geneva Conventions. When we talk about humanitarian aid as a practice, there is a century of hegemony of the Red Cross, which will be the main actor in humanitarian aid, particularly around the principles of neutrality and impartiality. The ICRC will be criticised in the context of the Second World War because it was aware of the events in the concentration camps with the gas chambers, but in order to be able to keep access for assisted persons and prisoners of war in particular, the ICRC did not disclose the information and took a position.

In parallel with the hegemony of the Red Cross, new humanitarian actors will emerge. From the inter-war period, with the League of Nations, the foundations of a global humanitarian system began to emerge with different agencies such as the Office of the Commissioner for Refugees. With the end of the Second World War and the realization of the need for a world government, the UN will become a fairly central actor in humanitarian aid, with a series of specialized agencies that will later lead to the creation of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.

With the arrival of the new UN actors, there is the arrival of non-governmental organizations marking a deregulation with a multiplicity of actors making humanitarian aid as an object of research even more complicated. On the other hand, during decolonization, there is a first questioning of humanitarian principles with a more third world approach to humanitarian aid, particularly with humanitarian aid that is more politicized and socialist or closer to the eastern bloc, which wants to question the principle of neutrality, which in the form of criticism would only be a disguised way of imposing Western hegemony. It is an argument of Marxist origin that is influential in the criticism of development theory.

There is a growing success of humanitarian action with more and more resources, more and more actors who have increasingly different conceptions of what humanitarian action is. This brings a moment in the Cold War which is considered a turning point which is the Biafra war which is a province of Nigeria wanting to become independent which has provoked a civil war challenging the international community and humanitarian actors.

It should be noted that monotheistic religions predominate in the construction of what has been a charitable action and what has subsequently become a humanitarian action. Whether for Christianity, Islam or Judaism, it is fundamentally at the heart of Christian charity, of zakat, which is one of the five pillars of Islam. We will see how today what is charitable or humanitarian action resulting from the action of the Church or from a religious action is totally decried comes from there.

The NGO issue actually comes from before the Biafra war. OXFOM, for example, was created during the war that was Oxford's committee against famine to send aid to people suffering from famine in Greece during the Second World War. We can also note Save the children created in 1919.

Biafra is a turning point in the French-speaking world because it was from that moment that some actors found it unacceptable to see that the Red Cross did not denounce what was happening in Biafra. Subsequently, it was discovered that this was manipulated. Biafra was the idea of providing help, but also of testifying and decrying situations that were considered intolerable. In the early 1980s, this whole trend was nothing more than third worldism. Subsequently, Médecin du monde and Aide médicale internationale were created. At one point, we enter a separation between French-style and Anglo-Saxon humanitarian aid. What happens in the late 1960s is to speak out for the voiceless.

With the events in Ethiopia in 1985, there was an awareness of Médecin sans frontières who would leave the country after becoming aware that he had been manipulated. Most of the leaders of MSF and MDU subsequently entered governments. In the early 1990s, with the realization that the State may be failing, these non-governmental organizations must be used to achieve certain objectives in the context of liberalization and the State must be allowed to restrict itself to a few sovereign functions.

The genocide in Rwanda was not anticipated despite the presence of the Red Cross and the United Nations. This was a shock, particularly for the United Nations and NGOs, which has a lack of coordination and cooperation leading to a structuring of humanitarian aid.

Until the Tsunami event, there was a willingness on the part of the United Nations to coordinate humanitarian action with the creation of an Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, but this did not work very well leading to United Nations reform. This is seeing the emergence of clusters. At the time of the Tsunami, there is a massive influx of aid, but without the capacity to manage this funding. This is a scandal and we realize that there is a larger world because governments also make history. It is at this point that we emerge from the problem of the 1990s of a binary vision between the State and NGOs.

With the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010, it was a humanitarian "spectacle", from crazy projects to the American army that prevented two MSF planes from landing. A country reconstruction commission is set up under the aegis of Bill Clinton, who decides on the allocation of resources. This is a situation where the health cluster does not take into account the cooperation of other actors. With the advent of the cholera epidemic, this raises new issues.

The Syrian situation has seen the refusal of the ICRC and the United Nations to express themselves by blocking aid from the Damascus government. It was a situation where all areas against the Damascus government had no access to any assistance.

Humanitarian actors[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

The humanitarian nebula[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Stoddard and Donini focused on the issue of describing humanitarian actors today. The dunantist trend is humanitarian aid based on the principles of neutrality, independence and impartiality; and religious actors. The idea is to distinguish between organizations with a Wilsonian tendency that are part of a realistic approach that helps because there is a transformative agenda and we need to change the regime or work on the causes of the conflict or humanitarian cause.

A distinction must be made. The idea of talking about a nebula is that we are in a relationship with aid that is very different. It is also necessary to differentiate between the short term and the long term. Humanitarian aid often refers to the English notion of "relief" which is there to relieve suffering. The Wilsonian trend is the logic that to effectively help a population, the root causes of conflict must be addressed. In order to improve the situation in a country, it is necessary to improve certain aspects such as the school system or to overthrow the existing regime. It is a tension around the debates within the humanitarian nebula.

Operational humanitarian organizations in 2010[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

There is a whole debate between the United Nations and Médecins sans frontières on the issue of operationality since the United Nations is convinced of their operationality, but in reality it is only reallocating funds they have.

The whole question surrounding the insecurity of humanitarian workers must be put into perspective with the fact that this is a sector that has increased significantly in recent years. A whole series of actors does not appear.

New humanitarian actors[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Governments and regional organizations such as those in Asia and the Middle East are setting up their own relief programmes. The private sector emphasizes corporate social responsibility. Some companies put funding into humanitarian programs such as the Ikea Foundation. Some organizations have strict funding to avoid being tied to entities involved in certain compromising situations. The armed forces have developed their own backup systems.

A major turning point is taking place at the moment with the emergence by some States of a desire to reaffirm their sovereignty over certain actors.

Presentation of MSF and its principles of action[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

The creation[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Médecin sans frontières was created in 1971 by journalists and doctors with the idea of creating an organization that would provide medical assistance and testify as a voice for the voiceless. .The organization was founded by a group of journalists and doctors who had been following the Vietnam War. As the war became increasingly unpopular, many medical staff members were laid off. Out of this group, some of them decided to join together to create an independent organization that could provide aid for people in developing countries who are not able to afford care or healthcare. The organization's first purpose was just providing assistance, but it quickly became a voice for the voiceless when it agreed to testify before the world on behalf of victims of war and its members have been a voice for the voiceless since. Doctors Without Borders has an important role as an independent organization that speaks out against war, human rights violations, and foreign intervention.

Principles of action[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Médecin sans frontières prides itself on being an extremely operational organization that does not fund other actors.

Today, the ICRC is much more vocal than MSF is because it is not always easy to testify when there are teams in the field. Safety is to be balanced with patients and patients' rights.

The Charter[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

The Charter is not true, because certain principles must be put into perspective. The Charter was developed in the 1980s.

Respect for medical ethics
Respect for human rights: there is a difference between those who do human rights and those who do humanitarian work. Human rights are organizations that are openly human rights organizations. It is difficult to give evidence and not take part in the International Criminal Court system,
particularly to give evidence.
The concern for independence
A founding principle: impartiality
A spirit of neutrality
Accountability and transparency
A volunteer organization
An associative operation

Today, there is a tendency to abandon questions of neutrality, particularly in the context of Syria. In Israel and Palestine, Israel criticizes for not working in Israel. The answer is that Israel has all the infrastructure and personnel necessary for its medical sufficiency.

Countries of intervention in 2012[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Médecin sans frontière en Suisse[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

MSF's movement in figures[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Today, there are 8 million consultations with 445,000 hospitalizations and 73,000 surgical operations. It is also 30,000 employees in more than 60 countries with a budget of 1 billion euros, including 4.5 million donors and 89% private funds.

MSF CH's financial resources[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

In 2012, revenues amounted to CHF 180 million, while there are 211,494 donors. Financial independence offers the possibility of denouncing and making certain speeches.

MSF's areas of activity[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

The areas of activity are:

assistance to victims of violence;
assistance to victims of natural disasters;
disease control[epidemics, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected diseases]:
fight against malnutrition.

International structure[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Some principles of action[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

There is a rejection of the instrumentalization of humanitarian action with clear limits between military and humanitarian action. On the other hand, the three axes are independence, neutrality and impartiality in relation to political, religious or economic powers.

The question of the perception of the limits of MSF's actions highlights that MSF does not do everything. Humanitarian principles must be translated into practice during assistance operations, as it is respect for these principles that guarantees humanitarian organizations the right to be present on the ground during armed conflicts in accordance with the Geneva Conventions. There is a tension between the principles of action and action on the ground.

Humanitarian dilemmas[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

humanitarian intervention VS. humanitarian action[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

The question of humanitarian intervention is informed by the notion of just war leading to the idea of the responsibility to protect. It is essential today to have access to populations if a government does not help them, posing a number of problems in the application of these principles. In the case of Libya, the humanitarian principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence, but to which it is also possible to add the humanity that the ICRC indicates in its principles of action, give rise to the principle of humanitarian intervention. Instead of responding with bombardments, why not give refuge to people fleeing conflict.

We have to see that we are dealing with a typically vague object that is part of humanitarian issues. We are faced with completely different good faith conceptions of humanitarian aid. The point of view of Médecin sans frontières is a rather purist point of view. That is, from the moment we are in a totally conceived state. From the moment we are in a totally different conception, we will have to deal with totally different practices. In a Duntian position, as soon as we are facing state-funded actors. From the moment we enter a more interventionist vision, there will be a problem with the issue, particularly military interventions. Working with the military is not only that the military is allegedly manipulating humanitarian aid workers.

The problem today is that we are talking about humanitarian war, humanitarian intervention, humanitarian action or humanitarian crisis and it is getting out of hand. For example, the conceptualization of failed states has been used to justify military and humanitarian intervention in Somalia.

Legitimacy VS. Sovereignty[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Legitimacy is not to be taken for granted. The question is whether and under what conditions can and cannot the sovereignty of a State be challenged. There may be a sense of a two-tiered approach and the use of R2P when it serves the interests of NATO and the United States. The principle of "sovereign equality" is recalled in the Charter of the United Nations in Article 2. The sovereignty of a State is based on the exclusive power it exercises over its territory and its nationals. This leads to a number of ambiguities in humanitarian practice between the right of interference and the Responsibility to Protect[R2P].

« Regime change (its moral legitimacy and political practicality) is the ghost at the banquet of humanitarian intervention »

— D. Rieff

It is difficult to talk about the responsibility to protect without ignoring the idea of regime and political system change.

On the question of sovereignty, we must look back at the history of the emergence and transformation of the concept of sovereignty and how we came to intervene in the name of international law or in the name of humanitarian intervention by challenging the notion of sovereignty. In international relations, the State and its corollary, sovereignty, are central. From the 1990s onwards, the fact that it was possible to intervene in a country without the consent of the government of that country was a revolution in international relations. Sovereignty, especially after decolonization, is a central concept, especially in the Charter of the United Nations, where the principle of equality is enshrined, namely, that all sovereign countries are equal among themselves.

There is a shift from the end of the Cold War when sovereignty is no longer considered an inalienable right, but sovereignty would become a matter of responsibility. If a regime does not take good care of its people, the international community would have the right to change that regime. This type of approach, described as liberal, will have on the one hand people with a Wilsonian tendency in order to transform societies and improve the well-being of populations. This type of argument will raise a whole series of criticisms. There is an imperial criticism, that is, we will choose to intervene in certain countries for reasons of interest, and there is a purely humanitarian voice on this subject. There is a real criticism within the humanitarian community.

A humanitarian space[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Three conceptions diverge:

For Médecin sans frontières, the humanitarian space does not exist as such, because it is rather a symbolic space based on independence to assess the needs of populations, which is rarely the case in some conflict zones.
for the ICRC, the design is based on the Dunant pyramid. The idea is that the basis of this pyramid is international humanitarian law, on which the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence are based, leading to the principle of humanity as a final goal. Humanitarian space is made up of the three principles that create humanitarian space.
for the United Nations, it is a humanitarian operational environment. It is paradoxical to see the United Nations talking about an independent humanitarian space, because a set of joint political and humanitarian missions has been set up. In Somalia, there is a political mission aimed at transforming the regime, destroying the Shebab militia and at the same time doing humanitarian work. The same problem arises in Iraq, which poses a problem of readability.

Pyramid of Dunant.

In the humanitarian nebula, we see actors with different perspectives. From the point of view of a lunatic or Médecin sans frontières, there is a desire to be part of an area that would like to be autonomous, particularly in terms of politics and attempts to divert humanitarian action. On the other hand, we are dealing with UN-type actors where the primary objective is not to maintain the independence and autonomy of this space, but to coordinate as many people as possible in the context of globalization and it is possible to mix actors since any proposal for aid is good to take because the real challenge of humanitarian aid is a real problem of cooperation.

Annexes[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

Conventions de Genève et commentaires. Comité International de la Croix-Rouge. Url: https://www.icrc.org/fr/guerre-et-droit/traites-et-droit-coutumier/conventions-de-geneve

References[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

[1] Page de Stephan Davidshofer sur Academia.edu

[2] Page personnelle de Stephan Davidshofer sur le site du Geneva Centre for Security Policy

[3] Compte Twitter de Stephan Davidshofer

[4] Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu

[5] Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Édimbourg

[6] Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de Science Po Paris PSIA

[7] Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu

[8] Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Groningen

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

@@ Ligne 1 : / Ligne 1 : @@
-L’humanitaire est un objet de recherche qui a beaucoup moins intéressé les débats scientifiques et qui est avant tout une question de praticiens. L’humanitaire est difficile à construire comme objet de recherche. Il est difficile d’opérationnaliser des concepts théoriques dans le cas de l’humanitaire.
+{{Infobox Lecture
+ | image =
+ | image_caption =
+ | faculté = [[Faculté des sciences de la société]]
+ | département = [[Département de science politique et relations internationales]]
+ | professeurs =
+* [[Stephan Davidshofer]]<ref>[http://unige.academia.edu/StephanDavidshofer Page de Stephan Davidshofer sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.gcsp.ch/News-Knowledge/Experts/Guest-Experts/Davidshofer-Dr-Stephan-Davidshofer Page personnelle de Stephan Davidshofer sur le site du Geneva Centre for Security Policy]</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/stedavids Compte Twitter de Stephan Davidshofer]</ref>
+* [[Xavier Guillaume]]<ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[http://www.pol.ed.ac.uk/people/academic_staff/xavier_guillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Édimbourg]</ref><ref>[http://www.sciencespo.fr/psia/users/xavierguillaume Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de Science Po Paris PSIA]</ref><ref>[http://edinburgh.academia.edu/XavierGuillaume Page de Xavier Guillaume sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.rug.nl/staff/x.guillaume/research Page personnelle de Xavier Guillaume sur le site de l'Université de Groningen]</ref>
+ | enregistrement =
+ | assistants =
+ | cours = [[Critical approaches to international relations]]
+ | lectures =
+*[[Introduction to critical approaches to international relations]]
+*[[Sociology of the discipline of international relations]]
+*[[Norms in international relations]]
+*[[Globalizations: definition and situation]]
+*[[Globalization: circulation between imperialism and cosmopolitan strategies]]
+*[[Otherness in international relations]]
+*[[The concept of domination in international relations]]
+*[[Humanitarian action: between action and intervention]]
+*[[The concept of development in international relations]]
+*[[Security and international relations]]
+*[[Surveillance and international relations]]
+*[[War and international relations]]
+*[[War, peace and politics in Africa since the end of the Cold War]]
+*[[Borders in international politics]]
+*[[The borders of Europe]]
+*[[Mobility and international relations]]
+*[[To conclude the course of critical approaches to international relations]]
+}}
-= Bref Historique de l’action humanitaire =
+Humanitarian action is a research subject that has been of much less interest to scientific debates and is above all a question of practitioners. Humanitarian aid is difficult to build as an object of research. It is difficult to operationalize theoretical concepts in the case of humanitarian work.
-Il y a un dilemme et une contradiction autour de la question de l’humanitaire puisqu’il y a un élan de charité, mais la question du politique entre en jeu et l’aide humanitaire peut être instrumentalisée.
+{{Translations
+| es = La acción humanitaria: entre la acción y la intervención
+| fr = L’humanitaire : entre action et intervention
+| it = Azione umanitaria: tra azione e intervento
+}}
-Après la bataille de Solferino, Henri Dunant va créer la Croix Rouge devenant le CICR et pose les bases du droit humanitaire à travers les conventions de Genève. Lorsqu’on parle d’humanitaire comme pratique, il y a un siècle d’hégémonie de la Croix Rouge qui va être l’acteur principal de l’aide humanitaire notamment autour des principes de neutralité et d’impartialité. Le CICR va être critiqué dans le cadre de la Deuxième guerre mondiale étant donné qu’il avait connaissance des événements des camps de concentration avec les chambres à gaz, mais pour pouvoir garder un accès aux personnes assistées et aux prisonniers de guerre notamment, le CICR n’a pas divulgué l’information et pris position.
+= Brief History of Humanitarian Action =
+There is a dilemma and contradiction around the issue of humanitarian aid since there is a surge of charity, but the issue of politics comes into play and humanitarian aid can be instrumentalized.
-En parallèle à l’hégémonie de la Croix Rouge, de nouveaux acteurs de l’humanitaire vont émerger. À partir de l’entre-deux-guerres, avec la Société des Nations, commencent à émerger les bases d’un système humanitaire mondial avec différentes agences comme le Commissariat aux réfugiés. Avec la fin de la Deuxième guerre mondiale et la prise de conscience de la nécessité d’un gouvernement mondial, l’ONU va devenir un acteur assez central dans l’aide humanitaire avec notamment une série d’agences spécialisées qui va mener plus tard à la constitution du Haut commissariat des droits de l’Homme.
+After the battle of Solferino, Henri Dunant created the Red Cross, which became the ICRC, and laid the foundations of humanitarian law through the Geneva Conventions. When we talk about humanitarian aid as a practice, there is a century of hegemony of the Red Cross, which will be the main actor in humanitarian aid, particularly around the principles of neutrality and impartiality. The ICRC will be criticised in the context of the Second World War because it was aware of the events in the concentration camps with the gas chambers, but in order to be able to keep access for assisted persons and prisoners of war in particular, the ICRC did not disclose the information and took a position.
-Avec l’arrivée des nouveaux acteurs onusiens, il y a l’arrivée des organisations non gouvernementales marquant une dérégulation avec une multiplicité d’acteurs rendant l’humanitaire comme un objet de recherche encore plus compliqué. D’autre part, pendant la décolonisation, il y a une première remise en question des principes humanitaires avec une approche plus tiers-mondiste de l’aide humanitaire notamment avec une aide humanitaire plus politisée et socialiste ou plus proche du bloc de l’est qui veut remettre en question le principe de neutralité qui sous forme de critique ne serait qu’une façon déguisée de pouvoir imposer une hégémonie occidentale. C’est un argument d’origine marxiste qui est influent dans les critiques de la théorie du développement.
+In parallel with the hegemony of the Red Cross, new humanitarian actors will emerge. From the inter-war period, with the League of Nations, the foundations of a global humanitarian system began to emerge with different agencies such as the Office of the Commissioner for Refugees. With the end of the Second World War and the realization of the need for a world government, the UN will become a fairly central actor in humanitarian aid, with a series of specialized agencies that will later lead to the creation of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
-Il y a un succès croissant de l’humanitaire avec de plus en plus de moyens, de plus en plus d’acteurs qui ont des conceptions de plus en plus différentes de ce qu’est l’action humanitaire. Cela amène un moment dans la Guerre froide qui est considérée comme un tournant qui est la [[L’action humanitaire après la Deuxième guerre mondiale#Le cas des conflits internes|guerre du Biafra]] qui est une province du Nigéria voulant devenir indépendante qui a provoqué une guerre civile interpelant la communauté internationale et les acteurs de l’humanitaire.
+With the arrival of the new UN actors, there is the arrival of non-governmental organizations marking a deregulation with a multiplicity of actors making humanitarian aid as an object of research even more complicated. On the other hand, during decolonization, there is a first questioning of humanitarian principles with a more third world approach to humanitarian aid, particularly with humanitarian aid that is more politicized and socialist or closer to the eastern bloc, which wants to question the principle of neutrality, which in the form of criticism would only be a disguised way of imposing Western hegemony. It is an argument of Marxist origin that is influential in the criticism of development theory.
-Il faut noter la prépondérance des religions monothéistes dans la construction de ce qui a été une action caritative est de ce qui est devenu une action humanitaire par la suite. Que cela soit pour la chrétienté, l’islam ou le judaïsme, c’est foncièrement au cœur de la charité chrétienne, de la zakat qui est l’un des cinq piliers de l’islam. Nous allons voir comment aujourd’hui ce qui est action caritative ou action humanitaire découlant de l‘action de l’Église ou d’une action religieuse est totalement décrié vient de là.
+There is a growing success of humanitarian action with more and more resources, more and more actors who have increasingly different conceptions of what humanitarian action is. This brings a moment in the Cold War which is considered a turning point which is the Biafra war which is a province of Nigeria wanting to become independent which has provoked a civil war challenging the international community and humanitarian actors.
-La question des ONG vient en réalité d’avant la guerre du Biafra. OXFOM a par exemple été créé pendant la guerre qui était le comité d’Oxford contre la famine afin d’envoyer de l’aide aux personnes qui souffraient de la famine en Grèce pendant la Deuxième guerre mondiale. On peut noter aussi Save the children créé en 1919.
+It should be noted that monotheistic religions predominate in the construction of what has been a charitable action and what has subsequently become a humanitarian action. Whether for Christianity, Islam or Judaism, it is fundamentally at the heart of Christian charity, of zakat, which is one of the five pillars of Islam. We will see how today what is charitable or humanitarian action resulting from the action of the Church or from a religious action is totally decried comes from there.
-Le Biafra est un tournant dans le monde francophone parce que c’est à partir de ce moment que certains acteurs ont trouvé inacceptable de voir que la Croix Rouge ne dénonçait pas ce qui se passait au Biafra. Par la suite, on a découvert que cela fut manipulé. Le Biafra était l’idée d’apporter de l’aide, mais aussi de témoigner et de décrier des situations que l’on jugeait intolérables. Au début des années 1980, toute cette tendance n’est que du tiers-mondisme. Se créeront par la suite Médecin du monde et Aide médicale internationale. À un moment, on entre dans une séparation entre l’humanitaire à la française et l’humanitaire anglo-saxon. Ce qui se passe à la fin des années 1960 est de prendre la parole pour les sans voix.
+The NGO issue actually comes from before the Biafra war. OXFOM, for example, was created during the war that was Oxford's committee against famine to send aid to people suffering from famine in Greece during the Second World War. We can also note Save the children created in 1919.
-Avec les évènements en Éthiopie en 1985, il y a une prise de conscience de Médecin sans frontière qui va sortir du pays après avoir pris conscience de s’être fait manipuler. La plupart des dirigeants de MSF et de MDU sont entrés par la suite dans des gouvernements. Au début des années 1990, avec la constatation que l’État peut être défaillant, il faut utiliser ces organisations non gouvernementales pour atteindre certains objectifs sous fond de libéralisation et laisser l’État à se restreindre à quelques fonctions régaliennes.
+Biafra is a turning point in the French-speaking world because it was from that moment that some actors found it unacceptable to see that the Red Cross did not denounce what was happening in Biafra. Subsequently, it was discovered that this was manipulated. Biafra was the idea of providing help, but also of testifying and decrying situations that were considered intolerable. In the early 1980s, this whole trend was nothing more than third worldism. Subsequently, Médecin du monde and Aide médicale internationale were created. At one point, we enter a separation between French-style and Anglo-Saxon humanitarian aid. What happens in the late 1960s is to speak out for the voiceless.
-Le génocide du Rwanda n’a pas été anticipé malgré la présence de la Croix Rouge et de l’ONU. Cela a été un choc notamment pour les Nations Unies et les ONG qui met en exerce une déficience de coordination de coopération menant à une structuration de l’humanitaire.
+With the events in Ethiopia in 1985, there was an awareness of Médecin sans frontières who would leave the country after becoming aware that he had been manipulated. Most of the leaders of MSF and MDU subsequently entered governments. In the early 1990s, with the realization that the State may be failing, these non-governmental organizations must be used to achieve certain objectives in the context of liberalization and the State must be allowed to restrict itself to a few sovereign functions.
-Jusqu’à l’événement du Tsunami, il y a eu une volonté des Nations Unies de coordonner l’action humanitaire avec la création d’un bureau pour la coordination des affaires humanitaires, mais cela ne fonctionne pas très bien menant à la réforme des Nations Unies. Cela voit l’émergence de clusters. Au moment du Tsunami, il y a une arrivée massive d’aide, mais sans la capacité pour pouvoir gérer ces financements. Cela fait scandale et on se rend compte qu’il y a un monde plus large puisque les gouvernements entrent aussi dans l’histoire. C’est à ce moment-là qu’on sort de la problématique des années 1990 d’une vision binaire État – ONG.
+The genocide in Rwanda was not anticipated despite the presence of the Red Cross and the United Nations. This was a shock, particularly for the United Nations and NGOs, which has a lack of coordination and cooperation leading to a structuring of humanitarian aid.
-Avec le tremblement de terre à Haïti en janvier 2010, cela fut un « spectacle » humanitaire, de projets farfelus à l’armée américaine qui a empêché deux avions de MSF d’atterrir. Est mis en place une commission de reconstruction du pays sous l’égide de Bill Clinton décidant de l’allocation des ressources. C’est une situation où le cluster de la santé ne prend pas en compte la coopération d’autres acteurs. Avec l’arrivée de l’épidémie de choléra, cela soulève de nouvelles problématiques.
+Until the Tsunami event, there was a willingness on the part of the United Nations to coordinate humanitarian action with the creation of an Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, but this did not work very well leading to United Nations reform. This is seeing the emergence of clusters. At the time of the Tsunami, there is a massive influx of aid, but without the capacity to manage this funding. This is a scandal and we realize that there is a larger world because governments also make history. It is at this point that we emerge from the problem of the 1990s of a binary vision between the State and NGOs.
-La situation syrienne a vu le refus de la part du CICR et des Nations Unies de s’exprimer par le blocage de l’aide de la part du gouvernement de Damas. C’était une situation où toutes les zones contre le gouvernement de Damas n’avaient accès à aucune aide.
+With the earthquake in Haiti in January 2010, it was a humanitarian "spectacle", from crazy projects to the American army that prevented two MSF planes from landing. A country reconstruction commission is set up under the aegis of Bill Clinton, who decides on the allocation of resources. This is a situation where the health cluster does not take into account the cooperation of other actors. With the advent of the cholera epidemic, this raises new issues.
-= Les acteurs de l’humanitaire =
+The Syrian situation has seen the refusal of the ICRC and the United Nations to express themselves by blocking aid from the Damascus government. It was a situation where all areas against the Damascus government had no access to any assistance.
-== La nébuleuse humanitaire ==
+= Humanitarian actors =
-Stoddard et Donini se sont intéressés à la question de la description des acteurs humanitaires aujourd’hui. Apparaît la tendance dunantiste est l’humanitaire reposant sur les principes de neutralité, indépendance et impartialité ; et les acteurs religieux. L’idée est de faire la distinction entre les organisations à tendance wilsonienne relevant d’une approche réaliste aidant parce qu’il y a un agenda transformatif est il faut changer de régime ou travailler sur les causes du conflit ou de la cause humanitaire.
+== The humanitarian nebula ==
+Stoddard and Donini focused on the issue of describing humanitarian actors today. The dunantist trend is humanitarian aid based on the principles of neutrality, independence and impartiality; and religious actors. The idea is to distinguish between organizations with a Wilsonian tendency that are part of a realistic approach that helps because there is a transformative agenda and we need to change the regime or work on the causes of the conflict or humanitarian cause.
 [[Fichier:Ri2 approches de l'humanitaire.png|400px|vignette|centré]]
-Il faut faire une distinction. L’idée de parler d’une nébuleuse est qu’on est dans un rapport à l’aide qui est très différent. Il faut aussi différencier le court terme et le long terme. Souvent, l’aide humanitaire renvoie à la notion anglaise de « relief » qui est là pour soulager des souffrances. La tendance wilsonienne est la logique que pour aider efficacement une population, il faut s’attaquer aux causes profondes des conflits. Afin de pouvoir améliorer la situation dans un pays, il faut améliorer certains aspects comme le système scolaire ou renverser le régime en place. C’est une tension autour des débats relevant de la nébuleuse humanitaire.
+A distinction must be made. The idea of talking about a nebula is that we are in a relationship with aid that is very different. It is also necessary to differentiate between the short term and the long term. Humanitarian aid often refers to the English notion of "relief" which is there to relieve suffering. The Wilsonian trend is the logic that to effectively help a population, the root causes of conflict must be addressed. In order to improve the situation in a country, it is necessary to improve certain aspects such as the school system or to overthrow the existing regime. It is a tension around the debates within the humanitarian nebula.
-== Organisations humanitaires opérationnelles en 2010 ==
-Il y a tout un débat entre les Nations Unies et Médecins sans frontières sur la question de l’opérationnalité puisque les Nations Unies sont persuadées de leur opérationnalité, mais en réalité elle ne fait que réattribuer des financements qu’elles ont.
-Toute la question autour de l’insécurité des travailleurs humanitaires est à mettre en perspective avec le fait que c’est un secteur qui a beaucoup augmenté depuis les dernières années. Toute une série d’acteurs n’apparaît pas.
-[[Fichier:Ri2 Organisations humanitaires opérationnelles en 2010.png|400px|vignette|centré]]
-== Les nouveaux acteurs de l’humanitaire ==
+== Operational humanitarian organizations in 2010 ==
+There is a whole debate between the United Nations and Médecins sans frontières on the issue of operationality since the United Nations is convinced of their operationality, but in reality it is only reallocating funds they have.
-Les gouvernements et les organisations régionales comme en Asie et au Moyen-Orient mettent en place leur propre programme de secours. Le secteur privé met en exergue la responsabilité sociale des entreprises. Certaines entreprises mettent des financements dans des programmes humanitaires comme la fondation Ikea. Certaines organisations ont un financement strict pour éviter de se retrouver lié à des entités engagées dans certaines situations compromettantes. Les forces armées ont développé leurs propres systèmes de secours.
+The whole question surrounding the insecurity of humanitarian workers must be put into perspective with the fact that this is a sector that has increased significantly in recent years. A whole series of actors does not appear.[[Fichier:Ri2 Organisations humanitaires opérationnelles en 2010.png|400px|vignette|centré]]
-Un tournant majeur a lieu en ce moment avec la prise par certains États d’une volonté de réaffirmer leur souveraineté vis-à-vis de certains acteurs.
+== New humanitarian actors ==
+Governments and regional organizations such as those in Asia and the Middle East are setting up their own relief programmes. The private sector emphasizes corporate social responsibility. Some companies put funding into humanitarian programs such as the Ikea Foundation. Some organizations have strict funding to avoid being tied to entities involved in certain compromising situations. The armed forces have developed their own backup systems.
-= Présentation de MSF et ses principes d’action =
+A major turning point is taking place at the moment with the emergence by some States of a desire to reaffirm their sovereignty over certain actors.
-== La création ==
+= Presentation of MSF and its principles of action =
-Médecin sans frontières est créé en 1971 par des journalistes et des médecins avec l’idée de créer une organisation qui apporterait une aide médicale et qui témoignerait en tant que porte-parole des sans voix.
+== The creation ==
-== Principes d’actions ==
+Médecin sans frontières was created in 1971 by journalists and doctors with the idea of creating an organization that would provide medical assistance and testify as a voice for the voiceless. .The organization was founded by a group of journalists and doctors who had been following the Vietnam War. As the war became increasingly unpopular, many medical staff members were laid off. Out of this group, some of them decided to join together to create an independent organization that could provide aid for people in developing countries who are not able to afford care or healthcare. The organization's first purpose was just providing assistance, but it quickly became a voice for the voiceless when it agreed to testify before the world on behalf of victims of war and its members have been a voice for the voiceless since. Doctors Without Borders has an important role as an independent organization that speaks out against war, human rights violations, and foreign intervention.
-Médecin sans frontières se targue d’être une organisation extrêmement opérationnelle ne finançant pas d’autres acteurs.
+== Principles of action ==
+Médecin sans frontières prides itself on being an extremely operational organization that does not fund other actors.
-Aujourd’hui, le CICR est beaucoup plus vocable que ne l’est MSF parce que ce n’est pas toujours facile de témoigner lorsqu’il y a des équipes sur le terrain. La sécurité est à balancer avec les patients et le droit des patients.
+Today, the ICRC is much more vocal than MSF is because it is not always easy to testify when there are teams in the field. Safety is to be balanced with patients and patients' rights.
-== La Charte ==
+== The Charter ==
-La Charte n’est pas vraie, car il faut relativiser certains principes. La Charte a été élaborée dans les années 1980.
+The Charter is not true, because certain principles must be put into perspective. The Charter was developed in the 1980s.
-#Respect de l'éthique médicale
+#Respect for medical ethics
-#Respect des droits de l’homme : il y a une différence entre ceux qui font des droits de l’homme et ceux qui font de l’action humanitaire. Les droits de l’homme sont des organisations qui sont ouvertement des organisations de défense des droits de l’homme. Il est difficile de faire du témoignage et de ne pas prendre part au système de la Cour pénale internationale notamment pour témoigner.
+#Respect for human rights: there is a difference between those who do human rights and those who do humanitarian work. Human rights are organizations that are openly human rights organizations. It is difficult to give evidence and not take part in the International Criminal Court system,
-#Le souci de l’indépendance
+#particularly to give evidence.
-#Un principe fondateur : l'impartialité
+#The concern for independence
-#Un esprit de neutralité
+#A founding principle: impartiality
-#Responsabilité et transparence
+#A spirit of neutrality
-#Une organisation de volontaires
+#Accountability and transparency
-#Un fonctionnement associatif
+#A volunteer organization
+#An associative operation
-Aujourd’hui on a tendance à laisser tomber les questions de neutralité notamment dans le cadre de la Syrie. En Israël et en Palestine, Israël reproche de ne pas travailler en Israël. La réponse est qu’Israël dispose de toutes les infrastructures et le personnel nécessaire à sa suffisance médicale.
+Today, there is a tendency to abandon questions of neutrality, particularly in the context of Syria. In Israel and Palestine, Israel criticizes for not working in Israel. The answer is that Israel has all the infrastructure and personnel necessary for its medical sufficiency.
-== Pays d’intervention en 2012 ==
+== Countries of intervention in 2012 ==
 [[Fichier:Ri2 pays intervention msf.png|400px|vignette|centré]]
@@ Ligne 86 : / Ligne 118 : @@
 [[Fichier:Ri2 msf suisse.png|400px|vignette|centré]]
-== Le mouvement de MSF en chiffres ==
+== MSF's movement in figures ==
-Aujourd’hui, ce sont 8 millions de consultations avec 445000 hospitalisations, 73'000 opérations chirurgicales. C’est aussi 30000 d’employé-e-s dans plus de 60 pays avec 1milliard d’euros de budget, dont 4,5 millions de donateurs et 89 % de fonds privés.
+Today, there are 8 million consultations with 445,000 hospitalizations and 73,000 surgical operations. It is also 30,000 employees in more than 60 countries with a budget of 1 billion euros, including 4.5 million donors and 89% private funds.
-== Ressources financières de MSF CH ==
+== MSF CH's financial resources ==
-Les recettes en 2012 s’élevaient à 180 millions CHF tandis qu’on dénombre 211494 donateurs. L’indépendance financière offre la possibilité de dénoncer et de porter certains discours.
+In 2012, revenues amounted to CHF 180 million, while there are 211,494 donors. Financial independence offers the possibility of denouncing and making certain speeches.
-== Domaines d’activité de MSF ==
+== MSF's areas of activity ==
-Les domaines d’activité sont :
+The areas of activity are:
-*l’assistance aux victimes de violence ;
+*assistance to victims of violence;
-*l’assistance aux victimes de catastrophes naturelles ;
+*assistance to victims of natural disasters;
-*lutte contre les maladies [épidémies, VIH/sida, tuberculose, paludisme, maladies négligées] :
+*disease control[epidemics, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, neglected diseases]:
-*lutte contre la malnutrition.
+*fight against malnutrition.
-== Structure internationale ==
+== International structure ==
 [[Fichier:Ri2 msf structure internationale.png|400px|vignette|centré]]
-== Quelques principes d’actions ==
+== Some principles of action ==
+There is a rejection of the instrumentalization of humanitarian action with clear limits between military and humanitarian action. On the other hand, the three axes are independence, neutrality and impartiality in relation to political, religious or economic powers.
-Il y a un refus de l’instrumentalisation de l’humanitaire avec des limites claires entre action militaire et humanitaire. D’autre part, les trois axes sont l’indépendance, la neutralité et l’impartialité par rapport aux pouvoirs politique, religieux ou économique.
-La question de la perception des limites des actions de MSF met en exergue que MSF ne pas tout faire. Les principes humanitaires doivent se traduire dans la pratique au cours des opérations d’assistance, car c’est le respect de ces principes qui garantit aux organisations humanitaires le droit d’être présents sur le terrain lors de conflits armés selon les conventions de Genève. Il y a une tension entre les principes d’action et l’action sur le terrain.
-= Dilemmes de l’humanitaire =
-== intervention humanitaire VS. action humanitaire ==
+The question of the perception of the limits of MSF's actions highlights that MSF does not do everything. Humanitarian principles must be translated into practice during assistance operations, as it is respect for these principles that guarantees humanitarian organizations the right to be present on the ground during armed conflicts in accordance with the Geneva Conventions. There is a tension between the principles of action and action on the ground.
-[[Fichier:Ri2 intervention humanitaire VS. action humanitaire.png|400px|vignette|centré]]
-La question de l’intervention humanitaire se nourrit de la notion de guerre juste menant à l’idée de responsabilité de protéger. Il est fondamental aujourd’hui d’avoir accès à des populations si un gouvernement ne les aide pas posant tout un certain nombre de problèmes dans l’application de ces principes. Dans le cas de Libye, les principes humanitaires neutralité, impartialité et indépendance, mais auxquels il est aussi possible d’ajouter l’humanité que le CICR indique dans ses principes d’action donne lieu au principe d’intervention humanitaire. Au lieu de répondre par des bombardements, pourquoi ne pas donner asile aux populations qui fuyaient un conflit.
+= Humanitarian dilemmas =
-Il faut voir qu’on est fasse à un objet typiquement flou qui fait partie des enjeux humanitaires. On est face à des conceptions tout à fait de bonne foi différentes de l’humanitaire. Le point de vue de Médecin sans frontière est un point de vue assez puriste. C’est-à-dire qu’à partir du moment où on est dans une conception totalement. Du moment où on est dans une conception totalement différente, on va avoir à faire à des pratiques totalement différentes. Dans une position dunantienne, dès qu’on va être face à des acteurs financés par des États. Du moment où on va entrer dans une vision plus interventionniste, il va y avoir un problème de la question notamment des interventions militaires. Travailler avec des militaires n’est pas uniquement que des militaires seraient en train de manipuler des humanitaires.
+== humanitarian intervention VS. humanitarian action ==
+[[Fichier:Ri2 intervention humanitaire VS. action humanitaire.png|400px|vignette|centré]]The question of humanitarian intervention is informed by the notion of just war leading to the idea of the responsibility to protect. It is essential today to have access to populations if a government does not help them, posing a number of problems in the application of these principles. In the case of Libya, the humanitarian principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence, but to which it is also possible to add the humanity that the ICRC indicates in its principles of action, give rise to the principle of humanitarian intervention. Instead of responding with bombardments, why not give refuge to people fleeing conflict.
-Le problème aujourd’hui est qu’on parle de guerre humanitaire, d’intervention humanitaire, d’action humanitaire ou encore de crise humanitaire et cela devient n’importe quoi. Par exemple, la conceptualisation des failed states a servi à justifier une intervention militaire et humanitaire en Somalie.
+We have to see that we are dealing with a typically vague object that is part of humanitarian issues. We are faced with completely different good faith conceptions of humanitarian aid. The point of view of Médecin sans frontières is a rather purist point of view. That is, from the moment we are in a totally conceived state. From the moment we are in a totally different conception, we will have to deal with totally different practices. In a Duntian position, as soon as we are facing state-funded actors. From the moment we enter a more interventionist vision, there will be a problem with the issue, particularly military interventions. Working with the military is not only that the military is allegedly manipulating humanitarian aid workers.
-== Légitimité VS. Souveraineté ==
+The problem today is that we are talking about humanitarian war, humanitarian intervention, humanitarian action or humanitarian crisis and it is getting out of hand. For example, the conceptualization of failed states has been used to justify military and humanitarian intervention in Somalia.
-La légitimité n’est pas à tenir pour acquise. La question est de savoir si peut-on et ne peut-on pas contester la souveraineté d’un État et dans quelles conditions cela se fait. Il peut y avoir le sentiment d’une conception à deux échelles et qu’on utilise la responsabilité à protéger lorsque cela sert les intérêts de l’OTAN et des États-Unis. Le principe d’« égalité souveraine » est rappelé dans la Charte des Nations Unies à l’article 2. La souveraineté d’un État est basée sur le pouvoir exclusif qu’il exerce sur son territoire et ses ressortissants. Il en découle un certain nombre d’ambiguïtés de la pratique de l’humanitaire entre le droit d’ingérence et la Responsabilité de protéger [R2P].
+== Legitimacy VS. Sovereignty ==
-{{citation bloc|Regime change (its moral legitimacy and political practicality) is the ghost at the banquet of humanitarian intervention|D. Rieff}}
+Legitimacy is not to be taken for granted. The question is whether and under what conditions can and cannot the sovereignty of a State be challenged. There may be a sense of a two-tiered approach and the use of R2P when it serves the interests of NATO and the United States. The principle of "sovereign equality" is recalled in the Charter of the United Nations in Article 2. The sovereignty of a State is based on the exclusive power it exercises over its territory and its nationals. This leads to a number of ambiguities in humanitarian practice between the right of interference and the Responsibility to Protect[R2P].
-Il est difficile de parler de responsabilité de protéger sans faire abstraction de l’idée de changement de régime et de système politique.
+{{citation bloc|Regime change (its moral legitimacy and political practicality) is the ghost at the banquet of humanitarian intervention|D. Rieff}}It is difficult to talk about the responsibility to protect without ignoring the idea of regime and political system change.
-Sur la question de la souveraineté, il faut se replacer dans l’histoire de l’émergence et de la transformation de la conception de la souveraineté et comment en est-on arrivé à intervenir au nom du droit international ou au nom d’une intervention humanitaire en remettant en cause la notion de souveraineté. En relations internationales, l’État et son corolaire qui est la souveraineté sont centraux. À partir des années 1990, le fait de pouvoir intervenir dans un pays sans même que le gouvernement de ce pays ait donné son consentement est une révolution en relations internationales. La souveraineté surtout après la décolonisation est une notion centrale surtout que dans la Charte des Nations Unies où le principe d’égalité est inscrit à savoir que tous les pays souverains sont égaux entre eux.
+On the question of sovereignty, we must look back at the history of the emergence and transformation of the concept of sovereignty and how we came to intervene in the name of international law or in the name of humanitarian intervention by challenging the notion of sovereignty. In international relations, the State and its corollary, sovereignty, are central. From the 1990s onwards, the fact that it was possible to intervene in a country without the consent of the government of that country was a revolution in international relations. Sovereignty, especially after decolonization, is a central concept, especially in the Charter of the United Nations, where the principle of equality is enshrined, namely, that all sovereign countries are equal among themselves.
-Il y a un glissement qui s’opère à partir de la fin de la Guerre froide où la souveraineté n’est plus considérée comme un droit inaliénable, mais que la souveraineté deviendrait une question de responsabilité. Si un régime ne s’occupe pas bien de sa population, la communauté internationale aurait le droit de changer ce régime. Ce type d’approche qualifiée de libérale va avoir d’un côté des gens de tendance wilsonienne afin de transformer des sociétés et améliorer le bien-être de populations. Ce type d’argument va soulever toute une série de critiques. Il y a une critique impériale c’est-à-dire qu’on va choisir d’intervenir dans certains pays pour des raisons d’intérêts, et il y a une voix purement humanitaire sur ce sujet. Il y a une véritable critique au sein des humanitaires.
+There is a shift from the end of the Cold War when sovereignty is no longer considered an inalienable right, but sovereignty would become a matter of responsibility. If a regime does not take good care of its people, the international community would have the right to change that regime. This type of approach, described as liberal, will have on the one hand people with a Wilsonian tendency in order to transform societies and improve the well-being of populations. This type of argument will raise a whole series of criticisms. There is an imperial criticism, that is, we will choose to intervene in certain countries for reasons of interest, and there is a purely humanitarian voice on this subject. There is a real criticism within the humanitarian community.
-= Un espace humanitaire =
+= A humanitarian space =
-Trois conceptions divergent :
+Three conceptions diverge:
-*pour Médecin sans frontières, l’espace humanitaire n’existe pas en tant que tel, car c’est plutôt un espace symbolique basé sur l’indépendance à évaluer des besoins des populations, ce qui est peu le cas dans certaines zones de conflit.
+*For Médecin sans frontières, the humanitarian space does not exist as such, because it is rather a symbolic space based on independence to assess the needs of populations, which is rarely the case in some conflict zones.
-*pour le CICR, la conception est fondée sur la pyramide de Dunant. L’idée est que la base de cette pyramide est le droit international humanitaire, sur lequel s’apposent les principes de neutralité, d’impartialité et d’indépendance amenant comme finalité le principe d’humanité. L’espace humanitaire est constitué par les trois principes qui créent un espace humanitaire.
+*for the ICRC, the design is based on the Dunant pyramid. The idea is that the basis of this pyramid is international humanitarian law, on which the principles of neutrality, impartiality and independence are based, leading to the principle of humanity as a final goal. Humanitarian space is made up of the three principles that create humanitarian space.
-*pour les Nations Unies, c’est un environnement opérationnel humanitaire. Il est paradoxal de voir les Nations Unies de parler d’un espace humanitaire indépendant, car a été mis en place un ensemble de missions conjointes politiques et humanitaires. En Somalie, il y a une mission politique qui vise à une transformation du régime, à un anéantissement de la milice des Shebab et en même temps fait de l’humanitaire. Le même problème se pose en Irak qui pose un problème de lisibilité.
+*for the United Nations, it is a humanitarian operational environment. It is paradoxical to see the United Nations talking about an independent humanitarian space, because a set of joint political and humanitarian missions has been set up. In Somalia, there is a political mission aimed at transforming the regime, destroying the Shebab militia and at the same time doing humanitarian work. The same problem arises in Iraq, which poses a problem of readability.
-[[Fichier:Ri2_pyramide_de_dunant.png|300px|vignette|centré|Pyramide de Dunant.]]
+[[Fichier:Ri2_pyramide_de_dunant.png|300px|vignette|centré|Pyramid of Dunant.]]
-Dans la nébuleuse humanitaire, on voit des acteurs qui ont des perspectives différentes. Du point de vue dunantiste ou de Médecin sans frontières, on est dans une volonté de s’inscrire dans un espace qui se voudrait autonome notamment politique et à des tentatives de détournement de l’action humanitaire. D’un autre côté, on est face à des acteurs de type onusien ou l’objectif premier n’est pas de maintenir l’indépendance et l’autonomie de cet espace, mais de coordonner un maximum de gens dans le cadre de la globalisation et il est possible de mélanger les acteurs puisque toute proposition d’aide est bonne à prendre puisque le vrai enjeu de l’humanitaire est un vrai problème de coopération.
+In the humanitarian nebula, we see actors with different perspectives. From the point of view of a lunatic or Médecin sans frontières, there is a desire to be part of an area that would like to be autonomous, particularly in terms of politics and attempts to divert humanitarian action. On the other hand, we are dealing with UN-type actors where the primary objective is not to maintain the independence and autonomy of this space, but to coordinate as many people as possible in the context of globalization and it is possible to mix actors since any proposal for aid is good to take because the real challenge of humanitarian aid is a real problem of cooperation.
 = Annexes =

« Humanitarian action: between action and intervention » : différence entre les versions