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= 法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795 =
= 法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795 =
[[Fichier:Le_Barbier_Dichiarazione_dei_diritti_dell'uomo.jpg|thumb|200px|巴尔比耶人权宣言]]
[[Fichier:Le_Barbier_Dichiarazione_dei_diritti_dell'uomo.jpg|thumb|200px|巴尔比耶人权宣言]]
Between 1789 and 1804, a period marked by the French Revolution and its aftermath, France experienced a rapid succession of constitutions, each incorporating a declaration of rights. This period of intense political transformation reflected the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity, and the desire to break with the old monarchical regime.
1789 年至 1804 年期间,法国经历了以法国大革命及其后果为标志的一系列宪法,每部宪法都包含权利宣言。这段激烈的政治变革时期反映了自由、平等和博爱的革命理想,以及与旧君主制决裂的愿望。


The first of these constitutions, adopted in 1791, drew heavily on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, proclaimed in 1789. This influential and revolutionary declaration set out universal principles of individual rights and popular sovereignty. It was strongly influenced not only by Enlightenment philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Montesquieu, but also by the examples of American bills of rights. Indeed, the French constitution-makers were well aware of constitutional developments in the United States. The declarations of rights in the various constitutions of the American states, as well as the Declaration of Independence of 1776, were important references. They served as models for the development of principles of rights and governance in French constitutional documents.
1791 年通过的第一部宪法在很大程度上借鉴了 1789 年发表的《人权和公民权利宣言》。这一具有革命性影响的宣言提出了个人权利和人民主权的普遍原则。它不仅受到让-雅克-卢梭和孟德斯鸠等启蒙哲学家的强烈影响,也受到美国权利法案实例的影响。事实上,法国制宪者非常了解美国的宪法发展。美国各州宪法中的权利宣言以及 1776 年的《独立宣言》都是重要的参考资料。它们为法国宪法文件中权利和治理原则的发展提供了范本。


During this period, each new French constitution attempted to respond to changing political and social challenges. For example, the Constitution of Year III (1795), adopted during the Directoire period, and that of Year VIII (1799), which marked the beginning of the Consulate under Napoleon Bonaparte, both included declarations of rights, although their practical application varied according to the political realities of the time. This series of constitutions in France, with their declarations of rights, demonstrates how the ideals of the French Revolution evolved and were put into practice in different ways. At the same time, the transatlantic influence of American constitutional developments on France at the time is an early example of the interconnectedness of revolutionary ideas and human rights across the world.
在此期间,每部新的法国宪法都试图应对不断变化的政治和社会挑战。例如,直辖时期通过的第三年宪法(1795 年)和拿破仑-波拿巴执政时期开始执政的第八年宪法(1799 年)都包含了权利宣言,尽管其实际应用因当时的政治现实而有所不同。法国的这一系列宪法及其权利宣言表明,法国大革命的理想是如何演变并以不同方式付诸实践的。同时,美国当时的宪法发展对法国的跨大西洋影响,也是全世界革命思想和人权相互联系的早期例证。


In 1789, France was plunged into a period of deep crisis, marked by political, economic and social turmoil. It was a pivotal year in French history, marking the beginning of the French Revolution, a movement that would radically transform French society and influence the whole world. The crisis was fuelled by a variety of factors, including economic difficulties exacerbated by France's involvement in the American War of Independence, financial mismanagement by the monarchy, poor harvests leading to higher bread prices, and general dissatisfaction with a rigid and unequal feudal system. Against this backdrop, on 17 June 1789, deputies from the Third Estate, joined by some members of the clergy and nobility, proclaimed themselves the National Constituent Assembly, stating their intention to draft a new constitution for France. This action was revolutionary in itself, as it challenged the absolute authority of King Louis XVI and claimed the power to govern in the name of the people.
1789 年,法国陷入政治、经济和社会动荡的深重危机。这是法国历史上至关重要的一年,标志着法国大革命的开始,这场运动将彻底改变法国社会并影响整个世界。法国卷入美国独立战争加剧了经济困难,君主财政管理不善,歉收导致面包价格上涨,以及对僵化和不平等的封建制度的普遍不满,这些因素都加剧了这场危机。在此背景下,1789 年 6 月 17 日,来自第三等级的代表们在一些神职人员和贵族的加入下,宣布成立国民制宪会议,表示他们打算为法国起草一部新宪法。这一行动本身就具有革命性,因为它挑战了国王路易十六的绝对权威,并声称有权以人民的名义进行治理。


One of the first and most important acts of this Constituent Assembly was the drafting of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted on 26 August 1789. This declaration established the fundamental principles that were to become the cornerstones of the French Revolution and modern democracies. It proclaimed rights such as liberty, property, security, resistance to oppression, equality before the law, and freedom of speech and religion. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was strongly influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenment and by documents such as the American Declaration of Independence and the Declarations of Rights of the American States. It represented a radical break with the old order and established the principles of a new regime based on the rights and sovereignty of the people. The Declaration became an emblematic document of the French Revolution and had a lasting impact on the development of human rights and liberal democracies around the world.
制宪会议的第一个也是最重要的行动之一,就是起草了《人权和公民权利宣言》,并于 1789 年 8 月 26 日获得通过。该宣言确立了成为法国大革命和现代民主国家基石的基本原则。它宣布了自由、财产、安全、反抗压迫、法律面前人人平等以及言论和宗教自由等权利。人和公民的权利宣言》深受启蒙运动理想以及《美国独立宣言》和《美国各州权利宣言》等文件的影响。它代表着与旧秩序的彻底决裂,确立了以人民权利和主权为基础的新制度的原则。宣言》成为法国大革命的标志性文件,对全世界人权和自由民主的发展产生了持久的影响。


The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted in the context of the French Revolution, represents a pivotal moment in the history of human rights and political thought. Strongly influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and documents such as the Virginia Declaration, the Declaration sought to codify the universal principles of liberty, equality and the inalienable rights of the individual.
1789 年在法国大革命背景下通过的《人权和公民权利宣言》是人权和政治思想史上的关键时刻。受启蒙思想和《弗吉尼亚宣言》等文件的强烈影响,《宣言》试图将自由、平等和个人不可剥夺的权利等普遍原则编纂成法典。


The articles of the Declaration, reflecting these ideas, are deeply rooted in the context of the times. For example, Article 1 states: "Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions can only be based on the common good". This affirmation of fundamental equality and innate freedom was part of a reaction against the feudal structures and aristocratic privileges of the Ancien Régime. Article 2, which states: "The aim of every political association is the conservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression", echoing the philosophy of John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers, emphasising the role of government as protector of the fundamental rights of the individual. As for individual freedom, Article 4 defines its scope: "Freedom consists in being able to do whatever does not harm others: thus the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits other than those which ensure the enjoyment of these same rights by the other members of society. These limits can only be determined by law". This concept of freedom, limited by the rights of others and governed by law, is a pillar of modern liberal theory. Article 6, which addresses the notion of law and democracy, states: "The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have the right to contribute personally, or through their representatives, to its formation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. As all citizens are equal in its eyes, they are equally eligible for all public dignities, positions and jobs, according to their ability, and without any distinction other than that of their virtues and talents". This article highlights the idea of a society based on equality before the law and the right to political participation. Article 7 addresses the issue of legal justice: "No one may be accused, arrested or detained except in the cases determined by law and according to the forms it has prescribed. Those who solicit, dispatch, carry out or cause to be carried out arbitrary orders must be punished; but any citizen summoned or seized by virtue of the law must obey immediately: he renders himself guilty by resisting". This protection against arbitrary arrest and detention was a direct response to the abuses of the Ancien Régime. Finally, Article 11, which states: "The free communication of thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of Man: every citizen may therefore speak, write and print freely, without being held accountable for the abuse of this freedom, in the cases determined by the law", and Article 17, which states: "As property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one may be deprived of it, except when legally established public necessity obviously requires it, and subject to fair and prior compensation", illustrate the importance attached to the civil liberties of speech, press and property. These articles, which were incorporated into the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, laid the theoretical foundations of modern democratic regimes, having a profound influence on the development of democracy.
反映这些思想的《宣言》条款深深植根于当时的时代背景。例如,第 1 条规定 "人生而自由,权利平等。社会差别只能以共同利益为基础"。这种对基本平等和与生俱来的自由的肯定是对旧政体的封建结构和贵族特权的反动。第 2 条规定 "每个政治团体的宗旨是维护人的自然的和不受时效限制的权利。这些权利是自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫",这与约翰-洛克和其他启蒙思想家的哲学相呼应,强调了政府作为个人基本权利保护者的作用。至于个人自由,第 4 条界定了其范围: "自由在于能够做任何不损害他人的事情:因此,每个人行使自然权利时,除了确保社会其他成员享有同样权利的限制外,没有其他限制。这些限制只能由法律来确定"。这种受他人权利限制并受法律约束的自由概念是现代自由主义理论的支柱。关于法律与民主概念的第 6 条规定 "法律是普遍意志的体现。所有公民都有权亲自或通过其代表为法律的制定做出贡献。法律必须对所有人一视同仁,无论是保护还是惩罚。由于所有公民在法律面前一律平等,因此他们根据自己的能力,不分德行和才能,同样有资格获得一切公共荣誉、职位和工作"。这一条强调了建立在法律面前人人平等和政治参与权基础上的社会理念。第 7 条涉及法律公正问题: "除法律规定的情况和形式外,任何人不得被指控、逮捕或拘留。凡唆使、派遣、执行或致使执行任意命令者,必须受到惩罚;但任何被依法传唤或扣押的公民必须立即服从:拒不服从者即为有罪"。这种防止任意逮捕和拘留的保护措施是对前政权滥用权力的直接回应。最后,第 11 条规定 第 11 条规定:"自由交流思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一:因此,在法律规定的情况下,每个公民都可以自由地说话、写作和印刷,而不必为滥用这种自由负责",第 17 条规定:"财产是不可侵犯的": 第 17 条规定:"财产是一项不可侵犯的神圣权利,任何人不得被剥夺财产,除非法律确定的公共需要明显需要剥夺财产,并须事先给予公平的补偿",这说明了对言论、出版和财产等公民自由的重视。这些条款被纳入《人权和公民权 利宣言》,奠定了现代民主制度的理论基础,对民主的发展产生了深远影响。


The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, proclaimed in 1789 at the height of the French Revolution, is a fundamental historical document, establishing principles that would redefine the notions of fundamental rights in modern society. Reflecting the spirit of the times and influenced by Enlightenment philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, this Declaration formulated rights that embodied the deep aspirations of the French people in the face of oppression and injustice.
人和公民的权利宣言》发表于 1789 年法国大革命的高潮时期,是一份重要的历史文献,它所确立的原则重新定义了现代社会的基本权利概念。宣言》反映了当时的时代精神,并受到让-雅克-卢梭和约翰-洛克等启蒙哲学家的影响,它所制定的权利体现了法国人民面对压迫和不公正时的深切愿望。


Liberty, a central pillar of the Declaration, is addressed in several of its articles. It is defined not only as an intrinsic human right, but also as a principle that must be exercised with respect for the rights of others, marking a transition from absolute notions of freedom to a more social and interdependent understanding of the concept. In addition, the Declaration recognises security as an essential right, guaranteeing the protection of individuals against abuse and arbitrary treatment. In the context of the time, when arrests and imprisonment without just cause were commonplace, this right took on particular significance, symbolising a rejection of the abusive practices of the Ancien Régime. The right to resist oppression is also affirmed, directly reflecting the revolutionary circumstances of 1789. This inclusion was revolutionary because it legitimised revolt against an unjust government, a concept that was in direct contradiction with the monarchical principles of divine right and absolute obedience to the sovereign. Property, declared to be an inviolable and sacred right, testifies to the importance attached to the protection of personal assets. In a society in the throes of change, where feudal rights were being called into question, the recognition of property as a fundamental right was a step towards modern social and economic organisation. Finally, security, understood as protection against unjust and arbitrary treatment, is a fundamental right set out in the Declaration. It provides legal protection for citizens, ensuring that government actions are based on legal and just principles.
自由是《宣言》的核心支柱,在《宣言》的多个条款中都有涉及。它不仅被定义为一项固有的人权,而且还被定义为一项在行使权利时必须尊重他人权利的原则,这标志着从绝对的自由概念过渡到对这一概念更加社会化和相互依存的理解。此外,《宣言》承认安全是一项基本权利,保障个人不受虐待和任意对待。在无正当理由的逮捕和监禁司空见惯的时代背景下,这一权利具有特殊的意义,象征着对旧制度滥用权力做法的反对。反抗压迫的权利也得到了确认,直接反映了 1789 年的革命形势。这种纳入具有革命性,因为它使反抗不公正政府的行为合法化,而这一概念与君权神授和绝对服从君主的原则直接相悖。财产被宣布为不可侵犯的神圣权利,这证明了保护个人财产的重要性。在一个处于变革阵痛中的社会里,封建权利受到质疑,承认财产是一项基本权利是向现代社会和经济组织迈出的一步。最后,安全被理解为免受不公正和任意待遇的保护,是《宣言》中规定的一项基本权利。它为公民提供法律保护,确保政府行为以合法和公正的原则为基础。


These rights, articulated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, are not just abstract ideals; they reflect the struggles and aspirations of a nation in the throes of transformation. They were conceived in direct response to the challenges and abuses of the time, and their influence extended far beyond the borders of France. This document became a model for future declarations of human rights and has had a profound influence on the development of democratic constitutions and legal systems throughout the world.
人和公民的权利宣言》中阐述的这些权利不仅仅是抽象的理想;它们反映了一个正处于变革阵痛中的国家的斗争和愿望。它们是对当时的挑战和弊端的直接回应,其影响远远超出了法国的国界。这份文件成为未来人权宣言的典范,并对全世界民主宪法和法律制度的发展产生了深远影响。


The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 in France and the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776 in the United States are two crucial historical documents that laid the foundations for first-generation fundamental rights. These first-generation rights focus primarily on civil and political liberties, emphasising the principles of individual freedom, political participation, justice and protection against arbitrary government. In both declarations, there is a strong emphasis on rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial, protection against arbitrary arrest and detention, and the right to property. These rights are considered fundamental because they are essential to individual dignity and effective participation in a democratic society.
法国 1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》和美国 1776 年的《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》是两份重要的历史文献,为第一代基本权利奠定了基础。这些第一代权利主要侧重于公民自由和政治自由,强调个人自由、政治参与、正义和免受专制政府侵害的原则。这两份宣言都着重强调了言论自由、宗教自由、公平审判权、免受任意逮捕和拘留的权利以及财产权。这些权利被视为基本权利,因为它们对个人尊严和有效参与民主社会至关重要。


The Virginia Declaration, drafted principally by George Mason, was one of the first to codify these rights in a government document. It influenced not only the US Constitution and its Bill of Rights, but also other bills of rights around the world, including France's Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. For its part, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted in the tumultuous context of the French Revolution, marked an important step in the recognition of individual rights against the oppression of a monarchical regime. It reflected and amplified the ideas of Enlightenment philosophy, particularly with regard to popular sovereignty and the inalienable rights of the individual. These documents laid the foundations for subsequent developments in human rights. The first-generation rights, as set out in these declarations, continue to form the core of modern democratic constitutions and international declarations of human rights, underlining their enduring importance and relevance in the struggles for freedom and justice.
主要由乔治-梅森起草的《弗吉尼亚宣言》是最早将这些权利编入政府文件的文书之一。它不仅影响了《美国宪法》及其《权利法案》,还影响了世界各地的其他权利法案,包括法国的《人权和公民权利宣言》。就其本身而言,《人权和公民权利宣言》是在法国大革命的动荡背景下通过的,标志着在承认个人权利以对抗君主政体压迫方面迈出了重要一步。它反映并强化了启蒙哲学的思想,特别是关于人民主权和个人不可剥夺权利的思想。这些文件为后来的人权发展奠定了基础。这些宣言中规定的第一代权利继续构成现代民主宪法和国际人权宣言的核心,突显了它们在争取自由和正义的斗争中的持久重要性和相关性。


France's 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, while laying the foundations for civic and political rights, did not actually contain any provisions relating to social rights. This absence reflects the historical context and ideological priorities of the time, which focused primarily on individual liberty, protection from government oppression, and the establishment of democratic principles. The emphasis at the time was on building a parliamentary democracy, and in some cases a direct democracy, where sovereignty resided with the people. The rights set out in the Declaration of 1789 were primarily designed to limit the power of government and guarantee individual freedoms, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to property.
法国 1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》虽然为公民和政治权利奠定了基础,但实际上并未包含任何有关社会权利的条款。这一缺失反映了当时的历史背景和意识形态的优先事项,即主要侧重于个人自由、保护个人免受政府压迫以及确立民主原则。当时的重点是建立议会民主制,有时是主权在民的直接民主制。1789 年宣言》中规定的权利主要是为了限制政府权力和保障个人自由,如言论自由、宗教自由和财产权。


Social rights, such as the right to work, education, health and social security, only began to be widely recognised in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This development was largely due to social and economic changes, in particular industrialisation and the emergence of workers' movements, which highlighted the social inequalities and difficulties caused by industrial capitalism. These social rights were gradually incorporated into national constitutions and international human rights instruments over the course of the twentieth century, notably with the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, which included both civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights. The Declaration of 1789, while a fundamental document in the history of human rights, represented an initial stage in the evolution of human rights, with a focus on civil and political rights. The inclusion of social rights in human rights discourse came later, in response to the needs and challenges of an industrial and post-industrial age.
工作权、受教育权、健康权和社会保障权等社会权利直到 19 世纪末 20 世纪初才开始得到广泛承认。这一发展在很大程度上是由于社会和经济的变化,特别是工业化和工人运动的兴起,凸显了工业资本主义造成的社会不平等和困难。这些社会权利在二十世纪逐渐被纳入国家宪法和国际人权文书,特别是 1948 年通过的《世界人权宣言》,其中既包括公民和政治权利,也包括经济、社会和文化权利。1789 年的《宣言》虽然是人权历史上的一份基本文件,但它代表了人权演变的最初阶 段,其重点是公民权利和政治权利。后来,为了应对工业和后工业时代的需求和挑战,才将社会权利纳入人权论述。


The enduring popularity and influence of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen lies in its universal scope and innovative character. Drafted in August 1789, at the height of the French Revolution, the Declaration was revolutionary not just for France, but for the whole world, establishing principles that transcended national borders and cultural particularities. The main aim of the Declaration was to clearly define fundamental rights, laying the foundations for the drafting of France's future constitution. The Constituents wanted to establish a set of principles that would guide the transformation of French society from an absolute monarchy to a society based on popular sovereignty and individual rights. The speed with which it was drafted, in just one week, testifies to the urgency and intensity of the political and social debates of the time. Despite this, the Declaration managed to capture the spirit of the times and articulate ideas that resonated deeply with the aspirations of the people. It dealt with concepts such as freedom, equality, property, and resistance to oppression, themes that were at the heart of revolutionary concerns.
1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》之所以经久不衰、影响深远,就在于其普 遍性和创新性。宣言》起草于 1789 年 8 月,正值法国大革命的高潮,它不仅对法国,而且对全世界都具有革命性的意义,它确立了超越国界和文化特性的原则。宣言》的主要目的是明确界定基本权利,为起草法国未来的宪法奠定基础。制宪会议希望制定一套原则,指导法国社会从绝对君主制向基于人民主权和个人权利的社会转型。宣言》起草速度之快,仅用了一周时间,足以证明当时政治和社会辩论的紧迫性和激烈性。尽管如此,《宣言》还是成功地捕捉到了时代精神,阐述了与人民的愿望产生深刻共鸣的思想。宣言》涉及自由、平等、财产和反抗压迫等概念,这些都是革命关注的核心主题。


The Declaration gained such popularity and respect that it has not been substantially altered since, acquiring an almost sacred status in French constitutional history. Its reputation and influence quickly spread beyond France, inspiring democratic movements and human rights struggles around the world. Its universalism and originality made the Declaration a fundamental text in the history of human rights, a document that continues to be cited and referenced in discussions on civil and political rights around the world. Its rapid drafting, far from diminishing its significance, seems to have captured the essence of revolutionary ideals in a succinct and powerful way, which partly explains its popularity and longevity.
宣言》获得了广泛的欢迎和尊重,自此之后再未进行过实质性修改,在法国宪法史上获得了近乎神圣的地位。宣言》的声誉和影响迅速超越法国,激励着世界各地的民主运动和人权斗争。宣言》的普遍性和独创性使其成为人权史上的基本文件,在世界各地有关公民权利和政治权利的讨论中不断被引用和参考。宣言》的起草速度之快非但没有削弱其重要性,反而似乎以简洁有力的方式抓住了革命理想的精髓,这也是其《宣言》广受欢迎并长盛不衰的部分原因。


The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, revolutionary in its content and scope, is distinguished by its universalism, intended to apply not just to French citizens but to all mankind. This approach marks a significant break with previous rights documents, which were often limited by national contexts or specific statuses. The intention of the drafters of the Declaration was to create a document that would transcend national boundaries and speak to a universal set of human rights and principles. This reflects the influence of Enlightenment philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, whose ideas on natural rights and popular sovereignty were based on concepts of universal humanity and inalienable rights. The emphasis placed on "man" and "the citizen" in the Declaration underlines this universal ambition. The term "man" refers to humanity as a whole, affirming rights and freedoms that are intrinsic to all human beings, regardless of their nationality or social status. At the same time, the use of the term "citizen" emphasises the active role of individuals in governance and political society, reflecting the ideals of democratic participation and popular sovereignty. The Declaration thus established a framework in which individual rights and freedoms were not just the prerogative of French citizens, but principles applicable to all peoples. Its influence has been global, inspiring human rights movements and democratic reforms far beyond France. The principles set out in the Declaration have been incorporated into numerous national constitutions and international human rights instruments, affirming its central role in the history of human rights.
1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》在内容和范围上都具有革命性,其特点是具有普遍性,不仅适用于法国公民,而且适用于全人类。这种做法标志着与以往权利文件的重大突破,因为以往的权利文件往往受到国家背景或特定身份的限制。宣言》起草者的意图是制定一份超越国界的文件,阐述一套普遍的人权和原则。这反映了让-雅克-卢梭和约翰-洛克等启蒙哲学家的影响,他们关于自然权利和人民主权的思想是基于普遍人性和不可剥夺权利的概念。宣言》对 """公民 "的强调凸显了这一普遍抱负。人 "指的是全人类,肯定了所有人固有的权利和自由,无论其国籍或社会地位如何。同时,"公民 "一词的使用强调了个人在治理和政治社会中的积极作用,反映了民主参与和人民主权的理想。因此,《宣言》建立了一个框架,在这个框架中,个人权利和自由不仅是法国公民的特权,也是适用于所有国家人民的原则。宣言》的影响是全球性的,它所激励的人权运动和民主改革远远超出了法国。宣言》中阐述的原则已被纳入许多国家的宪法和国际人权文书,肯定了其在人权历史上的核心作用。


The brevity of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is in fact linked to its objective of universalism. By focusing on the expression of major fundamental principles, the Declaration aimed to set out clear, powerful and widely acceptable ideas that could be understood and embraced by everyone, regardless of their national or cultural context. This approach reflects the desire of the drafters to create a document that would transcend local specificities and speak to universal aspirations for justice, freedom and equality. By refraining from getting bogged down in details or overly specific provisions, the Declaration has been able to articulate principles that are both profound and general enough to be applicable in a variety of contexts.
事实上,1789 年《人权和公民权利宣言》的简明扼要与其普遍性目标有关。宣言》侧重于表达主要的基本原则,旨在提出明确、有力和广为接受的思想,使每个 人都能理解和接受,而不论其民族或文化背景如何。这种方法反映了起草者的愿望,即制定一份超越地方特点的文件,表达对正义、自由和平等的普遍渴望。通过避免陷入细节或过于具体的规定,《宣言》能够阐明既深刻又普遍的原则,足以适用于各种情况。


These principles, such as liberty, equality before the law, popular sovereignty, and the rights to property and security, were designed to withstand the tests of time and changes in political or social circumstances. Their concise wording and universal character facilitated their adoption and incorporation into legislation and constitutions throughout the world, as well as in subsequent international declarations on human rights. The brevity of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is not a limitation, but rather a strength. It allowed the document to capture the essence of revolutionary ideals in a clear and memorable way, contributing to its iconic status and lasting influence in the history of human rights.
这些原则,如自由、法律面前人人平等、人民主权、财产权和安全权,旨在经受住时间的考验和政治或社会环境的变化。这些原则措辞简洁,具有普遍性,因此被世界各地的法律和宪法以及随后的国际人权宣言所采纳和纳入。人和公民的权利宣言》的简明扼要不是一种限制,而是一种优势。它使该文件能够以清晰和令人难忘的方式抓住革命理想的精髓,从而使其在人权史上具有标志性的地位和持久的影响。


The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen does indeed place particular emphasis on the individual, asserting rights that fall within the personal sphere and requiring the State to adopt an attitude of non-interference in certain private affairs. This approach is fundamentally rooted in individualism, a key feature of the liberal thinking that was emerging at the time. One of the central principles of the Declaration is the freedom of the individual, understood as the right to be and act without unwarranted interference by the state. This principle implies an obligation on the part of the State to limit its action in the lives of its citizens, except where necessary to protect the rights of others or for the common good. This notion of individual liberty is a reaction against the abuse of power and arbitrary interference by the State that were typical of the Ancien Régime. The importance attached to the right to property in the Declaration also reflects this trend towards individualism. Property is considered an inviolable and sacred right, underlining the value that liberal society places on individual possession and economic autonomy. The right to property is seen not only as a pillar of personal freedom, but also as an essential element of the social and economic order.
1789 年《人权和公民权利宣言》确实特别强调个人,主张属于个人领域的权 利,并要求国家对某些私人事务采取不干涉的态度。这种做法从根本上植根于个人主义,而个人主义正是当时正在兴起的自由主义思想的一个重要特征。宣言》的核心原则之一是个人自由,即个人在不受国家无理干涉的情况下生存和行动的权利。这一原则意味着国家有义务限制其在公民生活中的行动,除非是为了保护他人的权利或共同利益。这种个人自由的理念是对旧制度下典型的国家滥用权力和任意干涉的反动。宣言》对财产权的重视也反映了这种个人主义趋势。财产权被视为一项不可侵犯的神圣权利,凸显了自由社会对个人所有权和经济自主权的重视。财产权不仅被视为个人自由的支柱,也是社会和经济秩序的基本要素。


It is interesting to note that, from this perspective, the right to property does not impose any explicit obligations on society or the state beyond the recognition and protection of this right. This vision reflects the idea that the protection of individual rights, including the right to property, is in itself sufficient to guarantee a fair and balanced society. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen is deeply rooted in an individualist framework, in which personal freedom and property are seen as fundamental to the development of the individual and the functioning of the State. This orientation had a considerable influence on the subsequent development of political and legal theories, particularly in Western countries.
值得注意的是,从这个角度来看,财产权除了承认和保护这一权利之外,并没有对社会或国家施加任何明确的义务。这种观点反映了这样一种思想,即保护包括财产权在内的个人权利本身就足以保证社会的公平和平衡。人和公民的权利宣言》深深植根于个人主义框架,其中个人自由和财产被视为个人发展和国家运作的根本。这一取向对后来的政治和法律理论发展产生了相当大的影响,尤其是在西方国家。


The 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted in the tumultuous aftermath of the French Revolution, quickly gained widespread popularity in France and beyond for its innovative approach and universalism. Its success can be attributed to a number of contextual and historical factors that interacted to make this document a powerful symbol of freedom and human rights. At the heart of the French Revolution, society was going through a period of profound political and social change. The ideas of Enlightenment philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "Social Contract" and John Locke's "Natural Rights" had already paved the way for a challenge to the established order. These philosophers defended the principles of individual liberty, equality and democratic governance, which are reflected in the Declaration. The Declaration, in its conciseness, brilliantly encapsulated these ideals. By emphasising individualism and property rights, it responded to a deep-seated desire for protection against abuses of state power and for recognition of individual freedoms. Individualism, in particular, resonated with the aspirations of a population eager to free itself from the shackles of the feudal and monarchical structure. In addition, the right to property was seen as a fundamental pillar of economic and personal independence, in stark contrast to the inequalities of wealth and status of the Ancien Régime.
1789 年《人权和公民权利宣言》在法国大革命后的动荡时期获得通过,因其创新的方法和普遍性而迅速在法国和其他国家广受欢迎。它的成功可归因于一系列背景和历史因素,这些因素相互作用,使这份文件成为自由和人权的有力象征。在法国大革命的核心时期,社会正经历着深刻的政治和社会变革。让-雅克-卢梭的 "社会契约 "和约翰-洛克的 "自然权利 "等启蒙哲学家的思想已经为挑战既定秩序铺平了道路。这些哲学家捍卫了个人自由、平等和民主治理的原则,这些原则在《宣言》中得到了体现。宣言》简明扼要地概括了这些理想。通过强调个人主义和财产权,《宣言》回应了人们根深蒂固的愿望,即保护个人免受滥用国家权力之害和个人自由得到承认。个人主义尤其与渴望摆脱封建和君主制结构束缚的民众的愿望产生了共鸣。此外,财产权被视为经济和个人独立的基本支柱,与旧制度下财富和地位的不平等形成鲜明对比。


The Declaration's impact extended far beyond France's borders. Its universalism inspired human rights movements and democratic reforms in other parts of the world. For example, the Declaration's ideals influenced revolutionary movements in nineteenth-century Europe and also played a role in the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, underlining its enduring and global influence. The popularity of the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was no accident of history, but the result of a perfect alignment between the aspirations of the moment, the philosophical influences of the time and the clear and powerful presentation of universal principles that continued to resonate with the emerging values of the modern age. Its legacy lives on, still symbolising the struggle for freedom and justice throughout the world.
宣言》的影响远远超出了法国的国界。它的普遍性激励了世界其他地区的人权运动和民主改革。例如,《宣言》的理想影响了 19 世纪欧洲的革命运动,也在 1948 年《世界人权宣言》的制定过程中发挥了作用,凸显了其持久的全球影响力。1789 年《人权和公民权宣言》的流行并非历史的偶然,而是当时的愿望、当时的哲学影响与清晰有力的普世原则之间完美契合的结果,这些原则将继续与现代的新兴价值观产生共鸣。它的遗产仍在延续,仍然象征着全世界为自由和正义而进行的斗争。


The influence of the declarations of rights that emerged from the French Revolution, notably the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789 and the revised version of 1795, extended far beyond the borders of France, touching many countries in Europe, including Switzerland. This period was marked by the spread of French revolutionary ideals across the continent, often accompanied by political and constitutional changes in territories conquered or influenced by France. Switzerland, with its first constitution in 1798, is a notable example. The Helvetic Republic, established under French influence, adopted a constitution that reflected the principles of the French Revolution. Although this constitution was inspired by French ideas, particularly with regard to the centralisation of power and individual rights, it also had to take account of Swiss specificities and traditions.
法国大革命产生的权利宣言,特别是 1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》和 1795 年的修订版,其影响远远超出了法国的国界,触及了包括瑞士在内的许多欧洲国家。这一时期的特点是法国革命理想在欧洲大陆的传播,往往伴随着被法国征服或受法国影响的领土上的政治和宪法变革。瑞士在 1798 年颁布了第一部宪法,就是一个显著的例子。在法国影响下建立的海尔维第共和国通过了一部反映法国大革命原则的宪法。虽然这部宪法受到法国思想的启发,特别是在中央集权和个人权利方面,但它也必须考虑到瑞士的特点和传统。


The French Revolution had a considerable impact on Europe, not only in terms of territorial conquests but also in exporting its political and legal ideals. French declarations of rights served as a model for reformers and revolutionaries in other countries, inspiring constitutional changes and legislative reforms. They introduced concepts such as popular sovereignty, equality before the law, and individual liberties, which were new and revolutionary for many European societies at the time. However, the adoption of these ideals was not always simple or straightforward. In many cases, efforts to implement French revolutionary principles met with local resistance, entrenched traditions and complex political contexts. For example, although the Constitution of 1798 marked a milestone in Swiss constitutional history, it also gave rise to controversy and internal conflict, reflecting the challenges of adapting French revolutionary ideas to other national contexts. The influence of the French Revolution's declarations of rights spread across Europe, having a profound effect on the continent's political and legal development. Switzerland, with its constitution of 1798, is an example of how these ideas were adapted and integrated into other political systems, illustrating the lasting and widespread impact of French revolutionary principles.
法国大革命对欧洲产生了巨大影响,不仅征服了欧洲领土,还输出了其政治和法律理想。法国的权利宣言为其他国家的改革者和革命者树立了榜样,激发了宪法变革和立法改革。这些宣言引入了人民主权、法律面前人人平等和个人自由等概念,对于当时的许多欧洲社会来说,这些概念都是全新的、革命性的。然而,采纳这些理想并不总是简单直接的。在许多情况下,实施法国革命原则的努力遇到了地方阻力、根深蒂固的传统和复杂的政治环境。例如,虽然 1798 年宪法标志着瑞士宪法史上的一个里程碑,但它也引发了争议和内部冲突,反映了将法国革命思想适应其他国家环境所面临的挑战。法国大革命权利宣言的影响遍及欧洲,对欧洲大陆的政治和法律发展产生了深远影响。瑞士的 1798 年宪法是这些思想如何适应并融入其他政治制度的一个范例,说明了法国革命原则的持久而广泛的影响。


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Version actuelle datée du 19 décembre 2023 à 10:53

根据维克多-莫尼埃的课程改编[1][2][3]


18 世纪末的权利宣言,如法国的《人权和公民权利宣言》(1789 年)和美国的《权利法案》(1791 年),标志着基本权利历史上的高潮。然而,这些权利的起源可以追溯到 18 世纪以前。

基本权利通常被视为人类尊严的固有原则,是随着历史的发展而演变的。18 世纪之前的文件,如英国的《大宪章》(1215 年),通过限制君主的权力和承认贵族的某些权利,进而承认人民的某些权利,为这些权利奠定了基础。在中世纪和文艺复兴时期,哲学家和法学家开始构思后来影响权利宣言的理念。例如,当时已经开始讨论个人自由和公平正义的概念,并将其纳入各种法律和政治实践中。启蒙运动是 17 和 18 世纪的一场思想运动,在基本权利的发展中发挥了至关重要的作用。约翰-洛克(John Locke)、孟德斯鸠(Montesquieu)和让-雅克-卢梭(Jean-Jacques Rousseau)等哲学家提出了关于自然权利、社会契约和三权分立的理论,对 18 世纪末权利宣言的起草者产生了极大的影响。尽管十八世纪末的权利宣言是重要的里程碑,但它们是漫长历史和思想进程的顶点,而这一进程早在十八世纪之前就已开始。

美国权利法案 1776 - 1783[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

1776 年 7 月 4 日,美国十三个殖民地宣布从大不列颠王国独立,他们实际上断绝了与英王乔治三世的联系,建立了一个新的国家:美利坚合众国。这一独立宣言不仅标志着殖民地历史上的一个历史性转折点,也标志着全世界主权和民主治理思想的发展。

在《宣言》发表之前,这些殖民地处于英国主权之下,受英国议会和国王颁布的法律和政策管辖。与英国决裂的动机多种多样,其中包括经济上的不满,如没有议会代表的征税("没有代表就没有税收"),以及日益增长的自治和自我治理的愿望。宣布独立后,十三个殖民地(即现在的各州)形成了邦联结构,作为其最初的政府形式。这种结构的特点是各州之间结成松散的联盟,每个州都保留了很大程度的主权和独立。邦联受《邦联条款》制约,该文件建立了各州的永久联盟,但授予联邦政府的中央权力却很少。邦联时期的政府结构暴露出一些弱点,尤其是在征税、管理贸易和维持秩序的能力方面。这些问题最终导致了1787年《美国宪法》的起草和批准,该宪法建立了一个更强大的联邦制度,平衡了中央政府和各州的权力。

1776 年《美国独立宣言》发表后,现已转变为主权国家的十三个殖民地开始起草自己的宪法。这一运动标志着以人民主权原则为基础的欧洲君主制的彻底决裂。这种做法是革命性的,它将政府的权力和合法性直接掌握在人民手中,而不是君主手中。

这些美国新州的宪法内容各不相同,但对人的自然和不可剥夺的权利有着共同的承诺。其中八个州,包括乔治-梅森(George Mason)于 1776 年起草了《权利法案》的弗吉尼亚州,更进一步在其宪法开头纳入了《权利法案》。这些宣言深受启蒙运动和约翰-洛克等哲学家思想的影响,他们提出了生命权、自由权和财产权的概念。这些权利宣言有几个基本功能。首先,它们明确承认基本自然权利的存在,如言论和宗教自由以及获得公平审判的权利。例如,《弗吉尼亚权利法案》明确规定了政府不得侵犯的自由,从而肯定了这些权利。其次,通过列举这些权利,他们试图限制政府的权力,从而提供保护,防止滥用权力和专制主义。最后,他们确认了民主原则,即政府是为人民服务而建立的,其合法性来自人民的意愿。这些宣言对人权历史产生了重大影响。它们不仅塑造了新美国各州的治理和政策,还影响了《权利法案》的起草,即 1791 年批准的《美国宪法》前十条修正案。这些历史性文件奠定了公民权利的基础,并继续影响着世界各地关于自由和正义的当代辩论。

1776 年 6 月通过的《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》实际上是新世界第一部正式的权利法案。然而,有必要澄清托马斯-杰斐逊在其中扮演的角色。虽然人们普遍认为杰斐逊起草了 1776 年 7 月 4 日通过的《美国独立宣言》,但事实上,乔治-梅森才是《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》的主要作者。弗吉尼亚权利宣言》对《独立宣言》和其他基本文件产生了重大影响。梅森在文中阐述了个人自由和人权的原则,如言论自由、新闻自由、宗教自由和获得公平审判的权利。这些思想与《独立宣言》中阐述的原则产生了共鸣,《独立宣言》阐明了反对英国压迫的自由和自治理想。

杰斐逊在起草《独立宣言》时,借鉴了这些理念以及启蒙哲学家的思想,为殖民地脱离英国进行辩护。这两份文件之间的联系证明了当时的思想和政治氛围,自然权利和民主政府的思想正被越来越多的人所接受。弗吉尼亚权利宣言》还成为美国未来权利法案的范本,并影响了《权利法案》(美国宪法前十条修正案)的制定。因此,它对美国建国和西方世界人权发展的影响是毋庸置疑的。

1787 年,美利坚合众国通过了《美国宪法》这一建国文件,确立了美国联邦政府的框架。这部宪法是在费城会议上起草的,标志着从《邦联条款》下的邦联结构向更强大、更集中的联邦制度的重大过渡。弗吉尼亚权利法案》对美国宪法的影响,尤其是第一修正案,是美国宪法史的一个重要方面。虽然 1787 年的原始宪法并未包含《权利法案》,但明确保护个人权利的要求是许多代表和公民的主要关切。

这种担忧部分源于《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》等文件的影响。弗吉尼亚宣言》中提出的言论自由、宗教自由和公平审判权等原则被视为保护公民免受过于强大的中央政府侵害的必要条件。这就是为什么在《宪法》获得批准后,美国第一届国会的首批行动之一就是提出一系列修正案来保障这些权利。这些修正案统称为《权利法案》,深受《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》和乔治-梅森思想的影响。这些修正案由詹姆斯-麦迪逊于 1789 年提出,并于 1791 年获得批准,成为《宪法》的前十条修正案。权利法案》保障了许多公民自由,限制了联邦政府的权力,反映了几年前《弗吉尼亚权利法案》所表达的关切和理想。

法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795[modifier | modifier le wikicode]

巴尔比耶人权宣言

1789 年至 1804 年期间,法国经历了以法国大革命及其后果为标志的一系列宪法,每部宪法都包含权利宣言。这段激烈的政治变革时期反映了自由、平等和博爱的革命理想,以及与旧君主制决裂的愿望。

1791 年通过的第一部宪法在很大程度上借鉴了 1789 年发表的《人权和公民权利宣言》。这一具有革命性影响的宣言提出了个人权利和人民主权的普遍原则。它不仅受到让-雅克-卢梭和孟德斯鸠等启蒙哲学家的强烈影响,也受到美国权利法案实例的影响。事实上,法国制宪者非常了解美国的宪法发展。美国各州宪法中的权利宣言以及 1776 年的《独立宣言》都是重要的参考资料。它们为法国宪法文件中权利和治理原则的发展提供了范本。

在此期间,每部新的法国宪法都试图应对不断变化的政治和社会挑战。例如,直辖时期通过的第三年宪法(1795 年)和拿破仑-波拿巴执政时期开始执政的第八年宪法(1799 年)都包含了权利宣言,尽管其实际应用因当时的政治现实而有所不同。法国的这一系列宪法及其权利宣言表明,法国大革命的理想是如何演变并以不同方式付诸实践的。同时,美国当时的宪法发展对法国的跨大西洋影响,也是全世界革命思想和人权相互联系的早期例证。

1789 年,法国陷入政治、经济和社会动荡的深重危机。这是法国历史上至关重要的一年,标志着法国大革命的开始,这场运动将彻底改变法国社会并影响整个世界。法国卷入美国独立战争加剧了经济困难,君主财政管理不善,歉收导致面包价格上涨,以及对僵化和不平等的封建制度的普遍不满,这些因素都加剧了这场危机。在此背景下,1789 年 6 月 17 日,来自第三等级的代表们在一些神职人员和贵族的加入下,宣布成立国民制宪会议,表示他们打算为法国起草一部新宪法。这一行动本身就具有革命性,因为它挑战了国王路易十六的绝对权威,并声称有权以人民的名义进行治理。

制宪会议的第一个也是最重要的行动之一,就是起草了《人权和公民权利宣言》,并于 1789 年 8 月 26 日获得通过。该宣言确立了成为法国大革命和现代民主国家基石的基本原则。它宣布了自由、财产、安全、反抗压迫、法律面前人人平等以及言论和宗教自由等权利。人和公民的权利宣言》深受启蒙运动理想以及《美国独立宣言》和《美国各州权利宣言》等文件的影响。它代表着与旧秩序的彻底决裂,确立了以人民权利和主权为基础的新制度的原则。宣言》成为法国大革命的标志性文件,对全世界人权和自由民主的发展产生了持久的影响。

1789 年在法国大革命背景下通过的《人权和公民权利宣言》是人权和政治思想史上的关键时刻。受启蒙思想和《弗吉尼亚宣言》等文件的强烈影响,《宣言》试图将自由、平等和个人不可剥夺的权利等普遍原则编纂成法典。

反映这些思想的《宣言》条款深深植根于当时的时代背景。例如,第 1 条规定 "人生而自由,权利平等。社会差别只能以共同利益为基础"。这种对基本平等和与生俱来的自由的肯定是对旧政体的封建结构和贵族特权的反动。第 2 条规定 "每个政治团体的宗旨是维护人的自然的和不受时效限制的权利。这些权利是自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫",这与约翰-洛克和其他启蒙思想家的哲学相呼应,强调了政府作为个人基本权利保护者的作用。至于个人自由,第 4 条界定了其范围: "自由在于能够做任何不损害他人的事情:因此,每个人行使自然权利时,除了确保社会其他成员享有同样权利的限制外,没有其他限制。这些限制只能由法律来确定"。这种受他人权利限制并受法律约束的自由概念是现代自由主义理论的支柱。关于法律与民主概念的第 6 条规定 "法律是普遍意志的体现。所有公民都有权亲自或通过其代表为法律的制定做出贡献。法律必须对所有人一视同仁,无论是保护还是惩罚。由于所有公民在法律面前一律平等,因此他们根据自己的能力,不分德行和才能,同样有资格获得一切公共荣誉、职位和工作"。这一条强调了建立在法律面前人人平等和政治参与权基础上的社会理念。第 7 条涉及法律公正问题: "除法律规定的情况和形式外,任何人不得被指控、逮捕或拘留。凡唆使、派遣、执行或致使执行任意命令者,必须受到惩罚;但任何被依法传唤或扣押的公民必须立即服从:拒不服从者即为有罪"。这种防止任意逮捕和拘留的保护措施是对前政权滥用权力的直接回应。最后,第 11 条规定 第 11 条规定:"自由交流思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一:因此,在法律规定的情况下,每个公民都可以自由地说话、写作和印刷,而不必为滥用这种自由负责",第 17 条规定:"财产是不可侵犯的": 第 17 条规定:"财产是一项不可侵犯的神圣权利,任何人不得被剥夺财产,除非法律确定的公共需要明显需要剥夺财产,并须事先给予公平的补偿",这说明了对言论、出版和财产等公民自由的重视。这些条款被纳入《人权和公民权 利宣言》,奠定了现代民主制度的理论基础,对民主的发展产生了深远影响。

人和公民的权利宣言》发表于 1789 年法国大革命的高潮时期,是一份重要的历史文献,它所确立的原则重新定义了现代社会的基本权利概念。宣言》反映了当时的时代精神,并受到让-雅克-卢梭和约翰-洛克等启蒙哲学家的影响,它所制定的权利体现了法国人民面对压迫和不公正时的深切愿望。

自由是《宣言》的核心支柱,在《宣言》的多个条款中都有涉及。它不仅被定义为一项固有的人权,而且还被定义为一项在行使权利时必须尊重他人权利的原则,这标志着从绝对的自由概念过渡到对这一概念更加社会化和相互依存的理解。此外,《宣言》承认安全是一项基本权利,保障个人不受虐待和任意对待。在无正当理由的逮捕和监禁司空见惯的时代背景下,这一权利具有特殊的意义,象征着对旧制度滥用权力做法的反对。反抗压迫的权利也得到了确认,直接反映了 1789 年的革命形势。这种纳入具有革命性,因为它使反抗不公正政府的行为合法化,而这一概念与君权神授和绝对服从君主的原则直接相悖。财产被宣布为不可侵犯的神圣权利,这证明了保护个人财产的重要性。在一个处于变革阵痛中的社会里,封建权利受到质疑,承认财产是一项基本权利是向现代社会和经济组织迈出的一步。最后,安全被理解为免受不公正和任意待遇的保护,是《宣言》中规定的一项基本权利。它为公民提供法律保护,确保政府行为以合法和公正的原则为基础。

人和公民的权利宣言》中阐述的这些权利不仅仅是抽象的理想;它们反映了一个正处于变革阵痛中的国家的斗争和愿望。它们是对当时的挑战和弊端的直接回应,其影响远远超出了法国的国界。这份文件成为未来人权宣言的典范,并对全世界民主宪法和法律制度的发展产生了深远影响。

法国 1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》和美国 1776 年的《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》是两份重要的历史文献,为第一代基本权利奠定了基础。这些第一代权利主要侧重于公民自由和政治自由,强调个人自由、政治参与、正义和免受专制政府侵害的原则。这两份宣言都着重强调了言论自由、宗教自由、公平审判权、免受任意逮捕和拘留的权利以及财产权。这些权利被视为基本权利,因为它们对个人尊严和有效参与民主社会至关重要。

主要由乔治-梅森起草的《弗吉尼亚宣言》是最早将这些权利编入政府文件的文书之一。它不仅影响了《美国宪法》及其《权利法案》,还影响了世界各地的其他权利法案,包括法国的《人权和公民权利宣言》。就其本身而言,《人权和公民权利宣言》是在法国大革命的动荡背景下通过的,标志着在承认个人权利以对抗君主政体压迫方面迈出了重要一步。它反映并强化了启蒙哲学的思想,特别是关于人民主权和个人不可剥夺权利的思想。这些文件为后来的人权发展奠定了基础。这些宣言中规定的第一代权利继续构成现代民主宪法和国际人权宣言的核心,突显了它们在争取自由和正义的斗争中的持久重要性和相关性。

法国 1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》虽然为公民和政治权利奠定了基础,但实际上并未包含任何有关社会权利的条款。这一缺失反映了当时的历史背景和意识形态的优先事项,即主要侧重于个人自由、保护个人免受政府压迫以及确立民主原则。当时的重点是建立议会民主制,有时是主权在民的直接民主制。1789 年宣言》中规定的权利主要是为了限制政府权力和保障个人自由,如言论自由、宗教自由和财产权。

工作权、受教育权、健康权和社会保障权等社会权利直到 19 世纪末 20 世纪初才开始得到广泛承认。这一发展在很大程度上是由于社会和经济的变化,特别是工业化和工人运动的兴起,凸显了工业资本主义造成的社会不平等和困难。这些社会权利在二十世纪逐渐被纳入国家宪法和国际人权文书,特别是 1948 年通过的《世界人权宣言》,其中既包括公民和政治权利,也包括经济、社会和文化权利。1789 年的《宣言》虽然是人权历史上的一份基本文件,但它代表了人权演变的最初阶 段,其重点是公民权利和政治权利。后来,为了应对工业和后工业时代的需求和挑战,才将社会权利纳入人权论述。

1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》之所以经久不衰、影响深远,就在于其普 遍性和创新性。宣言》起草于 1789 年 8 月,正值法国大革命的高潮,它不仅对法国,而且对全世界都具有革命性的意义,它确立了超越国界和文化特性的原则。宣言》的主要目的是明确界定基本权利,为起草法国未来的宪法奠定基础。制宪会议希望制定一套原则,指导法国社会从绝对君主制向基于人民主权和个人权利的社会转型。宣言》起草速度之快,仅用了一周时间,足以证明当时政治和社会辩论的紧迫性和激烈性。尽管如此,《宣言》还是成功地捕捉到了时代精神,阐述了与人民的愿望产生深刻共鸣的思想。宣言》涉及自由、平等、财产和反抗压迫等概念,这些都是革命关注的核心主题。

宣言》获得了广泛的欢迎和尊重,自此之后再未进行过实质性修改,在法国宪法史上获得了近乎神圣的地位。宣言》的声誉和影响迅速超越法国,激励着世界各地的民主运动和人权斗争。宣言》的普遍性和独创性使其成为人权史上的基本文件,在世界各地有关公民权利和政治权利的讨论中不断被引用和参考。宣言》的起草速度之快非但没有削弱其重要性,反而似乎以简洁有力的方式抓住了革命理想的精髓,这也是其《宣言》广受欢迎并长盛不衰的部分原因。

1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》在内容和范围上都具有革命性,其特点是具有普遍性,不仅适用于法国公民,而且适用于全人类。这种做法标志着与以往权利文件的重大突破,因为以往的权利文件往往受到国家背景或特定身份的限制。宣言》起草者的意图是制定一份超越国界的文件,阐述一套普遍的人权和原则。这反映了让-雅克-卢梭和约翰-洛克等启蒙哲学家的影响,他们关于自然权利和人民主权的思想是基于普遍人性和不可剥夺权利的概念。宣言》对 "人 "和 "公民 "的强调凸显了这一普遍抱负。人 "指的是全人类,肯定了所有人固有的权利和自由,无论其国籍或社会地位如何。同时,"公民 "一词的使用强调了个人在治理和政治社会中的积极作用,反映了民主参与和人民主权的理想。因此,《宣言》建立了一个框架,在这个框架中,个人权利和自由不仅是法国公民的特权,也是适用于所有国家人民的原则。宣言》的影响是全球性的,它所激励的人权运动和民主改革远远超出了法国。宣言》中阐述的原则已被纳入许多国家的宪法和国际人权文书,肯定了其在人权历史上的核心作用。

事实上,1789 年《人权和公民权利宣言》的简明扼要与其普遍性目标有关。宣言》侧重于表达主要的基本原则,旨在提出明确、有力和广为接受的思想,使每个 人都能理解和接受,而不论其民族或文化背景如何。这种方法反映了起草者的愿望,即制定一份超越地方特点的文件,表达对正义、自由和平等的普遍渴望。通过避免陷入细节或过于具体的规定,《宣言》能够阐明既深刻又普遍的原则,足以适用于各种情况。

这些原则,如自由、法律面前人人平等、人民主权、财产权和安全权,旨在经受住时间的考验和政治或社会环境的变化。这些原则措辞简洁,具有普遍性,因此被世界各地的法律和宪法以及随后的国际人权宣言所采纳和纳入。人和公民的权利宣言》的简明扼要不是一种限制,而是一种优势。它使该文件能够以清晰和令人难忘的方式抓住革命理想的精髓,从而使其在人权史上具有标志性的地位和持久的影响。

1789 年《人权和公民权利宣言》确实特别强调个人,主张属于个人领域的权 利,并要求国家对某些私人事务采取不干涉的态度。这种做法从根本上植根于个人主义,而个人主义正是当时正在兴起的自由主义思想的一个重要特征。宣言》的核心原则之一是个人自由,即个人在不受国家无理干涉的情况下生存和行动的权利。这一原则意味着国家有义务限制其在公民生活中的行动,除非是为了保护他人的权利或共同利益。这种个人自由的理念是对旧制度下典型的国家滥用权力和任意干涉的反动。宣言》对财产权的重视也反映了这种个人主义趋势。财产权被视为一项不可侵犯的神圣权利,凸显了自由社会对个人所有权和经济自主权的重视。财产权不仅被视为个人自由的支柱,也是社会和经济秩序的基本要素。

值得注意的是,从这个角度来看,财产权除了承认和保护这一权利之外,并没有对社会或国家施加任何明确的义务。这种观点反映了这样一种思想,即保护包括财产权在内的个人权利本身就足以保证社会的公平和平衡。人和公民的权利宣言》深深植根于个人主义框架,其中个人自由和财产被视为个人发展和国家运作的根本。这一取向对后来的政治和法律理论发展产生了相当大的影响,尤其是在西方国家。

1789 年《人权和公民权利宣言》在法国大革命后的动荡时期获得通过,因其创新的方法和普遍性而迅速在法国和其他国家广受欢迎。它的成功可归因于一系列背景和历史因素,这些因素相互作用,使这份文件成为自由和人权的有力象征。在法国大革命的核心时期,社会正经历着深刻的政治和社会变革。让-雅克-卢梭的 "社会契约 "和约翰-洛克的 "自然权利 "等启蒙哲学家的思想已经为挑战既定秩序铺平了道路。这些哲学家捍卫了个人自由、平等和民主治理的原则,这些原则在《宣言》中得到了体现。宣言》简明扼要地概括了这些理想。通过强调个人主义和财产权,《宣言》回应了人们根深蒂固的愿望,即保护个人免受滥用国家权力之害和个人自由得到承认。个人主义尤其与渴望摆脱封建和君主制结构束缚的民众的愿望产生了共鸣。此外,财产权被视为经济和个人独立的基本支柱,与旧制度下财富和地位的不平等形成鲜明对比。

宣言》的影响远远超出了法国的国界。它的普遍性激励了世界其他地区的人权运动和民主改革。例如,《宣言》的理想影响了 19 世纪欧洲的革命运动,也在 1948 年《世界人权宣言》的制定过程中发挥了作用,凸显了其持久的全球影响力。1789 年《人权和公民权宣言》的流行并非历史的偶然,而是当时的愿望、当时的哲学影响与清晰有力的普世原则之间完美契合的结果,这些原则将继续与现代的新兴价值观产生共鸣。它的遗产仍在延续,仍然象征着全世界为自由和正义而进行的斗争。

法国大革命产生的权利宣言,特别是 1789 年的《人权和公民权利宣言》和 1795 年的修订版,其影响远远超出了法国的国界,触及了包括瑞士在内的许多欧洲国家。这一时期的特点是法国革命理想在欧洲大陆的传播,往往伴随着被法国征服或受法国影响的领土上的政治和宪法变革。瑞士在 1798 年颁布了第一部宪法,就是一个显著的例子。在法国影响下建立的海尔维第共和国通过了一部反映法国大革命原则的宪法。虽然这部宪法受到法国思想的启发,特别是在中央集权和个人权利方面,但它也必须考虑到瑞士的特点和传统。

法国大革命对欧洲产生了巨大影响,不仅征服了欧洲领土,还输出了其政治和法律理想。法国的权利宣言为其他国家的改革者和革命者树立了榜样,激发了宪法变革和立法改革。这些宣言引入了人民主权、法律面前人人平等和个人自由等概念,对于当时的许多欧洲社会来说,这些概念都是全新的、革命性的。然而,采纳这些理想并不总是简单直接的。在许多情况下,实施法国革命原则的努力遇到了地方阻力、根深蒂固的传统和复杂的政治环境。例如,虽然 1798 年宪法标志着瑞士宪法史上的一个里程碑,但它也引发了争议和内部冲突,反映了将法国革命思想适应其他国家环境所面临的挑战。法国大革命权利宣言的影响遍及欧洲,对欧洲大陆的政治和法律发展产生了深远影响。瑞士的 1798 年宪法是这些思想如何适应并融入其他政治制度的一个范例,说明了法国革命原则的持久而广泛的影响。

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