中东地区的语言、宗教和文化 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Annexes */

2023-12-26T10:05:18Z

Annexes

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	这些社区以其独特的习俗和神学解释，展示了中东丰富的宗教马赛克。他们的传统往往以信仰和习俗的融合为特征，反映了该地区的历史、文化和宗教影响。尽管有时正统伊斯兰教派对这些社区持怀疑或敌视态度，但它们在各自国家的社会和文化结构中继续发挥着重要作用，证明了中东宗教景观的多样性和复杂性。		这些社区以其独特的习俗和神学解释，展示了中东丰富的宗教马赛克。他们的传统往往以信仰和习俗的融合为特征，反映了该地区的历史、文化和宗教影响。尽管有时正统伊斯兰教派对这些社区持怀疑或敌视态度，但它们在各自国家的社会和文化结构中继续发挥着重要作用，证明了中东宗教景观的多样性和复杂性。

	= ~~Annexes~~ =		= 附录 =
	*Ayalon, Ami. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JbE5AAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=middle+east+language&ots=Wvo91NYiRt&sig=T6p5vSXqeD6V7QCU16TD8_ZSGJ4 Language and change in the Arab Middle East: the evolution of modern political discourse]. Oxford University Press on Demand, 1987.		*Ayalon, Ami. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JbE5AAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=middle+east+language&ots=Wvo91NYiRt&sig=T6p5vSXqeD6V7QCU16TD8_ZSGJ4 Language and change in the Arab Middle East: the evolution of modern political discourse]. Oxford University Press on Demand, 1987.
	*Myhill, John. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JbE5AAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=middle+east+language&ots=Wvo91NYiRt&sig=T6p5vSXqeD6V7QCU16TD8_ZSGJ4 Language, religion and national identity in Europe and the Middle East: a historical study]. Vol. 21. John Benjamins Publishing, 2006.		*Myhill, John. [https://books.google.fr/books?hl=en&lr=&id=JbE5AAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=middle+east+language&ots=Wvo91NYiRt&sig=T6p5vSXqeD6V7QCU16TD8_ZSGJ4 Language, religion and national identity in Europe and the Middle East: a historical study]. Vol. 21. John Benjamins Publishing, 2006.

	= ~~References~~ =		= 参考资料 =
	<references/>		<references/>

Arthur : /* Principles and currents of Islam */

2023-12-26T10:03:28Z

Principles and currents of Islam

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Arthur : /* 卡尔西会议与戴奥菲斯派基督论 */

2023-12-26T10:00:33Z

卡尔西会议与戴奥菲斯派基督论

← Version précédente		Version du 26 décembre 2023 à 12:00
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	<gallery mode="packed" widths="300px" heights="300px">		<gallery mode="packed" widths="300px" heights="300px">
	Image:Nicaea icon.jpg\|~~Emperor Constantine (centre), with the bishops of the Council of Nicaea (325), anachronistically holding the text of the~~ "~~Nicaea~~-~~Constantinople symbol~~" ~~in its Greek liturgical form, based on the text adopted at the first Council of Constantinople (381).~~		Image:Nicaea icon.jpg\|君士坦丁皇帝（中）与尼西亚大公会议（325 年）的主教们一起，不合时宜地手持以君士坦丁堡第一次大公会议（381 年）通过的文本为基础的希腊语礼仪形式的 "尼西亚-君士坦丁堡标志 "文本。
	Fichier:Great Schism 1054 with former borders.png\|~~The separation of the Eastern (blue) and Western (orange) Churches from~~ 1054.		Fichier:Great Schism 1054 with former borders.png\|1054 年东西方教会分离。
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Arthur : /* The Origins and Branches of Christianity */

2023-12-26T09:59:18Z

The Origins and Branches of Christianity

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Arthur : /* The Foundations and Evolution of Judaism */

2023-12-26T09:57:11Z

The Foundations and Evolution of Judaism

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Arthur : /* Panorama of Religious Beliefs */

2023-12-26T09:54:31Z

Panorama of Religious Beliefs

← Version précédente		Version du 26 décembre 2023 à 11:54
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	自相矛盾的是，禁止或压制某些语言也可能导致人们对这些语言和方言重新产生兴趣，因为这些语言和方言往往被视为一个社区文化特性的基本要素。在某些情况下，这会引发语言和文化抗议运动。例如，土耳其多年来一直压制亚美尼亚语的公开使用，这导致世界各地的亚美尼亚社区对该语言的认识和欣赏有所提高。归根结底，中东的语言政策反映了构建民族特性与保护文化和语言多样性之间的矛盾。对这些政策的反应多种多样，既有对国语的热情采用，也有作为一种文化保护和政治反抗行为对传统语言的抵制和维护。		自相矛盾的是，禁止或压制某些语言也可能导致人们对这些语言和方言重新产生兴趣，因为这些语言和方言往往被视为一个社区文化特性的基本要素。在某些情况下，这会引发语言和文化抗议运动。例如，土耳其多年来一直压制亚美尼亚语的公开使用，这导致世界各地的亚美尼亚社区对该语言的认识和欣赏有所提高。归根结底，中东的语言政策反映了构建民族特性与保护文化和语言多样性之间的矛盾。对这些政策的反应多种多样，既有对国语的热情采用，也有作为一种文化保护和政治反抗行为对传统语言的抵制和维护。

	=~~Panorama of Religious Beliefs~~=		=宗教信仰全景=

	The Middle East is often defined broadly to include regions such as Anatolia (the Asian part of modern Turkey), Egypt (although geographically located in North Africa, it is culturally and historically linked to the Middle East), and Mesopotamia (corresponding to the territories of modern Iraq and Syria, as well as parts of Iran and Turkey). This region, rich in cultural and historical diversity, is recognised as the cradle of several of the world's major religions.		中东通常被广义地定义为包括安纳托利亚（现代土耳其的亚洲部分）、埃及（虽然在地理上位于北非，但在文化和历史上与中东有联系）和美索不达米亚（相当于现代伊拉克和叙利亚的领土，以及伊朗和土耳其的部分地区）等地区。该地区具有丰富的文化和历史多样性，被公认为世界几大宗教的发祥地。

	Judaism, one of the first monotheistic religions, emerged in the Levant, particularly in the historic region of Canaan, which is now divided between Israel and the Palestinian territories. With its roots dating back more than 3,000 years, Judaism has played a central role in the religious and cultural development of the region. Christianity, which grew out of Judaism in the 1st century AD, also has its origins in the Middle East, specifically in the historic region of Judea. It spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire and beyond, becoming a major world religion. Islam, the most recent of the three great Abrahamic religions, was revealed to the prophet Mohammed in the early 7th century in the Arabian city of Mecca. It spread rapidly across the Arabian Peninsula and, through conquest and trade, to vast areas of Asia, Africa and Europe. In addition to these Abrahamic religions, the Middle East is also the birthplace of Zoroastrianism, which was founded by the prophet Zarathustra (or Zoroaster) in ancient Persia, modern-day Iran. Zoroastrianism, which was one of the dominant religions of Persia before Islamisation, is often considered to be one of the oldest monotheistic religions and has influenced other religious traditions through its dualistic concepts of the struggle between good and evil.		犹太教是最早的一神教之一，兴起于黎凡特地区，特别是历史上的迦南地区，该地区现划分为以色列和巴勒斯坦领土。犹太教的根源可追溯到 3000 多年前，在该地区的宗教和文化发展中发挥了核心作用。公元 1 世纪从犹太教发展而来的基督教也起源于中东，特别是历史上的犹太地区。它在罗马帝国内外迅速传播，成为世界主要宗教。伊斯兰教是亚伯拉罕三大宗教中的最新宗教，7 世纪初先知穆罕默德在阿拉伯城市麦加得到启示。它迅速传遍阿拉伯半岛，并通过征服和贸易，传播到亚洲、非洲和欧洲的广大地区。除了这些亚伯拉罕宗教外，中东还是琐罗亚斯德教的发源地，琐罗亚斯德教由先知查拉图斯特拉（或琐罗亚斯德）在古波斯（今伊朗）创立。琐罗亚斯德教是伊斯兰教化之前波斯的主要宗教之一，通常被认为是最古老的一神教之一，其善恶斗争的二元论观念影响了其他宗教传统。

	Each of these religions has contributed to the rich cultural and historical tapestry of the region and continues to profoundly influence the lives, cultures and politics of the modern Middle East. Religious diversity and historical depth make the Middle East a place of particular importance to scholars, believers and visitors from all over the world.		每种宗教都为该地区丰富的文化和历史锦绣做出了贡献，并继续深刻影响着现代中东的生活、文化和政治。宗教的多样性和深厚的历史底蕴使中东对世界各地的学者、信徒和游客具有特别重要的意义。

	==The Foundations and Evolution of Judaism==		==The Foundations and Evolution of Judaism==

Arthur : /* Linguistic Diversity in the Middle East */

2023-12-26T09:53:55Z

Linguistic Diversity in the Middle East

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Arthur le 26 décembre 2023 à 09:52

2023-12-26T09:52:05Z

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Arthur : /* Sunnism and Shiism */

2020-05-11T20:48:12Z

Sunnism and Shiism

← Version précédente		Version du 11 mai 2020 à 22:48
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	书中人的地位不是以平等为目的，而是以宽容为目的。		书中人的地位不是以平等为目的，而是以宽容为目的。

	==~~Sunnism and Shiism~~==		==逊尼派和什叶派==

	For the Shiites, the power was illegitimately appropriated. They will forge a culture of martyrdom. It is in this context that the Imams (descendants of the Prophet according to a bloodline), who are supposed to guide the Ummah, appear. The purpose of this hierarchy is to promote the Qur'an and its interpretations to the community. On the Sunni side, the idea that there is an intermediate authority between God and the believer is rejected.		对什叶派来说，权力被非法侵占。他们将锻造出一种殉道文化。正是在这样的背景下，出现了伊玛目（按血缘关系，先知的后裔），他们应该是指导乌玛的人。这种等级制度的目的是为了向全社会宣传《古兰经》及其解释。在逊尼派方面，反对真主与信徒之间存在着中间权威的思想。

	Thus, for the Shiites, the religious is very important. The Zaydites (Yemenis) do not recognize the 6th Imam while the Ismailis reach the 7th Imam before considering the next one as illegitimate. The 12th Imam, after having disappeared (occulted in 941), reappeared in the Shiite world: this gave birth to a new ideology, duodecimal Shiism (90% ~~of the current Shiites).~~		因此，对什叶派来说，宗教是非常重要的。扎伊德派（也门派）不承认第6任伊玛目，而伊斯梅尔派则认为下一任伊玛目是不合法的，而伊斯梅尔派达到第7任伊玛目后，才认为下一任伊玛目是不合法的。第12任伊玛目在消失后（941年神秘化），在什叶派世界中重新出现：这就产生了一种新的意识形态--十二世教（目前什叶派的90%）。

	Sunni Islam also knows divisions, which are called Madhab (schools). There are 4 of them: Hanafite, Shafeite, Malekite, Hanbalite. Scholars had to provide an interpretation (jurisprudence) of the Koran, which led to these different branches. The practice of the Prophet influences the interpretation of the Qur'an.		逊尼派伊斯兰教也知道分裂，这就是所谓的Madhab（流派）。其中有4个派别。哈纳菲特派、沙菲特派、马勒克派、汉巴派。学者们不得不提供对《古兰经》的解释（法理），从而形成了这些不同的分支。先知的做法影响着对《古兰经》的解释。

	~~There are other groups in the Middle East: Alawites in Syria, Qizilbash, Druze (Lebanon, Israel,~~...~~), Alevis (Turkey)~~. ~~They are syncretic, and therefore result from the fusion of different cults (or heterodox)~~. ~~They can be considered as the sub-branches of Shiism~~. ~~In all cases, the dimension of the trinity between Muhammad, Allah and Ali is very present~~.		在中东地区还有其他群体。叙利亚的阿拉维派、齐齐尔巴什派、德鲁兹派（黎巴嫩、以色列...........）、阿莱维派（土耳其）。他们是混合型的，因此是不同邪教（或异教）融合的结果。它们可以被认为是什叶派的分支。在所有的情况下，穆罕默德、安拉和阿里之间的三位一体的维度都是非常存在的。

	=附件=		=附件=

Arthur : /* Languages */

2020-05-11T20:47:16Z

Languages

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中东地区的语言、宗教和文化 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Annexes */

Arthur : /* Principles and currents of Islam */

Arthur : /* 卡尔西会议与戴奥菲斯派基督论 */

Arthur : /* The Origins and Branches of Christianity */

Arthur : /* The Foundations and Evolution of Judaism */

Arthur : /* Panorama of Religious Beliefs */

Arthur : /* Linguistic Diversity in the Middle East */

Arthur le 26 décembre 2023 à 09:52

Arthur : /* Sunnism and Shiism */

Arthur : /* Languages */

Arthur : /* Annexes */

Arthur : /* Principles and currents of Islam */

Arthur : /* 卡尔西会议与戴奥菲斯派基督论 */

Arthur : /* The Origins and Branches of Christianity */

Arthur : /* The Foundations and Evolution of Judaism */

Arthur : /* Panorama of Religious Beliefs */

Arthur : /* Linguistic Diversity in the Middle East */

Arthur : /* Sunnism and Shiism */

Arthur : /* Languages */