二十世纪基本权利普遍概念的构建 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 一些欧洲国家的战后宪法 */

2023-12-19T16:44:52Z

一些欧洲国家的战后宪法

Arthur : /* 1950 年《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约 */

2023-12-19T16:43:50Z

1950 年《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约

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	== 1950 年《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约 ==		== 1950 年《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约 ==
	It is essential to understand that, although the European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are closely linked in their objective of promoting fundamental rights, the specific guarantee mechanism established by the Convention does not have its direct origins in the 1948 Declaration. However, it can be said that the Universal Declaration laid the conceptual and moral foundations that influenced the creation of the European Convention and its guarantee mechanism. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, was a direct response to the horrors of the Second World War and marked a historic turning point in the international recognition of human rights. It proclaimed a series of fundamental rights and freedoms that were to be respected universally, but without establishing a binding legal framework to guarantee them.		必须认识到，尽管《欧洲人权公约》和《世界人权宣言》在促进基本权利的目标上密切相关，但《公约》建立的具体保障机制并不直接源于 1948 年的《宣言》。不过，可以说《世界人权宣言》奠定了概念和道德基础，对《欧洲公约》及其保障机制的制定产生了影响。1948 年通过的《世界人权宣言》是对第二次世界大战恐怖的直接回应，标志着国际社会承认人权的一个历史性转折点。它宣布了一系列应得到普遍尊重的基本权利和自由，但没有建立一个具有约束力的法律框架来保障这些权利和自由。

	~~The European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in~~ 1950, was influenced by the principles set out in the Universal Declaration, but broke new ground by introducing a binding legal mechanism for the member states of the Council of Europe. The creation of the European Court of Human Rights provided a legal remedy for individuals who suffered violations of the rights set out in the Convention. Thus, although the European Convention on Human Rights was influenced by the spirit and principles of the Universal Declaration, its specific guarantee mechanism - ~~the possibility for individuals to bring complaints before an international court~~ - is an innovation of its own. It represents a significant evolution in the protection of human rights, marking the transition from an ideal proclamation of rights to their concrete implementation and application at regional level. This evolution is the result of a historical process that began well before the end of the 19th century, but which found its concrete culmination after the Second World War with the establishment of regional legal systems for the protection of human rights.		1950 年通过的《欧洲人权公约》受到了《世界人权宣言》所载原则的影响，但通过为欧洲委员会成员国引入具有约束力的法律机制开辟了新天地。欧洲人权法院的成立为《公约》规定的权利受到侵犯的个人提供了法律补救措施。因此，尽管《欧洲人权公约》受到了《世界人权宣言》的精神和原则的影响，但其具体的保障机制--个人可以向国际法院提出申诉--是其自身的创新。它代表了人权保护方面的重大演变，标志着从理想的权利宣言向在地区一级具体落实和应用权利的过渡。这一演变是一个历史进程的结果，这一进程早在 19 世纪末就已开始，但在第二次世界大战后随着保护人权的地区法律体系的建立而达到具体的顶峰。

	The European Convention on Human Rights represents a regional manifestation of the importance attached to the protection of fundamental rights, similar to that observed in the national constitutions of European countries. However, the Convention goes beyond simply proclaiming these rights by establishing a specific jurisdictional system to guarantee them, namely the European Court of Human Rights. This judicial institution is a crucial element of the Convention, as it provides a redress mechanism for individuals or entities who believe that their rights, as set out in the Convention, have been violated by a Member State. The Court has the power to rule on such cases and, if a violation is found, to sanction the State responsible. This ability to sanction violations represents a major advance on previous human rights declarations and conventions, which did not have such strong enforcement mechanisms.		欧洲人权公约》在地区范围内体现了对保护基本权利的重视，这与欧洲各国国家宪法中的规定相似。然而，《公约》不仅仅是宣布这些权利，它还建立了一个具体的司法系统来保障这些权利，即欧洲人权法院。这一司法机构是《公约》的关键要素，因为它为认为《公约》规定的权利受到成员国侵犯的个人或实体提供了一个补救机制。法院有权对此类案件做出裁决，并在认定存在侵权行为的情况下对责任国进行制裁。这种制裁侵权行为的能力是对以前的人权宣言和公约的一大进步，因为以前的人权宣言和公约没有这种强有力的执行机制。

	The fact that the European Convention on Human Rights includes such a jurisdictional mechanism is no coincidence, but rather the reflection of an evolution in legal and political thinking at European level, influenced by national experiences. At national level, many European countries revised their constitutions or passed new laws after the Second World War to strengthen the protection of fundamental rights, often by establishing constitutional courts or other judicial mechanisms to monitor the conformity of laws and government actions with constitutional rights. This trend towards legally guaranteeing fundamental rights at national level was a prelude to the establishment of similar mechanisms at regional level, as is the case with the European Convention on Human Rights. Thus, the Convention and its Court represent not only an extension of the principles of human rights protection beyond national borders, but also a concretisation of the idea that such rights require effective legal protections and redress mechanisms to be truly guaranteed.		欧洲人权公约》包括这样一个司法机制并非巧合，而是反映了欧洲层面的法律和政治思想在各国经验影响下的演变。在国家层面，许多欧洲国家在第二次世界大战后修订了宪法或通过了新的法律，以加强对基本权利的保护，通常是通过建立宪法法院或其他司法机制来监督法律和政府行为是否符合宪法权利。这种在国家层面从法律上保障基本权利的趋势是在地区层面建立类似机制的前奏，《欧洲人权公约》就是如此。因此，《欧洲人权公约》及其法院不仅代表了人权保护原则在国界之外的延伸，也具体体现了人权需要有效的法律保护和补救机制才能得到真正保障的理念。

	By guaranteeing human rights, the European Convention on Human Rights marks the culmination of a process that has its roots in the development of constitutional law at national level in Europe. This process was characterised by a gradual move towards the recognition and legal protection of fundamental rights in the constitutions of European states.		通过保障人权，《欧洲人权公约》标志着源于欧洲各国宪法发展的进程达到了顶峰。这一进程的特点是，欧洲各国的宪法逐步承认基本权利并为其提供法律保护。

	During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, many European countries adopted or revised their constitutions to explicitly include fundamental rights and freedoms. These rights were initially considered primarily in a national context, with the idea that constitutions served to limit the power of the state and protect citizens against abuses of that power. Constitutional rights often included civil and political liberties such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial, and protection against arbitrary detention. The Second World War, however, with its massive and systematic violations of human rights, demonstrated the need for protection of human rights beyond national borders and for recognition of these rights within an international legal framework. The European Convention on Human Rights has responded to this need. By establishing not only a list of rights to be respected by the Member States, but also by creating the European Court of Human Rights to guarantee these rights, the Convention extended the protection of human rights from the national to the regional level. The European Convention on Human Rights can be seen as the result of a maturing and extension of the concept of constitutional rights. It symbolises the transition from a predominantly national approach to the protection of human rights to a more global one, underlining the importance of a supranational legal framework to effectively guarantee these fundamental rights.		十九世纪和二十世纪，许多欧洲国家通过或修订了宪法，明确纳入了基本权利和自由。这些权利最初主要是在国家范围内考虑的，认为宪法的作用是限制国家权力和保护公民免受滥用权力之害。宪法权利通常包括公民和政治自由，如言论自由、宗教自由、公平审判权和免受任意拘留的权利。然而，第二次世界大战大规模、有系统地侵犯人权，表明有必要超越国界保护人权，并在国际法律框架内承认这些权利。欧洲人权公约》满足了这一需要。该公约不仅制定了成员国应尊重的权利清单，还设立了欧洲人权法院来保障这些权利，从而将人权保护从国家层面扩展到区域层面。欧洲人权公约》可视为宪法权利概念成熟和扩展的结果。它象征着保护人权的方式从以国家为主过渡到以全球为主，强调了超国家法律框架对有效保障这些基本权利的重要性。

	The European Convention on Human Rights represents a crucial milestone in the process of recognising and guaranteeing human rights, not only at national level, but also at international, or in this case regional, level. Prior to the creation of the Convention, the protection of human rights was seen primarily as the responsibility of individual States, reflected in their national constitutions and laws. However, the Second World War revealed the limits of this approach, showing that human rights violations could occur on a massive and systematic scale, and that national mechanisms might be insufficient or non-existent to prevent or punish them. In response, the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, marked an important stage in the evolution of human rights protection, by placing them in a regional framework. It established a common set of standards for fundamental rights and freedoms that all Council of Europe member states undertook to respect and protect. Most importantly, it created the European Court of Human Rights, providing a judicial mechanism to guarantee these rights and provide a remedy in the event of their violation.		欧洲人权公约》是承认和保障人权进程中的一个重要里程碑，不仅在国家层面，而且在国际层面，或者说在地区层面。在《公约》制定之前，保护人权主要被视为各国的责任，体现在各国的宪法和法律中。然而，第二次世界大战暴露了这一做法的局限性，表明侵犯人权的行为可能会大规模、有系统地发生，而国家机制可能不足以或根本不存在来防止或惩罚这些行为。为此，1950 年通过的《欧洲人权公约》将人权纳入了一个地区框架，标志着人权保护发展到了一个重要阶段。它为欧洲委员会所有成员国承诺尊重和保护的基本权利和自由制定了一套共同标准。最重要的是，它创建了欧洲人权法院，为保障这些权利提供了司法机制，并在权利受到侵犯时提供补救措施。

	This development was significant because it extended the scope of human rights protection beyond national borders, recognising the need for a more global approach to deal effectively with human rights issues. The Convention and its Court have thus set a precedent for other regional and international initiatives to protect and promote human rights, reinforcing the idea that these rights transcend national borders and must be guaranteed within an international legal framework.		这一发展具有重要意义，因为它将人权保护的范围扩展到了国界之外，承认有必要采取更具全球性的方法来有效处理人权问题。因此，《公约》及其法院为其他保护和促进人权的地区和国际倡议开创了先例，强化了这些权利超越国界、必须在国际法律框架内得到保障的理念。

	== ~~The post-war constitutions of a number of European states~~ ==		== 一些欧洲国家的战后宪法 ==
	France, as the birthplace of many of the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, has played a historically significant role in the formulation and promotion of human rights. After the Second World War, France set about drafting a new constitution. The Constitution of the Fourth Republic was adopted in 1946, succeeding the Third Republic which had been abolished following the German invasion and the establishment of the Vichy regime. In the preamble to the 1946 Constitution, France solemnly reaffirmed the rights of Man and the Citizen as defined in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, a founding document of the French Revolution. This preamble underlined France's commitment to the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity, and recognised the importance of social and economic rights, reflecting the evolution of ideas about human rights since the 18th century.		France, as the birthplace of many of the ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, has played a historically significant role in the formulation and promotion of human rights. After the Second World War, France set about drafting a new constitution. The Constitution of the Fourth Republic was adopted in 1946, succeeding the Third Republic which had been abolished following the German invasion and the establishment of the Vichy regime. In the preamble to the 1946 Constitution, France solemnly reaffirmed the rights of Man and the Citizen as defined in the 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen, a founding document of the French Revolution. This preamble underlined France's commitment to the principles of liberty, equality and fraternity, and recognised the importance of social and economic rights, reflecting the evolution of ideas about human rights since the 18th century.

Arthur : /* 1948 年《世界人权宣言 */

2023-12-19T16:43:16Z

1948 年《世界人权宣言

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	The European concept of human rights, as it developed after the Second World War, marks the culmination of a long Western tradition of defending human rights. This tradition, which began with various declarations of rights throughout history, took on a crucial new dimension after the horrors of totalitarianism. It was no longer just a matter of proclaiming human rights, but also of guaranteeing their respect and application. This need for guarantees led to the creation of judicial mechanisms capable of enforcing these rights. In this context, the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, and the creation of the European Court of Human Rights were major milestones. The Convention not only reaffirmed fundamental rights but also established a legal system for their protection. Individuals could now lodge complaints against a Member State with the European Court of Human Rights for alleged violations of their rights enshrined in the Convention.		第二次世界大战后形成的欧洲人权概念标志着西方捍卫人权的悠久传统达到了顶峰。这一传统始于历史上的各种权利宣言，在极权主义的恐怖之后呈现出至关重要的新面貌。这不再仅仅是一个宣布人权的问题，也是一个保障人权得到尊重和实施的问题。对保障的需求导致建立了能够落实这些权利的司法机制。在此背景下，1950 年通过的《欧洲人权公约》和欧洲人权法院的成立是重要的里程碑。该公约不仅重申了基本权利，还建立了保护基本权利的法律体系。现在，个人可以向欧洲人权法院控告某个成员国侵犯了《公约》赋予他们的权利。

	This legal framework made human rights justiciable, i.e. capable of being invoked and defended before a court. The possibility of having recourse to a supranational court to deal with human rights violations represents significant progress. It has not only strengthened the protection of these rights at individual level, but has also contributed to the establishment of consistent legal standards and practices across Europe. The establishment of these judicial mechanisms is a direct response to the shortcomings observed during the period of totalitarian regimes, when fundamental rights were flouted without any possibility of appeal. The ability to appeal to an international court to challenge violations of human rights therefore represents a fundamental change in the way these rights are perceived and protected, embodying the idea that they are not just ideal principles, but applicable and enforceable standards.		这一法律框架使人权具有可诉性，即可以在法庭上援引和辩护。可以诉诸超国家法院处理侵犯人权行为是一项重大进步。它不仅在个人层面加强了对这些权利的保护，而且有助于在整个欧洲建立一致的法律标准和实践。这些司法机制的建立是对极权主义政权时期所观察到的缺陷的直接回应，极权主义政权时期，基本权利受到蔑视而没有任何上诉的可能。因此，能够向国际法庭提出上诉，对侵犯人权的行为提出质疑，是对这些权利的认识和保护方式的根本改变，体现了这些权利不仅是理想原则，而且是适用和可执行标准的理念。

	In response to the tragedies of totalitarianism and the Second World War, many European countries revised or drafted their constitutions to include specific jurisdictional mechanisms to guarantee fundamental rights. This development marks a crucial shift from the mere proclamation of rights to their effective guarantee, a process that first developed at national level before extending to supranational systems such as the European Convention on Human Rights.		为了应对极权主义和第二次世界大战的悲剧，许多欧洲国家修订或起草了宪法，纳入了保障基本权利的具体司法机制。这一发展标志着从单纯宣布权利到有效保障权利的重要转变，这一进程首先在国家层面发展，然后扩展到《欧洲人权公约》等超国家体系。

	As part of these constitutional reforms, several European states have introduced constitutional courts or similar judicial mechanisms with the explicit power to review the conformity of laws with the fundamental rights set out in the constitution. For example, Germany created the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht) in 1951~~, a key institution for the protection of constitutional rights. In Italy, the Corte~~ Costituzionale, established in 1948, performs a similar function. These judicial institutions play an essential role in reviewing the constitutionality of laws and government acts, ensuring that fundamental rights are not just recognised in theory, but actively protected and implemented. They provide citizens with a legal remedy in the event that their rights are violated by the State, thereby strengthening respect for the rule of law and the protection of individual freedoms.		作为这些宪法改革的一部分，一些欧洲国家引入了宪法法院或类似的司法机制，明确赋予其审查法律是否符合宪法规定的基本权利的权力。例如，德国于 1951 年设立了联邦宪法法院（Bundesverfassungsgericht），这是保护宪法权利的一个重要机构。在意大利，1948 年成立的 Costituzionale 法院也履行类似职能。这些司法机构在审查法律和政府行为的合宪性方面发挥着至关重要的作用，确保基本权利不仅在理论上得到承认，而且得到积极的保护和落实。当公民的权利受到国家侵犯时，他们可以通过法律途径寻求补救，从而加强对法治的尊重和对个人自由的保护。

	Beyond the national framework, the creation of the European Court of Human Rights offers an additional level of legal protection. Citizens of Council of Europe member states can bring their cases before this Court after exhausting all domestic remedies, thus ensuring transnational monitoring and application of human rights in Europe. This move towards mechanisms for guaranteeing rights at national and supranational level represents a concrete response to the challenges posed by totalitarian regimes and a major step forward in the protection of human rights. It underlines the importance of robust and independent legal systems for safeguarding fundamental rights and preserving democracy.		在国家框架之外，欧洲人权法院的设立提供了额外的法律保护。欧洲委员会成员国的公民在用尽所有国内补救办法后，可将其案件提交该法院，从而确保在欧洲对人权进行跨国监督和实施。这种在国家和超国家层面建立权利保障机制的举措，是对极权主义政权所构成挑战的具体回应，也是在保护人权方面迈出的重要一步。它强调了健全和独立的法律制度对于保障基本权利和维护民主的重要性。

	~~The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in~~ 1948, represents a fundamental step in the promotion of a universal conception of fundamental rights. This document, conceived in the wake of the horrors of the Second World War, aims to establish a framework of human rights common to all peoples and all nations, transcending borders and cultural differences. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was revolutionary in several respects. It set out a series of fundamental rights and freedoms that should be protected and respected worldwide, affirming principles such as equality, dignity, freedom, justice and peace. For the first time, a document sought to define human rights in a global way, addressing humanity as a whole. However, it is important to note that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly, is not legally binding. It establishes ideal standards and principles but does not in itself have the mechanisms for application or sanction. It does not create judicial bodies to enforce these rights, and its application depends on the will and commitment of the Member States.		联合国大会于 1948 年通过的《世界人权宣言》是在促进普遍的基本权利概念方面迈出的重要一步。这份文件是在第二次世界大战的恐怖之后构想出来的，旨在建立一个超越国界和文化差异、所有人民和所有国家共同享有的人权框架。世界人权宣言》在多个方面具有革命性意义。它提出了一系列应在全世界得到保护和尊重的基本权利和自由，确认了平等、尊严、自由、正义与和平等原则。这是第一次有一份文件试图从全球角度界定人权，将全人类作为一个整体来看待。然而，必须指出的是，《世界人权宣言》作为联合国大会的一项决议，并不具有法律约束力。它确立了理想的标准和原则，但本身并不具备实施或制裁的机制。它没有建立实施这些权利的司法机构，其实施取决于会员国的意愿和承诺。

	In Europe, the response to this need for legal guarantee mechanisms took the form of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights, which established the European Court of Human Rights. This court provides a legal remedy for individuals who consider themselves to be victims of violations of the rights set out in the Convention by one of the member states. While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lays the ideological and moral foundations for the protection of human rights worldwide, other instruments and institutions, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, are needed to guarantee and apply these rights in a concrete and legally binding manner.		在欧洲，为满足对法律保障机制的需求，1950 年《欧洲人权公约》成立了欧洲人权法院。该法院为认为自己是某个成员国侵犯《公约》所规定权利的受害者的个人提供法律补救。虽然《世界人权宣言》为在世界范围内保护人权奠定了思想和道德基础，但还需要其他文书和机构，如《欧洲人权公约》，以具体和具有法律约束力的方式保障和落实这些权利。

	~~Unlike the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights establishes a regional mechanism for guaranteeing and penalising violations of fundamental rights. Adopted in~~ 1950 and brought into force in 1953, the European Convention on Human Rights represents a milestone in the legal protection of human rights in Europe. The Convention, which includes many Council of Europe member states, sets out a series of fundamental rights and freedoms. It goes beyond simply proclaiming these rights by establishing a binding legal system to guarantee them. The key mechanism in this system is the European Court of Human Rights, based in Strasbourg.		与《世界人权宣言》不同，《欧洲人权公约》建立了一个保障和惩罚侵犯基本权利行为的地区机制。欧洲人权公约》于 1950 年通过，1953 年生效，是欧洲人权法律保护的一个里程碑。该公约规定了一系列基本权利和自由。它不仅仅是宣布了这些权利，还建立了一个具有约束力的法律体系来保障这些权利。这一体系的关键机制是设在斯特拉斯堡的欧洲人权法院。

	The European Court of Human Rights provides a judicial remedy for individuals who believe that their rights, as set out in the Convention, have been violated by one of the member states. Individuals may bring their case to the Court after exhausting all domestic remedies in their country. If the Court finds a violation, it can order the State concerned to take measures to remedy the situation, including, in some cases, the payment of damages to the victim. This guarantee mechanism is of vital importance because it ensures that the human rights commitments made by States are not merely theoretical or declaratory, but are implemented and respected. The European Convention on Human Rights and its Court therefore represent an effective regional model for the legal protection of human rights, having a significant impact on human rights standards and their application in Europe.		欧洲人权法院为认为自己在《公约》中所享有的权利受到某个成员国侵犯的个人提供司法补救。个人可在用尽本国所有补救办法后将案件提交法院。如果法院认定存在侵权行为，它可以命令有关国家采取措施纠正这种情况，包括在某些情况下向受害者支付损害赔偿金。这一保障机制至关重要，因为它可以确保各国作出的人权承诺不仅仅是理论性或宣示性的，而是得到落实和尊重的。因此，《欧洲人权公约》及其法院是依法保护人权的一个有效的地区模式，对欧洲的人权标准及其应用产生了重大影响。

	~~The European Convention on Human Rights, although a regional instrument, has played a key role in the development of an international concept of fundamental rights. Adopted in~~ 1950 and brought into force in 1953, it marked a milestone in the history of human rights, establishing not only a catalogue of rights and freedoms to be protected but also a binding legal mechanism for their implementation. It is important to note that, chronologically, the European Convention on Human Rights came after the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was the first document to declare fundamental rights on a global scale. The Universal Declaration, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, laid the conceptual and moral foundations for human rights on an international scale, although it was not binding.		欧洲人权公约》虽然是一份地区性文书，但在发展国际基本权利概念方面发挥了关键作用。欧洲人权公约》于 1950 年通过，1953 年生效，是人权历史上的一个里程碑，它不仅确定了应受保护的权利和自由的目录，而且还确定了实施这些权利和自由的具有约束力的法律机制。需要指出的是，从时间顺序上看，《欧洲人权公约》是在 1948 年《世界人权宣言》之后制定的，而《世界人权宣言》是第一份在全球范围内宣布基本权利的文件。联合国大会通过的《世界人权宣言》为国际范围内的人权奠定了概念和道德基础，尽管它并不具有约束力。

	The European Convention on Human Rights built on this foundation by creating a binding legal framework for the member states of the Council of Europe. It was a major step forward in the protection of human rights, as it established a court - ~~the European Court of Human Rights~~ - where individuals can bring complaints against states for violations of the rights set out in the Convention. Although the Convention is regional in scope, its impact on the international conception of human rights has been profound. It has served as a model for other regional human rights treaties, such as the American Convention on Human Rights and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. In addition, the Convention has helped to reinforce the idea that human rights must be protected by binding legal mechanisms, not only at national level, but also through regional and international legal systems.		欧洲人权公约》在此基础上为欧洲委员会成员国建立了具有约束力的法律框架。它在保护人权方面向前迈出了一大步，因为它设立了一个法院--欧洲人权法院--个人可以就侵犯《公约》所规定权利的行为向国家提出申诉。尽管《公约》的范围是区域性的，但它对国际人权概念的影响却是深远的。它已成为《美洲人权公约》和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》等其他区域人权条约的典范。此外，《公约》还有助于强化这样一种观念，即人权必须受到具有约束力的法律机制的保护，不仅在国家层面，而且通过地区和国际法律体系也是如此。

	~~It is important to clarify the relationship between the~~ 1948 ~~Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the~~ 1950 European Convention on Human Rights as regards the mechanism for guaranteeing fundamental rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, established for the first time a universal list of fundamental rights and freedoms. However, the Declaration, as a document of the United Nations General Assembly, was not legally binding. Instead, it served as a declaration of common ideals, establishing a moral and ethical framework for human rights, but without providing any mechanism for legal guarantees or remedies in the event of violations.		有必要澄清 1948 年《世界人权宣言》和 1950 年《欧洲人权公约》在基本权利保障机制方面的关系。1948 年通过的《世界人权宣言》首次确定了一个普遍的基本权利和自由清单。然而，作为联合国大会的一份文件，《宣言》并不具有法律约束力。相反，《宣言》作为共同理想的宣言，确立了人权的道德和伦理框架，但没有提供任何法律保障机制，也没有在发生侵权行为时提供补救措施。

	~~The European Convention on Human Rights, signed in~~ 1950, was inspired by the principles set out in the Universal Declaration, but went further by establishing a binding legal framework for the member states of the Council of Europe. The Convention created a specific guarantee mechanism - ~~the European Court of Human Rights~~ - where individuals can lodge complaints against member states for violations of the rights set out in the Convention. This mechanism offers a legal remedy to victims of human rights violations, which was a major advance on the Universal Declaration. In short, although the European Convention on Human Rights was influenced by the principles and ideals of the 1948 ~~Universal Declaration, the guarantee mechanism~~ - ~~a key innovation of the Convention~~ - ~~was born with it in~~ 1950 ~~and was not present in the~~ 1948 ~~Declaration. The Convention transformed these ideals into legally binding obligations for Member States, marking a milestone in the development of international human rights law.~~		1950 年签署的《欧洲人权公约》受到《世界人权宣言》所载原则的启发，但更进一步，为欧洲委员会成员国建立了具有约束力的法律框架。该公约设立了一个专门的保障机制--欧洲人权法院，个人可以就侵犯公约所规定权利的行为向成员国提出申诉。这一机制为侵犯人权行为的受害者提供了法律补救，是对《世界人权宣言》的一大进步。简而言之，尽管《欧洲人权公约》受到了 1948 年《世界人权宣言》的原则和理想的影响，但保障机制--《公约》的一项重要创新--却是与《公约》一起于 1950 年诞生的，在 1948 年的《宣言》中并不存在。公约》将这些理想转化为对成员国具有法律约束力的义务，成为国际人权法发展的一个里程碑。

	== ~~The~~ 1950 ~~European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms~~ ==		== 1950 年《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约 ==
	It is essential to understand that, although the European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are closely linked in their objective of promoting fundamental rights, the specific guarantee mechanism established by the Convention does not have its direct origins in the 1948 Declaration. However, it can be said that the Universal Declaration laid the conceptual and moral foundations that influenced the creation of the European Convention and its guarantee mechanism. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, was a direct response to the horrors of the Second World War and marked a historic turning point in the international recognition of human rights. It proclaimed a series of fundamental rights and freedoms that were to be respected universally, but without establishing a binding legal framework to guarantee them.		It is essential to understand that, although the European Convention on Human Rights and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights are closely linked in their objective of promoting fundamental rights, the specific guarantee mechanism established by the Convention does not have its direct origins in the 1948 Declaration. However, it can be said that the Universal Declaration laid the conceptual and moral foundations that influenced the creation of the European Convention and its guarantee mechanism. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948, was a direct response to the horrors of the Second World War and marked a historic turning point in the international recognition of human rights. It proclaimed a series of fundamental rights and freedoms that were to be respected universally, but without establishing a binding legal framework to guarantee them.

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二十世纪基本权利普遍概念的构建 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 一些欧洲国家的战后宪法 */

Arthur : /* 1950 年《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约 */

Arthur : /* 1948 年《世界人权宣言 */

Arthur : /* 20 世纪的极权主义 */

Arthur le 19 décembre 2023 à 16:42

Arthur : /* 一些欧洲国家的战后宪法 */

Arthur : /* 1950 年《欧洲保护人权与基本自由公约 */

Arthur : /* 1948 年《世界人权宣言 */

Arthur : /* 20 世纪的极权主义 */