Arthur : /* 法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795 */

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法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795

Arthur le 19 décembre 2023 à 09:46

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	The declarations of rights at the end of the 18th century, such as the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in France (1789) and the Bill of Rights in the United States (1791), mark high points in the history of fundamental rights. However, the origins of these rights go back well before the 18th century.		18 世纪末的权利宣言，如法国的《人权和公民权利宣言》（1789 年）和美国的《权利法案》（1791 年），标志着基本权利历史上的高潮。然而，这些权利的起源可以追溯到 18 世纪以前。

	Fundamental rights, often regarded as principles inherent in human dignity, have evolved over the course of history. Documents predating the 18th century, such as England's Magna Carta (1215), laid the foundations for these rights by limiting the power of monarchs and recognising certain rights for nobles and, by extension, for the people. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, philosophers and jurists began to conceptualise ideas that would later influence the declarations of rights. For example, the concepts of individual liberties and equitable justice were already being discussed and incorporated into various laws and political practices. The Enlightenment, an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries, played a crucial role in the development of fundamental rights. Philosophers such as John Locke, Montesquieu and Jean-Jacques Rousseau developed theories on natural rights, the social contract and the separation of powers, which greatly influenced the drafters of the declarations of rights at the end of the 18th century. Although the declarations of rights of the late eighteenth century are important milestones, they are the culmination of a long historical and intellectual process that began long before the eighteenth century.		基本权利通常被视为人类尊严的固有原则，是随着历史的发展而演变的。18 世纪之前的文件，如英国的《大宪章》（1215 年），通过限制君主的权力和承认贵族的某些权利，进而承认人民的某些权利，为这些权利奠定了基础。在中世纪和文艺复兴时期，哲学家和法学家开始构思后来影响权利宣言的理念。例如，当时已经开始讨论个人自由和公平正义的概念，并将其纳入各种法律和政治实践中。启蒙运动是 17 和 18 世纪的一场思想运动，在基本权利的发展中发挥了至关重要的作用。约翰-洛克（John Locke）、孟德斯鸠（Montesquieu）和让-雅克-卢梭（Jean-Jacques Rousseau）等哲学家提出了关于自然权利、社会契约和三权分立的理论，对 18 世纪末权利宣言的起草者产生了极大的影响。尽管十八世纪末的权利宣言是重要的里程碑，但它们是漫长历史和思想进程的顶点，而这一进程早在十八世纪之前就已开始。

	= ~~The American Bill of Rights:~~ 1776 - 1783 =		= 美国权利法案 1776 - 1783 =

	~~When the Thirteen American Colonies declared their independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain on~~ 4 July 1776, they effectively severed their ties with King George III and established a new nation: the United States of America. This declaration of independence marked a historic turning point, not only in the history of the colonies, but also in the development of ideas of sovereignty and democratic governance around the world.		1776 年 7 月 4 日，美国十三个殖民地宣布从大不列颠王国独立，他们实际上断绝了与英王乔治三世的联系，建立了一个新的国家：美利坚合众国。这一独立宣言不仅标志着殖民地历史上的一个历史性转折点，也标志着全世界主权和民主治理思想的发展。

	Prior to the Declaration, these colonies were under British sovereignty, governed by laws and policies enacted by the British Parliament and the King. The break with Britain was motivated by a variety of reasons, including economic grievances, such as taxes imposed without parliamentary representation ("~~No taxation without representation~~"), and a growing desire for autonomy and self-determined governance. After the declaration of independence, the Thirteen Colonies, now States, formed a confederal structure as their initial form of government. This structure was characterised by a loose alliance between the States, each retaining a large measure of sovereignty and independence. Confederation was governed by the Articles of Confederation, a document that established a permanent union of the states but granted few central powers to a federal government. This period of confederation revealed several weaknesses in the governmental structure, particularly in terms of its ability to levy taxes, regulate trade and maintain order. These problems eventually led to the drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution in 1787, which established a stronger federal system with a balance between the powers of the central government and those of the states.		在《宣言》发表之前，这些殖民地处于英国主权之下，受英国议会和国王颁布的法律和政策管辖。与英国决裂的动机多种多样，其中包括经济上的不满，如没有议会代表的征税（"没有代表就没有税收"），以及日益增长的自治和自我治理的愿望。宣布独立后，十三个殖民地（即现在的各州）形成了邦联结构，作为其最初的政府形式。这种结构的特点是各州之间结成松散的联盟，每个州都保留了很大程度的主权和独立。邦联受《邦联条款》制约，该文件建立了各州的永久联盟，但授予联邦政府的中央权力却很少。邦联时期的政府结构暴露出一些弱点，尤其是在征税、管理贸易和维持秩序的能力方面。这些问题最终导致了1787年《美国宪法》的起草和批准，该宪法建立了一个更强大的联邦制度，平衡了中央政府和各州的权力。

	~~Following the United States Declaration of Independence in~~ 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, now transformed into sovereign states, began drafting their own constitutions. This movement marked a radical break with European monarchical systems, based on the principle of popular sovereignty. This approach was revolutionary, placing the power and legitimacy of government directly in the hands of the people, rather than in those of a monarch.		1776 年《美国独立宣言》发表后，现已转变为主权国家的十三个殖民地开始起草自己的宪法。这一运动标志着以人民主权原则为基础的欧洲君主制的彻底决裂。这种做法是革命性的，它将政府的权力和合法性直接掌握在人民手中，而不是君主手中。

	~~The constitutions of these new American states were diverse in content, but shared a common commitment to the natural and inalienable rights of man. Eight of these states, including Virginia with its~~ 1776 Bill of Rights drafted by George Mason, went a step further by incorporating a Bill of Rights at the beginning of their constitutions. These declarations were deeply influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment and philosophers such as John Locke, who had put forward the concepts of the right to life, liberty and property. These declarations of rights had several essential functions. Firstly, they explicitly recognised the existence of essential natural rights, such as freedom of speech and religion, and the right to a fair trial. For example, the Virginia Bill of Rights affirmed these rights by explicitly detailing the freedoms that the government could not infringe. Second, by enumerating these rights, they sought to limit the power of government, thereby providing protection against abuses of power and authoritarianism. Finally, they affirmed the democratic principle that government is created to serve the people and derives its legitimacy from the will of the people. These declarations have had a considerable impact on the history of human rights. They not only shaped the governance and policies of the new American states, but also influenced the drafting of the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791~~. These historic documents laid the foundations for civil rights and continue to influence contemporary debates about freedom and justice around the world.~~		这些美国新州的宪法内容各不相同，但对人的自然和不可剥夺的权利有着共同的承诺。其中八个州，包括乔治-梅森（George Mason）于 1776 年起草了《权利法案》的弗吉尼亚州，更进一步在其宪法开头纳入了《权利法案》。这些宣言深受启蒙运动和约翰-洛克等哲学家思想的影响，他们提出了生命权、自由权和财产权的概念。这些权利宣言有几个基本功能。首先，它们明确承认基本自然权利的存在，如言论和宗教自由以及获得公平审判的权利。例如，《弗吉尼亚权利法案》明确规定了政府不得侵犯的自由，从而肯定了这些权利。其次，通过列举这些权利，他们试图限制政府的权力，从而提供保护，防止滥用权力和专制主义。最后，他们确认了民主原则，即政府是为人民服务而建立的，其合法性来自人民的意愿。这些宣言对人权历史产生了重大影响。它们不仅塑造了新美国各州的治理和政策，还影响了《权利法案》的起草，即 1791 年批准的《美国宪法》前十条修正案。这些历史性文件奠定了公民权利的基础，并继续影响着世界各地关于自由和正义的当代辩论。

	~~The Virginia Declaration of Rights, adopted in June~~ 1776, is effectively the first formal bill of rights in the New World. However, it is important to clarify the role of Thomas Jefferson in this context. Although Jefferson is widely credited with drafting the United States Declaration of Independence, adopted on 4 July 1776, it was in fact George Mason who was the principal author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights. The Virginia Declaration of Rights had a significant influence on the Declaration of Independence and other fundamental documents. Mason's text set out principles of individual liberties and human rights, such as freedom of speech, press, religion, and the right to a fair trial. These ideas resonated with the principles set out in the Declaration of Independence, which articulated the ideals of liberty and self-~~government against British oppression.~~		1776 年 6 月通过的《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》实际上是新世界第一部正式的权利法案。然而，有必要澄清托马斯-杰斐逊在其中扮演的角色。虽然人们普遍认为杰斐逊起草了 1776 年 7 月 4 日通过的《美国独立宣言》，但事实上，乔治-梅森才是《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》的主要作者。弗吉尼亚权利宣言》对《独立宣言》和其他基本文件产生了重大影响。梅森在文中阐述了个人自由和人权的原则，如言论自由、新闻自由、宗教自由和获得公平审判的权利。这些思想与《独立宣言》中阐述的原则产生了共鸣，《独立宣言》阐明了反对英国压迫的自由和自治理想。

	Jefferson, in drafting the Declaration of Independence, drew on these concepts, as well as the ideas of the Enlightenment philosophers, to justify the separation of the colonies from Britain. The link between these two documents is a testament to the intellectual and political atmosphere of the time, when the ideas of natural rights and democratic government were becoming increasingly accepted. The Virginia Declaration of Rights also served as a model for future bills of rights within the United States, and influenced the development of the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US Constitution. Its impact on the founding of the United States and on the development of human rights in the Western world is therefore undeniable.		杰斐逊在起草《独立宣言》时，借鉴了这些理念以及启蒙哲学家的思想，为殖民地脱离英国进行辩护。这两份文件之间的联系证明了当时的思想和政治氛围，自然权利和民主政府的思想正被越来越多的人所接受。弗吉尼亚权利宣言》还成为美国未来权利法案的范本，并影响了《权利法案》（美国宪法前十条修正案）的制定。因此，它对美国建国和西方世界人权发展的影响是毋庸置疑的。

	In 1787, the United States of America adopted the Constitution of the United States, a founding document that established the framework for the country's federal government. The Constitution, drafted at the Philadelphia Convention, marked a significant transition from the previous confederal structure under the Articles of Confederation to a stronger, more centralised federal system. The influence of the Virginia Bill of Rights on the US Constitution, particularly the First Amendments, is an important facet of American constitutional history. Although the original Constitution of 1787 ~~did not contain a Bill of Rights, the requirement for explicit protections of individual rights was a major concern for many delegates and citizens.~~		1787 年，美利坚合众国通过了《美国宪法》这一建国文件，确立了美国联邦政府的框架。这部宪法是在费城会议上起草的，标志着从《邦联条款》下的邦联结构向更强大、更集中的联邦制度的重大过渡。弗吉尼亚权利法案》对美国宪法的影响，尤其是第一修正案，是美国宪法史的一个重要方面。虽然 1787 年的原始宪法并未包含《权利法案》，但明确保护个人权利的要求是许多代表和公民的主要关切。

	This concern stemmed in part from the influence of documents such as the Virginia Declaration of Rights. The principles set out in the Virginia Declaration, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to a fair trial, were seen as essential to protecting citizens from an overly powerful central government. This is why, after the ratification of the Constitution, one of the first acts of the first United States Congress was to propose a series of amendments that would guarantee these rights. These amendments, known collectively as the Bill of Rights, were heavily influenced by the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the ideas of George Mason. They were proposed by James Madison in 1789 ~~and ratified in~~ 1791, becoming the first ten amendments to the Constitution. The Bill of Rights guaranteed many civil liberties and limited the powers of the federal government, reflecting the concerns and ideals that had been expressed in the Virginia Bill of Rights a few years earlier.		这种担忧部分源于《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》等文件的影响。弗吉尼亚宣言》中提出的言论自由、宗教自由和公平审判权等原则被视为保护公民免受过于强大的中央政府侵害的必要条件。这就是为什么在《宪法》获得批准后，美国第一届国会的首批行动之一就是提出一系列修正案来保障这些权利。这些修正案统称为《权利法案》，深受《弗吉尼亚权利宣言》和乔治-梅森思想的影响。这些修正案由詹姆斯-麦迪逊于 1789 年提出，并于 1791 年获得批准，成为《宪法》的前十条修正案。权利法案》保障了许多公民自由，限制了联邦政府的权力，反映了几年前《弗吉尼亚权利法案》所表达的关切和理想。

	= ~~French declarations of rights:~~ 1789 - 1795 =		= 法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795 =
	[[Fichier:Le_Barbier_Dichiarazione_dei_diritti_dell'uomo.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|~~Le Barbier Declaration of Human Rights~~]]		[[Fichier:Le_Barbier_Dichiarazione_dei_diritti_dell'uomo.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|巴尔比耶人权宣言]]
	Between 1789 and 1804, a period marked by the French Revolution and its aftermath, France experienced a rapid succession of constitutions, each incorporating a declaration of rights. This period of intense political transformation reflected the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity, and the desire to break with the old monarchical regime.		Between 1789 and 1804, a period marked by the French Revolution and its aftermath, France experienced a rapid succession of constitutions, each incorporating a declaration of rights. This period of intense political transformation reflected the revolutionary ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity, and the desire to break with the old monarchical regime.

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十八世纪末的权利宣言 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795 */

Arthur le 19 décembre 2023 à 09:46

Arthur : /* 法国权利宣言 1789 - 1795 */