Arthur : /* 国际贸易动态 */

2023-12-07T15:58:53Z

国际贸易动态

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	==国际贸易动态==		==国际贸易动态==

	~~The foreign trade of Third World countries before and after~~ 1950 ~~reflects the economic transformations and challenges these countries faced in the context of a changing global economic system.~~		1950 年前后第三世界国家的对外贸易反映了这些国家在不断变化的全球经济体系中面临的经济转型和挑战。

	~~Before~~ 1950, the foreign trade dynamics of Third World countries were strongly influenced by their colonial past. The trade model of these countries was characterised by the export of raw materials and the import of manufactured goods. The former colonial metropolises remained the main trading partners, and the terms of trade were often disadvantageous for developing countries. The volatility of commodity prices represented a major challenge for the economies of Third World countries. The low and fluctuating prices of raw materials, such as agricultural products and minerals, contrasted with the high prices of imported manufactured goods. This situation reinforced the economic dependence of these countries on the colonial metropolises and limited their ability to generate sufficient income for economic development. In response to this dependence, many Third World countries adopted protectionist economic policies after gaining independence. These policies aimed to protect infant industries by limiting the access of foreign products to their domestic markets. However, this approach had the side-effect of limiting these countries' access to foreign markets, as it hampered their ability to export and compete on the international market. Furthermore, state-led industrialisation strategies, although intended to stimulate industrial development, have often led to mixed results. These policies have sometimes resulted in the underdevelopment of non-priority sectors and the inefficiency of state-owned enterprises. In many cases, the industries created were uncompetitive and heavily dependent on subsidies and government support, which had a negative impact on the overall economy of these countries.		1950 年以前，第三世界国家的外贸动态深受其殖民历史的影响。这些国家的贸易模式以出口原材料和进口制成品为特征。前殖民地大都市仍然是主要的贸易伙伴，贸易条件往往不利于发展中国家。商品价格的波动对第三世界国家的经济构成了重大挑战。农产品和矿产品等原材料的价格低廉且起伏不定，而进口制成品的价格却居高不下。这种情况加剧了这些国家对殖民大都市的经济依赖，限制了它们为经济发展创造足够收入的能力。为了应对这种依赖，许多第三世界国家在获得独立后采取了保护主义经济政策。这些政策旨在通过限制外国产品进入国内市场来保护新兴产业。然而，这种做法的副作用是限制了这些国家进入外国市场的机会，因为这阻碍了它们出口和在国际市场上竞争的能力。此外，国家主导的工业化战略虽然旨在刺激工业发展，但结果往往好坏参半。这些政策有时导致非优先部门发展不足，国有企业效率低下。在许多情况下，创建的工业缺乏竞争力，严重依赖补贴和政府支持，这对这些国家的整体经济产生了负面影响。

	~~After~~ 1950, there was a notable shift in the foreign trade of developing countries, marked by an attempt to diversify exports beyond traditional commodities. This period saw the emergence of new sectors such as the production of manufactured goods and the provision of services. The trading relationships of these countries have also diversified, with the entry onto the scene of major new trading partners such as the United States and Japan, in addition to the traditional relationships with the former European colonial metropolises. Despite these developments, developing countries have continued to face major challenges in international trade. Trade barriers and protectionist policies maintained by developed countries have limited the access of products from developing countries to world markets. In addition, the terms of trade often remained unfavourable for developing countries. Volatile commodity prices, exacerbated by events such as the first oil shock in 1973, increased the economic uncertainty and vulnerability of these countries. The first oil shock had a particular impact on developing countries, considerably increasing oil prices, which had a twofold effect. For oil-exporting countries, this represented a major source of revenue, but for oil-importing countries, it increased energy costs and had a negative impact on their balance of trade. During the Trente Glorieuses, a period of strong economic growth in the countries of the North, they increased their share of world trade and experienced rapid economic development, based mainly on industry and services. On the other hand, many Third World countries, despite experiencing some economic growth, continued to have economies based largely on the export of raw materials and subsistence agriculture. Their industrial development was often hampered by structural limitations and the challenges of integrating into a global trading system dominated by developed countries.		1950 年后，发展中国家的对外贸易发生了显著变化，其特点是在传统商品之外尝试出口多样化。这一时期出现了制成品生产和服务提供等新部门。这些国家的贸易关系也多样化了，除了与前欧洲殖民地大都市的传统关系外，美国和日本等新的主要贸易伙伴也加入进来。尽管取得了这些进展，发展中国家在国际贸易中仍然面临重大挑战。发达国家的贸易壁垒和保护主义政策限制了发展中国家的产品进入世界市场。此外，贸易条件往往仍然不利于发展中国家。1973 年第一次石油冲击等事件加剧了商品价格的波动，增加了这些国家经济的不确定性和脆弱性。第一次石油冲击对发展中国家的影响尤为严重，大大提高了石油价格，产生了双重影响。对石油出口国来说，这是一个主要的收入来源，但对石油进口国来说，它增加了能源成本，对其贸易平衡产生了负面影响。在 "光辉年代"（Trente Glorieuses）期间，北方国家经济增长强劲，在世界贸易中的份额增加，经济快速发展，主要以工业和服务业为基础。另一方面，许多第三世界国家尽管经历了一些经济增长，但其经济仍主要以原材料出口和自给农业为基础。它们的工业发展往往受到结构性限制和融入由发达国家主导的全球贸易体系的挑战的阻碍。

	=~~Economic Growth and North-South Inequality~~=		=经济增长与南北不平等=
	Despite the relative economic growth of Third World countries, economic inequalities between countries in the North and South have increased in recent decades. The countries of the North have benefited from faster economic development and higher productivity growth than the countries of the South, enabling them to maintain and even increase their economic advantage. Existing economic policies, institutions and structures have also played an important role in these inequalities, favouring rich countries and marginalising poor ones. It is therefore important to put in place policies to reduce these inequalities and enable more inclusive economic growth for all countries.		尽管第三世界国家的经济相对有所增长，但近几十年来，南北国家之间的经济不平等有所加剧。北方国家受益于比南方国家更快的经济发展和更高的生产率增长，使其能够保持甚至扩大其经济优势。现有的经济政策、体制和结构也在这些不平等现象中发挥了重要作用，有利于富国而使穷国边缘化。因此，必须制定政策，减少这些不平等现象，使所有国家都能实现更具包容性的经济增长。

	=~~Annexes~~=		=附件=

	*Monde-diplomatique.fr,. (2015). Bandung ou la fin de l’ère coloniale, par Jean Lacouture (Le Monde diplomatique, avril 2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015, from http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2005/04/LACOUTURE/12062		*Monde-diplomatique.fr,. (2015). Bandung ou la fin de l’ère coloniale, par Jean Lacouture (Le Monde diplomatique, avril 2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015, from http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2005/04/LACOUTURE/12062

	=~~References~~=		=参考资料=
	<references />		<references />

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Arthur : Page créée avec « 根据米歇尔-奥利斯（Michel Oris）的课程改编[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l'Université de Genève][http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français] {{Translations | fr = Autour de la colonisation : peurs et espérances du développement | es = En torno a la colonización: temores y esperanzas de desarro... »

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围绕殖民化：对发展的担忧和希望 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 国际贸易动态 */

Arthur : /* 工业结构 */

Arthur : /* 第三世界经济： 新殖民主义的影响 */

Arthur : /* 贝尔格莱德会议的范围 */

Arthur : /* 万隆会议的影响 */

Arthur : /* Liberation of the Portuguese Colonies */

Arthur le 7 décembre 2023 à 15:50

Arthur : /* 国际贸易动态 */

Arthur : /* 工业结构 */

Arthur : /* 第三世界经济：新殖民主义的影响 */

Arthur : /* 贝尔格莱德会议的范围 */

Arthur : /* 万隆会议的影响 */

Arthur : /* Liberation of the Portuguese Colonies */