Arthur : /* 公平 */

2023-12-12T14:30:33Z

公平

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	== 公平 ==		== 公平 ==
	During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the Common Law, although having established a solid legal framework in England, began to show its limitations, particularly as a result of the rapid evolution of society and the economy. New types of disputes and complex situations emerged, which the existing Common Law framework struggled to resolve adequately. This situation has led to a search for alternative solutions outside the traditional Common Law system. Faced with these challenges, litigants turned to the King as a "~~fountain of justice~~". They appealed to the royal court, stressing the exceptional nature of their case, hoping to obtain more flexible justice adapted to their specific needs. This approach was based on the concept that the king, as sovereign, had the ultimate power to dispense justice and could intervene in cases where ordinary law was insufficient or inappropriate.		14 世纪和 15 世纪期间，普通法虽然在英国建立了坚实的法律框架，但也开始显示出其局限性，特别是由于社会和经济的快速发展。新类型的纠纷和复杂的情况不断出现，现有的普通法框架难以充分解决这些问题。在这种情况下，人们开始寻求传统普通法体系之外的其他解决方案。面对这些挑战，诉讼当事人将国王视为 "正义之泉"。他们向王室法庭提出上诉，强调其案件的特殊性，希望获得更灵活的、适合其具体需求的司法。这种做法基于这样一种理念，即国王作为君主，拥有伸张正义的最终权力，可以在普通法律不充分或不适当的情况下进行干预。

	This trend led to a strengthening of the role of the Court of Chancery. Initially, the Chancery was responsible for managing the King's administrative affairs, but it gradually evolved into a court of justice. The Chancellor, acting on behalf of the King, began to deal with cases that could not be adequately resolved by the common law courts, applying principles of equity. The Chancellor's Court thus filled the gaps in the Common Law by dealing with cases that required a more nuanced and flexible approach. The concept of equity, as distinct from the strict rules of the Common Law, enabled the Chancellor to provide fairer solutions tailored to particular situations.		这一趋势加强了大法官法庭的作用。最初，大法官法庭负责管理国王的行政事务，但后来逐渐演变成了一个司法法庭。大法官代表国王，开始运用衡平法原则处理普通法法院无法充分解决的案件。因此，大法官法院填补了普通法的空白，处理需要更细致、更灵活方法的案件。有别于普通法的严格规则，衡平法的概念使大法官能够针对特定情况提供更公平的解决方案。

	The use of equity in the English legal system was a response to the limitations of the Common Law, particularly its procedural rigidity. Whereas the common law was heavily weighted towards established rules and procedures, equity offered a more flexible approach based on case-by-case justice. The Court of Chancellor, acting on behalf of the King, played a central role in the application of equity. In dispensing justice, the Chancellor did not rely strictly on the law as in the Common Law, but rather on his conscience and the principles of equity. This approach made it possible to consider the moral and ethical aspects of a case, thus offering fairer and more balanced solutions, particularly in situations where the strict application of the Common Law could have led to an unjust outcome.		在英国法律体系中使用衡平法是为了应对普通法的局限性，尤其是其程序上的僵化。普通法偏重于既定的规则和程序，而衡平法则提供了一种以个案公正为基础的更为灵活的方法。大法官法庭代表国王行事，在衡平法的应用中发挥着核心作用。在伸张正义时，大法官并不像普通法那样严格依据法律，而是依据自己的良知和公平原则。这种方法可以考虑案件的道德和伦理方面，从而提供更公平、更平衡的解决方案，尤其是在严格适用普通法可能导致不公正结果的情况下。

	One of the main advantages of equity was its ability to overcome the shortcomings and rigidities of the Common Law, particularly with regard to formal defects. Under the common law system, litigation could often fail for simple procedural errors, even if the plaintiff's claims were substantiated in substance. Equity, on the other hand, made it possible to overcome these formal obstacles and focus on the merits of the case. The distinction between common law and equity thus led to the emergence of two parallel but complementary systems in English law. Whereas the common law emphasised tradition, consistency and precedent, equity focused on individual justice and flexibility. This duality enabled the English legal system to respond in a more comprehensive and nuanced way to diverse legal needs and situations, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the administration of justice.		衡平法的主要优势之一是能够克服普通法的缺陷和僵化，尤其是在形式缺陷方面。在普通法体系下，即使原告的主张在实质上成立，诉讼也往往会因简单的程序错误而失败。而衡平法则可以克服这些形式上的障碍，专注于案件的是非曲直。因此，普通法与衡平法的区别导致英国法律中出现了两种平行但互补的体系。普通法强调传统、一致性和先例，而衡平法则注重个人正义和灵活性。这种二元性使英国法律体系能够更全面、更细致地应对不同的法律需求和情况，从而提高司法的整体效率。

	The procedure of equity, applied by the Court of Chancellor in England, was not conceived as a remedy for the shortcomings of the Common Law, but rather as a complement offering more flexible tools better suited to certain legal situations. This distinct approach to justice has grown in popularity over time, due to its ability to offer fairer and more personalised solutions than those provided by the Common Law. Equity, by focusing on the specific needs and unique circumstances of each case, made it possible to resolve disputes that might have been mishandled or unresolved by the more rigid Common Law system. For example, equity could offer remedies such as injunctions, trusts and specific decrees, which were not available under the Common Law.		英国大法官法庭适用的衡平法程序，并不是为了弥补普通法的缺陷，而是作为一种补充，提供更灵活的工具，更适合某些法律情况。随着时间的推移，这种独特的司法方式越来越受欢迎，因为它能够提供比普通法更公平、更个性化的解决方案。衡平法通过关注每个案件的具体需求和独特情况，能够解决普通法体系可能处理不当或无法解决的纠纷。例如，衡平法可以提供禁令、信托和特定法令等普通法所不具备的补救措施。

	The growing popularity of the Court of Chancery and Equity led to an increase in the amount of litigation brought before it. This was largely due to the perception that equity offered fairer justice that was more attentive to the detail of each case. However, this trend caused some tension with Common Law judges. The Common Law courts, seeing some of their cases transferred to the Court of the Chancellor, suffered a decline in income and influence. This conflict between common law and equity revealed the limitations and challenges of each system, while highlighting the need for a more integrated approach to justice. Over time, the principles of equity were gradually incorporated into the general legal system, leading to greater harmonisation between the two approaches. This integration eventually led to a more comprehensive and nuanced legal system, capable of responding more adequately to the diversity of legal needs.		大法官法庭和衡平法院越来越受欢迎，导致向其提起的诉讼数量增加。这主要是由于人们认为衡平法提供了更公平的司法，更关注每个案件的细节。然而，这一趋势与普通法法官之间的关系有些紧张。普通法法院的部分案件被移交给了大法官法院，收入和影响力都有所下降。普通法与衡平法之间的冲突揭示了每种制度的局限性和挑战，同时也凸显了采用更加综合的司法方法的必要性。随着时间的推移，衡平法原则逐渐被纳入普通法律体系，从而使两种方法更加协调。这种融合最终形成了一个更全面、更细致的法律体系，能够更充分地应对法律需求的多样性。

	The relationship between common law and equity in England has been marked by a period of conflict, but also by a search for compromise and harmonisation. This conflict between common law and equity judges has been driven by fundamental differences in their legal approaches and methodologies. At the heart of the conflict was the question of which system should prevail in the event of disagreement between the decisions of the Common Law courts and those of the Chancellor's Court, which applied the principles of equity. In the end, it was decided that, in the event of a conflict between the two, equity should prevail. This decision reflected the recognition of equity as a means of correcting the potential rigidities and injustices of the Common Law.		在英格兰，普通法与衡平法之间的关系经历了一段冲突时期，但同时也在寻求妥协与协调。普通法法官和衡平法法官之间的冲突是由他们在法律方式和方法上的根本差异所导致的。冲突的核心问题是，如果普通法法院的判决与适用衡平法原则的大法官法院的判决出现分歧，应以哪种制度为准。最后的决定是，如果两者发生冲突，应以衡平法为准。这一决定反映了人们承认衡平法是纠正普通法潜在的僵化和不公正的一种手段。

	However, a definitive resolution and unification of the two systems had to wait until the eighteenth century. At that time, the various Royal Courts of Justice, including the Court of Westminster (representing the Common Law) and the Court of the Chancellor (applying equity), were consolidated into a higher court. This consolidation enabled the two sources of law to be used jointly and undifferentiated, thus combining the rigour and predictability of the common law with the flexibility and individualised justice of equity. In this unified system, in the event of conflict between common law and equity, the primacy of equity has been maintained. This prevalence of equity over Common Law in the event of conflict ensured that final decisions were fair and balanced, taking into account the particular aspects of each case.		然而，两种制度的最终解决和统一要等到十八世纪。当时，包括威斯敏斯特法院（代表普通法）和大法官法院（适用衡平法）在内的各皇家法院合并为一个高级法院。这一合并使两种法律渊源得以无差别地共同使用，从而将普通法的严谨性和可预见性与衡平法的灵活性和个性化司法结合起来。在这一统一的体系中，当普通法与衡平法发生冲突时，衡平法的优先地位得以保持。在发生冲突时，衡平法优先于普通法，这确保了最终裁决的公正和平衡，同时考虑到每个案件的特殊方面。

	The distinction between continental and English legal systems is marked by the different approach to the codification of the law. Whereas continental countries, influenced by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, adopted codification as a means of systematising and rationalising their laws, England maintained its attachment to a common law system based on case law. In continental law systems, codification was seen as a way of modernising the law and making it more accessible and comprehensible to citizens. Codes, such as the famous Code Napoléon in France, sought to bring together the rules of law in an organised and systematic whole, reflecting the Enlightenment ideals of rationality and universality. These codification efforts marked a significant turning point, establishing clear and uniform legal bases in the countries that adopted them.		大陆法系和英国法系的区别在于编纂法律的方法不同。受启蒙运动和法国大革命的影响，欧洲大陆国家将编纂作为使其法律系统化和合理化的一种手段，而英国则坚持以判例法为基础的普通法体系。在欧洲大陆法系中，编纂被视为使法律现代化的一种方式，使法律更易于为公民所理解和使用。法典，如法国著名的《拿破仑法典》，试图将法律规则汇集成一个有组织、有系统的整体，体现启蒙运动关于理性和普遍性的理想。这些法典编纂工作标志着一个重要的转折点，为采用这些法典的国家建立了明确统一的法律基础。

	In England, by contrast, the notion of codification as understood on the Continent was virtually unknown. The English legal system continued to rely heavily on Common Law and the principles of equity. Instead of written codes, English law developed through judicial decisions handed down over time. English lawyers often refer to decisions dating back as far as the eighteenth century, underlining the importance of precedent in legal practice. This divergence between Common Law and Civil Law systems reflects fundamentally different legal philosophies and traditions. Whereas continental countries have sought to establish clear, codified rules, England has favoured a more organic and evolutionary system, where the law is shaped and adapted by judicial decisions. This approach has enabled the English legal system to remain flexible and adaptable, although less codified and systematised than its continental counterparts.		相比之下，在英国，欧洲大陆所理解的编纂概念几乎无人知晓。英国的法律体系仍然在很大程度上依赖于普通法和衡平法原则。英国法律没有成文法典，而是通过长期流传下来的司法判决发展起来的。英国律师经常提到早在十八世纪的判决，这凸显了先例在法律实践中的重要性。普通法系和大陆法系之间的这种分歧反映了根本不同的法律理念和传统。大陆法系国家寻求建立明确的成文法规则，而英国则倾向于更有机和渐进的体系，即通过司法判决来塑造和调整法律。这种方法使英国的法律体系保持了灵活性和适应性，尽管其法典化和系统化程度低于欧洲大陆国家。

	~~The assertion that Anglo~~-~~Saxon law has not been influenced by Roman law because it is judicial law requires qualification. Although the Anglo~~-Saxon legal system, or Common Law, is distinguished by its approach based on case law and judicial precedents, it has been indirectly influenced by Roman law through various historical and legal channels, notably during the period of the Roman Empire in Great Britain and later through interactions with Canon Law and Romano-Germanic Law on the European continent. However, it is true that Common Law developed relatively independently of the civil law system based on Roman law, which is predominant in continental Europe. In countries applying the Anglo-American Common Law system, case law is regarded as a formal source of law. When faced with a dispute, judges first look to see if a similar case has been decided in the past. If a precedent exists, the judge is generally obliged to follow it in his or her decision. This practice, known as "stare decisis" (keeping to past decisions), ensures the consistency and predictability of the law. Conversely, when a judge is faced with a new case with no clear precedent, his or her decision establishes a new precedent. This new precedent will then be binding on all judges of the same or lower rank, thus guiding future decisions in similar cases. This rule of precedent is fundamental to the Common Law system and leads to the formation of a body of case law. Case law is therefore the law formulated and developed through court cases. It differs from the civil law system in that it evolves primarily through court judgments rather than through codes or statutes. This characteristic gives the Common Law system flexibility and the ability to adapt to social changes and new situations, although it can also lead to a certain complexity and a need for constant legal interpretation.		盎格鲁-撒克逊法律是司法法律，因此没有受到罗马法的影响，这种说法需要加以限定。虽然盎格鲁-撒克逊法律体系（或称普通法）的特点是以判例法和司法先例为基础，但它通过各种历史和法律渠道间接受到罗马法的影响，特别是在大不列颠罗马帝国时期，以及后来通过与欧洲大陆的教会法和罗马-日耳曼法的互动。不过，普通法的发展确实相对独立于以罗马法为基础的民法体系，而罗马法在欧洲大陆占主导地位。在采用英美普通法体系的国家，判例法被视为正式的法律渊源。面对争议时，法官首先要看过去是否有类似的案件被判决过。如果存在先例，法官通常有义务在其判决中遵循先例。这种做法被称为 "stare decisis"（遵循过去的判决），可确保法律的一致性和可预测性。相反，当法官面对一个没有明确先例的新案件时，他或她的判决就会确立一个新的先例。这一新先例将对所有同级或更低级别的法官具有约束力，从而指导今后类似案件的判决。这种先例规则是普通法体系的根本，并导致判例法体系的形成。因此，判例法是通过法院案例制定和发展起来的法律。它与大陆法系的不同之处在于，它主要通过法院判决而非法典或成文法来发展。这一特点赋予了普通法体系灵活性和适应社会变化和新情况的能力，但也可能导致一定的复杂性和不断进行法律解释的需要。

	= ~~Annexes~~ =		= 附件 =
	= ~~References~~ =		= 参考资料 =

	<references />		<references />

Arthur : /* 普通法 */

2023-12-12T14:29:30Z

普通法

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Arthur : /* 15 世纪 - 16 世纪 */

2023-12-12T14:21:22Z

15 世纪 - 16 世纪

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Arthur : /* 第一个千年结束 */

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第一个千年结束

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Arthur le 12 décembre 2023 à 14:18

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法律的主要形成传统 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 公平 */

Arthur : /* 普通法 */

Arthur : /* 15 世纪 - 16 世纪 */

Arthur : /* 第一个千年结束 */

Arthur le 12 décembre 2023 à 14:18

Arthur : /* 公平 */

Arthur : /* 普通法 */

Arthur : /* 15 世纪 - 16 世纪 */

Arthur : /* 第一个千年结束 */