Arthur : /* 1965 年之后：黑人运动的分裂 */

2023-11-17T15:35:25Z

1965 年之后：黑人运动的分裂

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点 */

2023-11-17T15:32:49Z

约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点

← Version précédente		Version du 17 novembre 2023 à 17:32
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	~~The~~ "~~Children's Crusade~~" ~~in Birmingham, Alabama, in May~~ 1963 was a moment of dramatic confrontation between young non-violent demonstrators and the local authorities that marked a turning point in the Kennedy administration's commitment to civil rights. Images of police using water cannons and dogs against children and teenagers shocked the nation and the world. The violence in Birmingham and the news of the African Unity Conference in Addis Ababa illustrated the dissonance between the United States' posture as a defender of freedom and democracy and the reality of racial discrimination and violence within its own borders. The contrast between the aspirations of African peoples for equality and self-determination and the struggle of African-Americans for civil rights and human dignity increased the pressure on President Kennedy. In response to these events, on 11 June 1963, Kennedy gave a speech in which he declared that the issue of civil rights was first and foremost a moral issue, as old as the Constitution and more fundamental than any economic or political issue. He announced his intention to introduce new civil rights legislation, which would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964 under the Johnson administration after Kennedy's assassination.		1963 年 5 月在阿拉巴马州伯明翰发生的 "儿童十字军东征 "是年轻的非暴力示威者与地方当局发生戏剧性对抗的时刻，标志着肯尼迪政府对民权承诺的转折点。警察用水枪和警犬对付儿童和青少年的画面震惊了全国乃至全世界。伯明翰的暴力事件和亚的斯亚贝巴非洲统一组织会议的消息表明，美国作为自由和民主捍卫者的姿态与美国国内种族歧视和暴力的现实之间存在着矛盾。非洲人民争取平等和自决的愿望与非裔美国人争取公民权利和人类尊严的斗争之间的反差增加了肯尼迪总统的压力。针对这些事件，肯尼迪于 1963 年 6 月 11 日发表讲话，宣布民权问题首先是一个道德问题，与宪法一样古老，比任何经济或政治问题都更为根本。他宣布打算提出新的民权立法，在肯尼迪遇刺后，约翰逊政府制定了《1964 年民权法案》。

	~~President John F. Kennedy's speech on June~~ 11, 1963 directly addressed the nation on the issue of civil rights, declaring them to be an essential moral issue for the future of the United States. The speech marked a significant step in his administration's commitment to promoting equal rights and ending segregation. Kennedy was motivated to act in part by events in Birmingham, Alabama, where demonstrations led by Dr Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists had been violently suppressed by the local authorities. Images of young demonstrators being attacked by police dogs and water cannons made headlines around the world, sparking international outrage and exacerbating the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Negative media coverage by the Soviet press was a source of great concern to the US government. This reinforced the urgency felt by Kennedy to take substantive action and reaffirm the values of democracy and freedom, particularly as the United States sought to extend its influence and promote its model of governance around the world during the Cold War. Kennedy's response took the form of the Civil Rights Act, which he introduced and which was finally passed after his assassination, under the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. This was landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex or national origin, and ended unconditional segregation in schools, workplaces and facilities serving the public.		约翰-肯尼迪总统在 1963 年 6 月 11 日的演讲中直接向全国人民阐述了民权问题，宣布民权是关系到美国未来的重要道德问题。这次演讲标志着肯尼迪政府在促进平等权利和结束种族隔离方面迈出了重要一步。在阿拉巴马州伯明翰，小马丁-路德-金博士和其他民权活动家领导的示威活动遭到了当地政府的暴力镇压。年轻示威者遭到警犬和水枪袭击的画面成为全世界的头条新闻，引发了国际社会的愤怒，加剧了美苏之间的冷战。苏联媒体的负面报道引起了美国政府的极大关注。这让肯尼迪更加感到迫切需要采取实质性行动，重申民主和自由的价值观，尤其是在冷战期间，美国试图扩大其影响力，在全世界推广其治理模式。肯尼迪的回应形式是他提出的《民权法案》，该法案在他遇刺后于 1964 年在林登-约翰逊（Lyndon B. Johnson）担任总统期间最终获得通过。这是一项具有里程碑意义的立法，宣布基于种族、肤色、宗教、性别或民族血统的歧视为非法，并结束了学校、工作场所和公共服务设施中无条件的种族隔离。

	The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a defining moment in the history of the civil rights movement in the United States. It brought together people of all races and backgrounds to demand concrete and immediate changes in civil rights and economic opportunities for African Americans. The Kennedy administration initially had reservations about the march, fearing it would lead to violence and impede the legislative process for the civil rights bill. After discussions with the organisers, a tacit agreement was reached to keep the tone of the demonstration positive and constructive. The organisers pledged to work with the Presidency to ensure a peaceful and orderly day, which would present the movement in a positive light to both the country and the world. Martin Luther King Jr's "~~I Have a Dream~~" speech has become emblematic of the struggle for equality and social justice. His eloquence and call to national consciousness left a lasting impression and is often cited as one of the most powerful moments of the twentieth century. The march and the speech amplified popular support for the Civil Rights Act, which was then being debated in Congress. The images of the march, broadcast across the United States and the world, showed an America united in its diversity and demand for justice. This momentum was crucial in overcoming the many obstacles that stood in the way of civil rights legislation, ultimately leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964~~. This marked a major step forward in the fight to end legal segregation and institutionalised discrimination in the United States.~~		为就业和自由而进行的华盛顿大游行是美国民权运动历史上的一个决定性时刻。它将不同种族和背景的人们聚集在一起，要求立即为非裔美国人的公民权利和经济机会做出具体改变。肯尼迪政府最初对游行持保留意见，担心游行会导致暴力，阻碍民权法案的立法进程。在与组织者讨论后，双方达成默契，保持游行的积极性和建设性。组织者承诺与总统府合作，确保这一天和平有序，以积极的姿态向全国和全世界展示这场运动。小马丁-路德-金的 "我有一个梦想 "演讲已成为争取平等和社会正义斗争的象征。他的雄辩和对民族意识的呼唤给人们留下了深刻印象，经常被视为 20 世纪最有影响力的时刻之一。游行和演讲扩大了民众对当时正在国会辩论的《民权法案》的支持。游行的画面在全美乃至全世界播出，展示了一个在多样性和正义诉求中团结一致的美国。这一势头对于克服民权立法过程中的重重障碍至关重要，最终促成了 1964 年《民权法案》的通过。这标志着美国在结束法律上的种族隔离和制度化歧视的斗争中迈出了重要一步。

	~~The~~ "~~I Have a Dream~~" ~~speech by Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most famous and inspiring speeches in US history. Delivered on~~ 28 August 1963 in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C., the speech has become a symbol of the struggle for equal civil rights and the fight against racial segregation. In his speech, Martin Luther King did not make a direct comparison between himself and Moses. However, the biblical reference to the Exodus, the liberation of the Israelites from slavery and the journey to the Promised Land are themes that resonate with the struggle for freedom and justice for African Americans, and King often used such metaphors in his words and writings to symbolise the civil rights struggle. After the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, it was his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, who took up the torch of civil rights. Johnson, a shrewd politician and former Senate Majority Leader, used his influence and understanding of Congress to push through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and subsequently the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These laws were major legislative successes that ended official segregation and worked to prohibit racial discrimination in voting, education, employment and other areas of public life. Civil rights legislation marked an important milestone in the history of the United States, bringing significant legal changes and paving the way for continued improvements in the rights and representation of African Americans and other minorities. While the road to equality is still ongoing, these laws remain vital foundations on which subsequent movements for social justice have been and continue to be built.<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200">		小马丁-路德-金的 "我有一个梦想 "演讲是美国历史上最著名、最鼓舞人心的演讲之一。演讲于 1963 年 8 月 28 日在华盛顿特区林肯纪念堂前发表，已成为争取平等民权和反对种族隔离斗争的象征。在演讲中，马丁-路德-金并没有直接将自己与摩西相提并论。然而，《圣经》中提到的 "出埃及"、以色列人从奴役中获得解放以及前往 "应许之地 "的旅程等主题与非裔美国人争取自由和正义的斗争产生了共鸣，金经常在他的言论和著作中使用此类隐喻来象征民权斗争。1963 年 11 月约翰-肯尼迪遇刺身亡后，他的继任者林登-约翰逊接过了民权的火炬。约翰逊是一位精明的政治家，曾任参议院多数党领袖，他利用自己的影响力和对国会的了解，推动通过了《1964 年民权法案》以及随后的《1965 年投票权法案》。这些法律在立法方面取得了重大成就，结束了官方的种族隔离，并致力于禁止投票、教育、就业和其他公共生活领域的种族歧视。民权立法标志着美国历史上的一个重要里程碑，带来了重大的法律变革，为持续改善非裔美国人和其他少数群体的权利和代表性铺平了道路。虽然通往平等的道路仍在继续，但这些法律仍然是后来的社会正义运动赖以生存的重要基础。<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200">
	Fichier:March on Washington edit.jpg\|~~The crowd gathered on the Mall as seen from the Lincoln Memorial.~~		Fichier:March on Washington edit.jpg\|从林肯纪念堂看到聚集在广场上的人群。
	Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.jpg\|~~A participant in the March on Washington.~~		Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.jpg\|华盛顿游行的参与者。
	Fichier:Bayard Rustin NYWTS 3.jpg\|Bayard ~~Rustin (left) and~~ Cleveland ~~Robinson (right), organizers of the March, on August 7, 1963.~~		Fichier:Bayard Rustin NYWTS 3.jpg\|1963 年 8 月 7 日，大游行的组织者 Bayard Rustin（左）和 Cleveland Robinson（右）。
	Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march) - NARA - 542056.jpg\|~~Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march).~~		Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march) - NARA - 542056.jpg\|华盛顿特区民权大游行（游行领导人）。
	Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Faces of marchers.) - NARA - 542070.jpg\|~~Nearly 250,000 people marched, including 60,000 white participants.~~		Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Faces of marchers.) - NARA - 542070.jpg\|近 25 万人参加了游行，其中包括 6 万名白人参与者。
	Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Joachim Prinz 1963.jpg\|~~Leaders arrive late and link arms in front of marchers on Constitution Avenue.~~		Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Joachim Prinz 1963.jpg\|领导人姗姗来迟，在宪法大道游行者面前挽起臂膀。
	Fichier:March-on-washington-jobs-freedom-program.jpg\|~~March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom program.~~		Fichier:March-on-washington-jobs-freedom-program.jpg\|为就业和自由向华盛顿进军计划。
	Fichier:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg\|~~Martin Luther King, Jr. delivering his~~ "~~[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream I Have a Dream]~~" ~~speech.~~		Fichier:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg\|小马丁-路德-金发表 "我有一个梦想 "的演讲。
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	= ~~After~~ 1965~~: division of the black movement~~ =		= 1965 年之后：黑人运动的分裂 =

	[[Image:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act_July_2,_1964.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|~~Lyndon Baines Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act on~~ 2 ~~July 1964. Martin Luther King is standing behind him.~~]]		[[Image:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act_July_2,_1964.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|林登-贝恩斯-约翰逊于 1964 年 7 月 2 日签署《民权法案》。马丁-路德-金站在他身后。]]

	The fight for civil rights in the United States has been characterised by a variety of philosophies and strategies. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 represented a major legislative victory against segregation and marked a significant advance in the fight for equal civil rights. However, it did not mean the end of the struggle for many activists. Martin Luther King Jr. and other advocates of integration and non-violence saw the legislation as an important step towards equal opportunity and full integration, but they recognised that the law alone could not eliminate socio-economic disparities or deep-rooted prejudices in society. They continued to campaign for deeper changes, including economic rights and the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. On the other hand, there were those in the civil rights movement who were more sceptical about integration into white society, if not outright at odds with it. These individuals and groups, sometimes referred to as Black separatists or Black nationalists, advocated Black self-determination, economic autonomy and, in some cases, the creation of a separate nation for people of African descent. Figures such as Malcolm X and groups such as the Nation of Islam, and later the Black Panther Party, were associated with this philosophy. This period saw an intensification of debate about the best strategies for achieving real equality and social justice. The following years saw the emergence of more radical movements that moved away from the non-violent strategy advocated by Martin Luther King Jr, reflecting growing frustration with slow improvements in living conditions and persistent racism.		The fight for civil rights in the United States has been characterised by a variety of philosophies and strategies. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 represented a major legislative victory against segregation and marked a significant advance in the fight for equal civil rights. However, it did not mean the end of the struggle for many activists. Martin Luther King Jr. and other advocates of integration and non-violence saw the legislation as an important step towards equal opportunity and full integration, but they recognised that the law alone could not eliminate socio-economic disparities or deep-rooted prejudices in society. They continued to campaign for deeper changes, including economic rights and the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. On the other hand, there were those in the civil rights movement who were more sceptical about integration into white society, if not outright at odds with it. These individuals and groups, sometimes referred to as Black separatists or Black nationalists, advocated Black self-determination, economic autonomy and, in some cases, the creation of a separate nation for people of African descent. Figures such as Malcolm X and groups such as the Nation of Islam, and later the Black Panther Party, were associated with this philosophy. This period saw an intensification of debate about the best strategies for achieving real equality and social justice. The following years saw the emergence of more radical movements that moved away from the non-violent strategy advocated by Martin Luther King Jr, reflecting growing frustration with slow improvements in living conditions and persistent racism.

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点 */

2023-11-17T15:31:27Z

约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点

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	~~President John F. Kennedy's [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Address Civil Rights Address on June~~ 11~~, 1963]~~.<ref>Goduti Jr., Philip A. (2012). [https://books.google.fr/books?id=hZKgdn5CJ5IC&dq=&redir_esc=y Robert F. Kennedy and the Shaping of Civil Rights, 1960-1964]. McFarland. ISBN 9781476600871.</ref><ref>Goldzwig, Steven R.; Dionisopolous, George N. (1989). "John F. Kennedy's civil rights discourse: The evolution from "principled bystander" to public advocate". Communication Monographs. Speech Communication Association. 56 (3): 179–198. doi:10.1080/03637758909390259. ISSN 0363-7751.</ref><ref>Loevy, Robert D. (1997). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791433614.</ref>		1963 年 6 月 11 日约翰-肯尼迪总统的民权演说.<ref>Goduti Jr., Philip A. (2012). [https://books.google.fr/books?id=hZKgdn5CJ5IC&dq=&redir_esc=y Robert F. Kennedy and the Shaping of Civil Rights, 1960-1964]. McFarland. ISBN 9781476600871.</ref><ref>Goldzwig, Steven R.; Dionisopolous, George N. (1989). "John F. Kennedy's civil rights discourse: The evolution from "principled bystander" to public advocate". Communication Monographs. Speech Communication Association. 56 (3): 179–198. doi:10.1080/03637758909390259. ISSN 0363-7751.</ref><ref>Loevy, Robert D. (1997). The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791433614.</ref>
	{{Fin cadre\|}}		{{Fin cadre\|}}

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪自 1961 年 1 月起担任总统 */

2023-11-17T15:31:03Z

约翰-肯尼迪自 1961 年 1 月起担任总统

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Arthur : /* 斗争的最初阶段：1955 年至 1960 年 */

2023-11-17T15:29:40Z

斗争的最初阶段：1955 年至 1960 年

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Arthur : /* 最高法院 */

2023-11-17T15:28:20Z

最高法院

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Arthur : /* 促进变革的行动者 */

2023-11-17T15:26:34Z

促进变革的行动者

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Arthur le 17 novembre 2023 à 15:25

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	~~The~~ "~~Children's Crusade~~" ~~in Birmingham, Alabama, in May~~ 1963 was a moment of dramatic confrontation between young non-violent demonstrators and the local authorities that marked a turning point in the Kennedy administration's commitment to civil rights. Images of police using water cannons and dogs against children and teenagers shocked the nation and the world. The violence in Birmingham and the news of the African Unity Conference in Addis Ababa illustrated the dissonance between the United States' posture as a defender of freedom and democracy and the reality of racial discrimination and violence within its own borders. The contrast between the aspirations of African peoples for equality and self-determination and the struggle of African-Americans for civil rights and human dignity increased the pressure on President Kennedy. In response to these events, on 11 June 1963, Kennedy gave a speech in which he declared that the issue of civil rights was first and foremost a moral issue, as old as the Constitution and more fundamental than any economic or political issue. He announced his intention to introduce new civil rights legislation, which would become the Civil Rights Act of 1964 under the Johnson administration after Kennedy's assassination.		1963 年 5 月在阿拉巴马州伯明翰发生的 "儿童十字军东征 "是年轻的非暴力示威者与地方当局发生戏剧性对抗的时刻，标志着肯尼迪政府对民权承诺的转折点。警察用水枪和警犬对付儿童和青少年的画面震惊了全国乃至全世界。伯明翰的暴力事件和亚的斯亚贝巴非洲统一组织会议的消息表明，美国作为自由和民主捍卫者的姿态与美国国内种族歧视和暴力的现实之间存在着矛盾。非洲人民争取平等和自决的愿望与非裔美国人争取公民权利和人类尊严的斗争之间的反差增加了肯尼迪总统的压力。针对这些事件，肯尼迪于 1963 年 6 月 11 日发表讲话，宣布民权问题首先是一个道德问题，与宪法一样古老，比任何经济或政治问题都更为根本。他宣布打算提出新的民权立法，在肯尼迪遇刺后，约翰逊政府制定了《1964 年民权法案》。

	~~President John F. Kennedy's speech on June~~ 11, 1963 directly addressed the nation on the issue of civil rights, declaring them to be an essential moral issue for the future of the United States. The speech marked a significant step in his administration's commitment to promoting equal rights and ending segregation. Kennedy was motivated to act in part by events in Birmingham, Alabama, where demonstrations led by Dr Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists had been violently suppressed by the local authorities. Images of young demonstrators being attacked by police dogs and water cannons made headlines around the world, sparking international outrage and exacerbating the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Negative media coverage by the Soviet press was a source of great concern to the US government. This reinforced the urgency felt by Kennedy to take substantive action and reaffirm the values of democracy and freedom, particularly as the United States sought to extend its influence and promote its model of governance around the world during the Cold War. Kennedy's response took the form of the Civil Rights Act, which he introduced and which was finally passed after his assassination, under the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964. This was landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, colour, religion, sex or national origin, and ended unconditional segregation in schools, workplaces and facilities serving the public.		约翰-肯尼迪总统在 1963 年 6 月 11 日的演讲中直接向全国人民阐述了民权问题，宣布民权是关系到美国未来的重要道德问题。这次演讲标志着肯尼迪政府在促进平等权利和结束种族隔离方面迈出了重要一步。在阿拉巴马州伯明翰，小马丁-路德-金博士和其他民权活动家领导的示威活动遭到了当地政府的暴力镇压。年轻示威者遭到警犬和水枪袭击的画面成为全世界的头条新闻，引发了国际社会的愤怒，加剧了美苏之间的冷战。苏联媒体的负面报道引起了美国政府的极大关注。这让肯尼迪更加感到迫切需要采取实质性行动，重申民主和自由的价值观，尤其是在冷战期间，美国试图扩大其影响力，在全世界推广其治理模式。肯尼迪的回应形式是他提出的《民权法案》，该法案在他遇刺后于 1964 年在林登-约翰逊（Lyndon B. Johnson）担任总统期间最终获得通过。这是一项具有里程碑意义的立法，宣布基于种族、肤色、宗教、性别或民族血统的歧视为非法，并结束了学校、工作场所和公共服务设施中无条件的种族隔离。

	The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was a defining moment in the history of the civil rights movement in the United States. It brought together people of all races and backgrounds to demand concrete and immediate changes in civil rights and economic opportunities for African Americans. The Kennedy administration initially had reservations about the march, fearing it would lead to violence and impede the legislative process for the civil rights bill. After discussions with the organisers, a tacit agreement was reached to keep the tone of the demonstration positive and constructive. The organisers pledged to work with the Presidency to ensure a peaceful and orderly day, which would present the movement in a positive light to both the country and the world. Martin Luther King Jr's "~~I Have a Dream~~" speech has become emblematic of the struggle for equality and social justice. His eloquence and call to national consciousness left a lasting impression and is often cited as one of the most powerful moments of the twentieth century. The march and the speech amplified popular support for the Civil Rights Act, which was then being debated in Congress. The images of the march, broadcast across the United States and the world, showed an America united in its diversity and demand for justice. This momentum was crucial in overcoming the many obstacles that stood in the way of civil rights legislation, ultimately leading to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964~~. This marked a major step forward in the fight to end legal segregation and institutionalised discrimination in the United States.~~		为就业和自由而进行的华盛顿大游行是美国民权运动历史上的一个决定性时刻。它将不同种族和背景的人们聚集在一起，要求立即为非裔美国人的公民权利和经济机会做出具体改变。肯尼迪政府最初对游行持保留意见，担心游行会导致暴力，阻碍民权法案的立法进程。在与组织者讨论后，双方达成默契，保持游行的积极性和建设性。组织者承诺与总统府合作，确保这一天和平有序，以积极的姿态向全国和全世界展示这场运动。小马丁-路德-金的 "我有一个梦想 "演讲已成为争取平等和社会正义斗争的象征。他的雄辩和对民族意识的呼唤给人们留下了深刻印象，经常被视为 20 世纪最有影响力的时刻之一。游行和演讲扩大了民众对当时正在国会辩论的《民权法案》的支持。游行的画面在全美乃至全世界播出，展示了一个在多样性和正义诉求中团结一致的美国。这一势头对于克服民权立法过程中的重重障碍至关重要，最终促成了 1964 年《民权法案》的通过。这标志着美国在结束法律上的种族隔离和制度化歧视的斗争中迈出了重要一步。

	~~The~~ "~~I Have a Dream~~" ~~speech by Martin Luther King Jr. is one of the most famous and inspiring speeches in US history. Delivered on~~ 28 August 1963 in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C., the speech has become a symbol of the struggle for equal civil rights and the fight against racial segregation. In his speech, Martin Luther King did not make a direct comparison between himself and Moses. However, the biblical reference to the Exodus, the liberation of the Israelites from slavery and the journey to the Promised Land are themes that resonate with the struggle for freedom and justice for African Americans, and King often used such metaphors in his words and writings to symbolise the civil rights struggle. After the assassination of John F. Kennedy in November 1963, it was his successor, Lyndon B. Johnson, who took up the torch of civil rights. Johnson, a shrewd politician and former Senate Majority Leader, used his influence and understanding of Congress to push through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and subsequently the Voting Rights Act of 1965. These laws were major legislative successes that ended official segregation and worked to prohibit racial discrimination in voting, education, employment and other areas of public life. Civil rights legislation marked an important milestone in the history of the United States, bringing significant legal changes and paving the way for continued improvements in the rights and representation of African Americans and other minorities. While the road to equality is still ongoing, these laws remain vital foundations on which subsequent movements for social justice have been and continue to be built.<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200">		小马丁-路德-金的 "我有一个梦想 "演讲是美国历史上最著名、最鼓舞人心的演讲之一。演讲于 1963 年 8 月 28 日在华盛顿特区林肯纪念堂前发表，已成为争取平等民权和反对种族隔离斗争的象征。在演讲中，马丁-路德-金并没有直接将自己与摩西相提并论。然而，《圣经》中提到的 "出埃及"、以色列人从奴役中获得解放以及前往 "应许之地 "的旅程等主题与非裔美国人争取自由和正义的斗争产生了共鸣，金经常在他的言论和著作中使用此类隐喻来象征民权斗争。1963 年 11 月约翰-肯尼迪遇刺身亡后，他的继任者林登-约翰逊接过了民权的火炬。约翰逊是一位精明的政治家，曾任参议院多数党领袖，他利用自己的影响力和对国会的了解，推动通过了《1964 年民权法案》以及随后的《1965 年投票权法案》。这些法律在立法方面取得了重大成就，结束了官方的种族隔离，并致力于禁止投票、教育、就业和其他公共生活领域的种族歧视。民权立法标志着美国历史上的一个重要里程碑，带来了重大的法律变革，为持续改善非裔美国人和其他少数群体的权利和代表性铺平了道路。虽然通往平等的道路仍在继续，但这些法律仍然是后来的社会正义运动赖以生存的重要基础。<gallery mode="packed" widths="200" heights="200">
	Fichier:March on Washington edit.jpg\|~~The crowd gathered on the Mall as seen from the Lincoln Memorial.~~		Fichier:March on Washington edit.jpg\|从林肯纪念堂看到聚集在广场上的人群。
	Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.jpg\|~~A participant in the March on Washington.~~		Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.jpg\|华盛顿游行的参与者。
	Fichier:Bayard Rustin NYWTS 3.jpg\|Bayard ~~Rustin (left) and~~ Cleveland ~~Robinson (right), organizers of the March, on August 7, 1963.~~		Fichier:Bayard Rustin NYWTS 3.jpg\|1963 年 8 月 7 日，大游行的组织者 Bayard Rustin（左）和 Cleveland Robinson（右）。
	Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march) - NARA - 542056.jpg\|~~Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march).~~		Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march) - NARA - 542056.jpg\|华盛顿特区民权大游行（游行领导人）。
	Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Faces of marchers.) - NARA - 542070.jpg\|~~Nearly 250,000 people marched, including 60,000 white participants.~~		Fichier:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Faces of marchers.) - NARA - 542070.jpg\|近 25 万人参加了游行，其中包括 6 万名白人参与者。
	Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Joachim Prinz 1963.jpg\|~~Leaders arrive late and link arms in front of marchers on Constitution Avenue.~~		Fichier:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Martin Luther King, Jr. and Joachim Prinz 1963.jpg\|领导人姗姗来迟，在宪法大道游行者面前挽起臂膀。
	Fichier:March-on-washington-jobs-freedom-program.jpg\|~~March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom program.~~		Fichier:March-on-washington-jobs-freedom-program.jpg\|为就业和自由向华盛顿进军计划。
	Fichier:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg\|~~Martin Luther King, Jr. delivering his~~ "~~[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream I Have a Dream]~~" ~~speech.~~		Fichier:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg\|小马丁-路德-金发表 "我有一个梦想 "的演讲。
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	= ~~After~~ 1965~~: division of the black movement~~ =		= 1965 年之后：黑人运动的分裂 =

	[[Image:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act_July_2,_1964.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|~~Lyndon Baines Johnson signing the Civil Rights Act on~~ 2 ~~July 1964. Martin Luther King is standing behind him.~~]]		[[Image:Lyndon_Johnson_signing_Civil_Rights_Act_July_2,_1964.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|林登-贝恩斯-约翰逊于 1964 年 7 月 2 日签署《民权法案》。马丁-路德-金站在他身后。]]

	The fight for civil rights in the United States has been characterised by a variety of philosophies and strategies. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 represented a major legislative victory against segregation and marked a significant advance in the fight for equal civil rights. However, it did not mean the end of the struggle for many activists. Martin Luther King Jr. and other advocates of integration and non-violence saw the legislation as an important step towards equal opportunity and full integration, but they recognised that the law alone could not eliminate socio-economic disparities or deep-rooted prejudices in society. They continued to campaign for deeper changes, including economic rights and the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. On the other hand, there were those in the civil rights movement who were more sceptical about integration into white society, if not outright at odds with it. These individuals and groups, sometimes referred to as Black separatists or Black nationalists, advocated Black self-determination, economic autonomy and, in some cases, the creation of a separate nation for people of African descent. Figures such as Malcolm X and groups such as the Nation of Islam, and later the Black Panther Party, were associated with this philosophy. This period saw an intensification of debate about the best strategies for achieving real equality and social justice. The following years saw the emergence of more radical movements that moved away from the non-violent strategy advocated by Martin Luther King Jr, reflecting growing frustration with slow improvements in living conditions and persistent racism.		The fight for civil rights in the United States has been characterised by a variety of philosophies and strategies. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 represented a major legislative victory against segregation and marked a significant advance in the fight for equal civil rights. However, it did not mean the end of the struggle for many activists. Martin Luther King Jr. and other advocates of integration and non-violence saw the legislation as an important step towards equal opportunity and full integration, but they recognised that the law alone could not eliminate socio-economic disparities or deep-rooted prejudices in society. They continued to campaign for deeper changes, including economic rights and the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination. On the other hand, there were those in the civil rights movement who were more sceptical about integration into white society, if not outright at odds with it. These individuals and groups, sometimes referred to as Black separatists or Black nationalists, advocated Black self-determination, economic autonomy and, in some cases, the creation of a separate nation for people of African descent. Figures such as Malcolm X and groups such as the Nation of Islam, and later the Black Panther Party, were associated with this philosophy. This period saw an intensification of debate about the best strategies for achieving real equality and social justice. The following years saw the emergence of more radical movements that moved away from the non-violent strategy advocated by Martin Luther King Jr, reflecting growing frustration with slow improvements in living conditions and persistent racism.

美国的民权运动 - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* 1965 年之后：黑人运动的分裂 */

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点 */

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点 */

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪自 1961 年 1 月起担任总统 */

Arthur : /* 斗争的最初阶段：1955 年至 1960 年 */

Arthur : /* 最高法院 */

Arthur : /* 促进变革的行动者 */

Arthur le 17 novembre 2023 à 15:25

Arthur : /* 1965 年之后：黑人运动的分裂 */

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点 */

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪的伟大转折点 */

Arthur : /* 约翰-肯尼迪自 1961 年 1 月起担任总统 */

Arthur : /* 斗争的最初阶段：1955 年至 1960 年 */

Arthur : /* 最高法院 */

Arthur : /* 促进变革的行动者 */