Arthur : /* 民主党和共和党 */

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民主党和共和党

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	= 民主党和共和党 =		= 民主党和共和党 =
	During this period, the Democratic and Republican parties were the main political parties in the United States, and their support bases and political programmes reflected the regional and economic divisions in the country. The Republican Party, which had been the party of Lincoln and the abolition of slavery, was associated with the industrial regions of the North and Midwest, and generally supported high tariffs to protect American industry, as well as a strong federal government and a pro-business agenda. The Democratic Party, on the other hand, had its roots in the agrarian South and was generally associated with the interests of farmers and workers. It advocated lower tariffs, which it believed would benefit consumers and facilitate trade with other nations. Democrats were also generally in favour of states' rights and opposed an overly powerful federal government, a position that had its roots in the South's historic defence of the institution of slavery and, after the Civil War, racial segregation. It is also important to note that during this period, the Democratic Party was the dominant party in the post-Reconstruction South. After the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Southern Democrats regained control of local governments and implemented racial segregation laws and measures to disenfranchise African Americans. These "~~Jim Crow laws~~", as they were known, created a system of racial segregation that lasted until the middle of the 20th century. In the North, by contrast, the Republican Party was the dominant party, and was generally associated with modernisation, industrialisation and economic growth. However, even in the North, the party was far from monolithic. There were divisions within the party between the 'Stalwarts', who were pro-big business conservatives, and the 'Half-Breeds', who were more progressive and concerned with reform issues.		在此期间，民主党和共和党是美国的主要政党，它们的支持基础和政治纲领反映了美国的地区和经济分化。共和党曾是林肯和废除奴隶制的政党，与北部和中西部的工业地区有联系，通常支持高关税以保护美国工业，并支持强有力的联邦政府和亲商议程。另一方面，民主党植根于农业发达的南方，通常与农民和工人的利益相关联。民主党主张降低关税，认为这将有利于消费者并促进与其他国家的贸易。民主党人还普遍支持州权，反对联邦政府过于强大，这一立场源于南方在历史上对奴隶制的维护，以及南北战争后的种族隔离。同样重要的是，在此期间，民主党是重建后南方的主导政党。1877 年重建结束后，南方民主党重新控制了地方政府，并实施了种族隔离法和剥夺非裔美国人选举权的措施。这些被称为 "吉姆-克劳法 "的法律创造了一种种族隔离制度，这种制度一直持续到 20 世纪中叶。相比之下，在北方，共和党是占主导地位的政党，通常与现代化、工业化和经济增长联系在一起。然而，即使在北方，共和党也远非铁板一块。党内存在 "中坚分子 "和 "混血儿 "之间的分歧。"中坚分子 "是支持大企业的保守派，而 "混血儿 "则更加进步，关注改革问题。

	The late nineteenth century saw a series of extremely close presidential elections. For example, the 1876 election between Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican) and Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) was one of the most controversial in American history. Tilden won the popular vote, but Hayes was eventually elected President after a political compromise known as the Compromise of 1877~~, which ended Reconstruction in the South. The~~ 1884 election between Grover Cleveland (Democrat) and James G. Blaine (Republican) was also hotly contested, with Cleveland winning by a narrow margin. Cleveland became the first Democratic president since the Civil War, ending nearly two decades of Republican domination of the White House. The close election reflected the deep divisions in American society at the time. Issues of tariffs, currency, states' rights, government reform and civil rights were all hotly debated, and the two parties had very different visions of the country's future. The polarisation between the parties was also exacerbated by the political practices of the time, notably the patronage system, where government positions were awarded on the basis of political loyalty rather than competence. This encouraged fierce party loyalty and made political compromise even more difficult. However, despite this polarisation, there were also moments of bipartisan cooperation. For example, the two parties worked together to pass the Civil Service Act in 1883, which aimed to reform the patronage system and make government more efficient and less prone to corruption.		19 世纪末，出现了一系列选情极为胶着的总统选举。例如，1876 年卢瑟福-海斯（共和党）和塞缪尔-蒂尔登（民主党）之间的选举是美国历史上最具争议的选举之一。蒂尔登赢得了普选，但海斯最终在达成政治妥协（即 1877 年妥协）后当选总统，该妥协结束了南方的重建。格罗弗-克利夫兰（民主党）和詹姆斯-布莱恩（共和党）之间的 1884 年大选也竞争激烈，克利夫兰以微弱优势获胜。克利夫兰成为南北战争以来第一位民主党总统，结束了共和党统治白宫近二十年的局面。激烈的选举反映了当时美国社会的深刻分歧。关税、货币、州权、政府改革和民权等问题都引起了激烈的争论，两党对国家未来的看法也大相径庭。当时的政治惯例也加剧了党派之间的两极分化，尤其是赞助制度，即政府职位的授予是基于政治忠诚度而非能力。这鼓励了激烈的政党忠诚，使政治妥协变得更加困难。然而，尽管两极分化，两党也有合作的时候。例如，1883 年两党合作通过了《公务员法》，旨在改革庇护制度，提高政府效率，减少腐败现象。

	The dynamics between the Republican and Democratic parties in the late nineteenth century reflected the economic, regional and cultural divisions in America at the time. The Republican Party, with its roots in opposition to slavery and its role in the Union victory in the Civil War, had a strong base in the industrial North and the expanding West. These regions were experiencing rapid industrial growth, and the protectionist policies advocated by the Republicans were popular among industrialists and workers who wanted to protect their jobs from foreign competition. In addition, the West, with its vast tracts of public land and natural resources, benefited from Republican policies that favoured the development of railways and mining. The Democrats, on the other hand, had a strong base in the post-Reconstruction South, where the memory of the Civil War and the radical policies of Reconstruction were still fresh. The South was predominantly agricultural, with an economy based on cotton and other cash crops. Southern farmers, as well as those on the Great Plains, were often in favour of lower tariffs, as they bought manufactured goods and sold their products on world markets. The Democrats, with their populist rhetoric, also attracted many workers, immigrants and other groups who felt left behind by the changing economy of the time. These regional and economic divisions defined American politics during this period, with often close elections and shifting majorities in Congress. Both parties had to navigate these troubled waters, seeking to balance the interests of their respective bases while responding to the challenges and opportunities of a rapidly changing nation.		19 世纪末共和党和民主党之间的动态变化反映了当时美国的经济、地区和文化分裂。共和党以反对奴隶制为根基，并在南北战争中为联邦的胜利发挥了作用，在工业发达的北方和不断扩张的西部拥有强大的基础。这些地区的工业发展迅速，共和党倡导的保护主义政策受到工业家和工人的欢迎，他们希望保护自己的工作不受外国竞争的影响。此外，西部拥有大片公有土地和自然资源，共和党的政策有利于铁路和采矿业的发展。另一方面，民主党在重建后的南方拥有强大的基础，那里对南北战争和重建时期的激进政策记忆犹新。南方以农业为主，经济以棉花和其他经济作物为基础。南方农民和大平原上的农民通常赞成降低关税，因为他们购买制成品并在世界市场上销售产品。民主党的民粹主义言论也吸引了许多工人、移民和其他感到被当时不断变化的经济所抛弃的群体。这些地区和经济分歧决定了这一时期的美国政治，选举往往势均力敌，国会中的多数席位也在不断变化。两党都必须在这些动荡的水域中航行，寻求平衡各自基础的利益，同时应对快速变化的国家所带来的挑战和机遇。

	The end of the nineteenth century in the United States, often referred to as the Gilded Age, was marked by striking contrasts. As the country recovered from the scars of the Civil War, it also witnessed technological innovation, territorial expansion and unprecedented economic growth. However, this progress was often accompanied by major social and economic challenges. The South, although freed from the yoke of slavery, was plunged into a new form of oppression with the introduction of Jim Crow laws, which legalised racial segregation. Although officially free, African-Americans still faced institutionalised discrimination, violence and a lack of real economic opportunities. In the West, the promise of land and wealth attracted many settlers, but this was at the expense of indigenous peoples. Government policies, such as the Indian Act and the construction of reserves, sought to assimilate and displace indigenous populations, often by force. In the North East, industrialisation led to rapid urbanisation. Cities such as New York and Chicago became centres of innovation and wealth, but also of poverty and despair. Large numbers of immigrants sought opportunities in these cities, but often faced difficult working conditions, poor housing and xenophobia. Politically, although American democracy continued to function, it was marred by corruption and the influence of the "~~robber barons~~"~~, business tycoons who often used their wealth to influence politics to their advantage.~~		19 世纪末的美国通常被称为镀金时代（Gilded Age），对比鲜明。随着美国从南北战争的创伤中恢复过来，它也见证了技术创新、领土扩张和前所未有的经济增长。然而，这种进步往往伴随着重大的社会和经济挑战。南方虽然摆脱了奴隶制的枷锁，但随着将种族隔离合法化的《吉姆-克罗法》的出台，南方又陷入了一种新的压迫形式。虽然获得了正式自由，但非裔美国人仍然面临着制度化的歧视、暴力和缺乏真正的经济机会。在西部，土地和财富的承诺吸引了许多定居者，但这是以牺牲原住民为代价的。政府的政策，如《印第安人法案》和保留地的建设，试图同化和取代土著居民，往往是通过武力。在东北部，工业化导致了快速的城市化。纽约和芝加哥等城市成为创新和财富的中心，但也是贫穷和绝望的中心。大量移民在这些城市寻找机会，但往往面临艰苦的工作条件、简陋的住房和仇外心理。在政治上，尽管美国的民主制度仍在继续运作，但腐败和 "强盗大亨 "的影响却使其黯然失色，这些商业大亨经常利用自己的财富影响政治，为自己谋取利益。

	= ~~Annexes~~ =		= 附件 =
	*Cosmas, Graham A. An Army for Empire; the United States Army in the Spanish-American War. Columbia: U of Missouri, 1971. Print.		*Cosmas, Graham A. An Army for Empire; the United States Army in the Spanish-American War. Columbia: U of Missouri, 1971. Print.
	*[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0148-88 ''Wealth'', by Andrew Carnegie], ''North American Review'' Vol.148, Issue 391 pp. 653–665, June 1889. (Later published as Part I of ''The Gospel of Wealth'')		*[http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABQ7578-0148-88 ''Wealth'', by Andrew Carnegie], ''North American Review'' Vol.148, Issue 391 pp. 653–665, June 1889. (Later published as Part I of ''The Gospel of Wealth'')
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	*JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, interview in 1905. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers, an American Dynasty, chapter 3, p. 48		*JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER, interview in 1905. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers, an American Dynasty, chapter 3, p. 48

	= ~~References~~ =		= 参考资料 =
	<references/>		<references/>

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