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		<title>Arthur : /* International Trade Dynamics */</title>
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		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;International Trade Dynamics&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 7 décembre 2023 à 13:05&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l357&quot;&gt;Ligne 357 :&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==International Trade Dynamics==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==International Trade Dynamics==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le commerce extérieur des pays du Tiers-monde avant et après &lt;/del&gt;1950 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reflète les &lt;/del&gt;transformations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économiques et les défis auxquels ces pays étaient confrontés dans le contexte d'un système économique mondial en évolution&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The foreign trade of Third World countries before and after &lt;/ins&gt;1950 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reflects the economic &lt;/ins&gt;transformations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and challenges these countries faced in the context of a changing global economic system&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Avant &lt;/del&gt;1950, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la dynamique du commerce extérieur des pays du Tiers-monde était fortement influencée par leur passé &lt;/del&gt;colonial. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le modèle commercial de ces pays était caractérisé par l'exportation de matières premières et l'importation de produits manufacturés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les anciennes métropoles coloniales restaient les principaux partenaires commerciaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les termes de l'échange étaient souvent désavantageux pour les pays en développement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La volatilité des prix des matières premières représentait un défi majeur pour les économies des pays du Tiers-monde&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les prix bas et fluctuants des matières premières&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que les produits agricoles et les minerais&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contrastaient avec les prix élevés des produits manufacturés importés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;situation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a renforcé la dépendance économique de ces pays envers les métropoles coloniales et a limité leur capacité à générer des revenus suffisants pour le développement économique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En réponse à cette dépendance&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de nombreux pays du Tiers-monde ont adopté des politiques économiques protectionnistes après avoir obtenu leur indépendance&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces politiques visaient à protéger les &lt;/del&gt;industries &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;naissantes en limitant l'accès des produits étrangers sur leur marché intérieur&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cette approche a eu l'effet secondaire de limiter l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;accès de ces pays aux marchés étrangers&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car elle a entravé leur capacité à exporter et à concurrencer sur le marché &lt;/del&gt;international. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par ailleurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les stratégies d'&lt;/del&gt;industrialisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dirigée par l'État&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bien qu'ayant pour objectif de stimuler le développement industriel&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont souvent conduit à des résultats mitigés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces politiques ont parfois abouti à un sous&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;développement des secteurs non&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prioritaires et à une inefficacité des entreprises publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans de nombreux cas&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;industries &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;créées étaient peu compétitives et dépendaient fortement des subventions et du soutien gouvernemental&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu un &lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;négatif sur l'économie globale de ces pays&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Before &lt;/ins&gt;1950, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the foreign trade dynamics of Third World countries were strongly influenced by their &lt;/ins&gt;colonial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;past&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The trade model of these countries was characterised by the export of raw materials and the import of manufactured goods&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The former colonial metropolises remained the main trading partners&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the terms of trade were often disadvantageous for developing countries&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The volatility of commodity prices represented a major challenge for the economies of Third World countries&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The low and fluctuating prices of raw materials&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as agricultural products and minerals&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contrasted with the high prices of imported manufactured goods&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;situation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;reinforced the economic dependence of these countries on the colonial metropolises and limited their ability to generate sufficient income for economic development&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In response to this dependence&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;many Third World countries adopted protectionist economic policies after gaining independence&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These policies aimed to protect infant &lt;/ins&gt;industries &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;by limiting the access of foreign products to their domestic markets&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this approach had the side-effect of limiting these countries&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;access to foreign markets&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as it hampered their ability to export and compete on the &lt;/ins&gt;international &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;market&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Furthermore&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;state-led &lt;/ins&gt;industrialisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;strategies&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;although intended to stimulate industrial development&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;have often led to mixed results&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These policies have sometimes resulted in the underdevelopment of non&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;priority sectors and the inefficiency of state&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;owned enterprises&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In many cases&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;industries &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;created were uncompetitive and heavily dependent on subsidies and government support&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which had &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;negative &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on the overall economy of these countries&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Après &lt;/del&gt;1950, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le commerce extérieur des pays en développement &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;connu une évolution &lt;/del&gt;notable, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marquée par une tentative de diversification des exportations au-delà des matières premières traditionnelles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette période a vu l'émergence de nouveaux secteurs tels que la &lt;/del&gt;production &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de biens manufacturés et la fourniture de &lt;/del&gt;services. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les relations commerciales de ces pays se sont également diversifiées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec l'entrée en scène de nouveaux partenaires commerciaux importants tels que les États-Unis et le Japon&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en plus des relations traditionnelles avec les anciennes métropoles coloniales européennes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Malgré ces évolutions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les pays en développement ont continué à faire &lt;/del&gt;face &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à des défis importants dans le commerce &lt;/del&gt;international. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les barrières commerciales et les politiques protectionnistes maintenues par les pays développés ont limité l'accès des produits des pays en développement aux marchés mondiaux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les termes de l'échange restaient souvent défavorables pour les pays en développement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les prix volatils des matières premières&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exacerbés par des événements tels que le premier choc pétrolier de &lt;/del&gt;1973, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont accru l'incertitude et la vulnérabilité économiques de ces pays&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le premier choc pétrolier &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;particulièrement impacté les pays en développement en augmentant considérablement les prix du pétrole&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu un double effet&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour les pays exportateurs de pétrole&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;représenté une &lt;/del&gt;source &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;importante de revenus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais pour les pays importateurs de pétrole&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;accru les coûts de l'énergie et a eu un &lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;négatif sur leur &lt;/del&gt;balance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;commerciale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pendant les &lt;/del&gt;Trente Glorieuses, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;période de forte croissance économique dans les pays du Nord&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces derniers ont accru leur part dans le commerce mondial et ont connu un développement économique rapide&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;principalement basé sur l'industrie et les &lt;/del&gt;services. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En revanche&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de nombreux pays du Tiers-monde&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bien qu'ayant connu une certaine croissance économique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont continué à avoir une économie largement basée sur l'exportation de matières premières et une &lt;/del&gt;agriculture &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de subsistance&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Leur développement industriel était souvent entravé par des &lt;/del&gt;limitations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;structurelles et des défis liés à l'intégration dans un système commercial mondial dominé par les pays développés&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;After &lt;/ins&gt;1950, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there was &lt;/ins&gt;a notable &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;shift in the foreign trade of developing countries&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marked by an attempt to diversify exports beyond traditional commodities&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This period saw the emergence of new sectors such as the &lt;/ins&gt;production &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of manufactured goods and the provision of &lt;/ins&gt;services. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The trading relationships of these countries have also diversified&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with the entry onto the scene of major new trading partners such as the United States and Japan&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in addition to the traditional relationships with the former European colonial metropolises&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Despite these developments&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;developing countries have continued to &lt;/ins&gt;face &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;major challenges in &lt;/ins&gt;international &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;trade&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Trade barriers and protectionist policies maintained by developed countries have limited the access of products from developing countries to world markets&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In addition&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the terms of trade often remained unfavourable for developing countries&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Volatile commodity prices&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exacerbated by events such as the first oil shock in &lt;/ins&gt;1973, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;increased the economic uncertainty and vulnerability of these countries&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The first oil shock had &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;particular impact on developing countries&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;considerably increasing oil prices, which had &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;twofold effect&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For oil-exporting countries&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this represented &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;major &lt;/ins&gt;source &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of revenue&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but for oil-importing countries&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it increased energy costs and had &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;negative &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on their &lt;/ins&gt;balance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of trade&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;During the &lt;/ins&gt;Trente Glorieuses, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a period of strong economic growth in the countries of the North&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they increased their share of world trade and experienced rapid economic development&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;based mainly on industry and &lt;/ins&gt;services. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;many Third World countries&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;despite experiencing some economic growth&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;continued to have economies based largely on the export of raw materials and subsistence &lt;/ins&gt;agriculture. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Their industrial development was often hampered by structural &lt;/ins&gt;limitations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the challenges of integrating into a global trading system dominated by developed countries&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Croissance Économique et Inégalités Nord&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sud&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Economic Growth and North&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;South Inequality&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En effet, malgré une croissance économique &lt;/del&gt;relative &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des pays des tiers-mondes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les inégalités économiques entre les pays du Nord et du Sud se sont accrues au cours des dernières décennies&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les pays du Nord ont bénéficié d'un développement économique plus rapide et d'une croissance de la productivité plus importante que les pays du Sud&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui leur a permis de maintenir et même d'accroître leur avantage économique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les politiques économiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les &lt;/del&gt;structures &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économiques existantes ont également joué un rôle &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans ces inégalités&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en favorisant les pays riches et en marginalisant les pays pauvres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est donc &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de mettre en &lt;/del&gt;place &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des politiques pour réduire ces inégalités et permettre une croissance économique plus &lt;/del&gt;inclusive &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour tous les pays&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Despite the &lt;/ins&gt;relative &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic growth of Third World countries&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic inequalities between countries in the North and South have increased in recent decades&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The countries of the North have benefited from faster economic development and higher productivity growth than the countries of the South&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;enabling them to maintain and even increase their economic advantage&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Existing economic policies&lt;/ins&gt;, institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;structures &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;have also played an &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;role in these inequalities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;favouring rich countries and marginalising poor ones&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is therefore &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to put in &lt;/ins&gt;place &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;policies to reduce these inequalities and enable more &lt;/ins&gt;inclusive &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic growth for all countries.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Annexes=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Annexes=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63083&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Industrial Structures */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63083&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-07T11:04:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Industrial Structures&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63083&amp;amp;oldid=63081&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63081&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Agricultural sectors under influence */</title>
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		<updated>2023-12-07T11:03:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Agricultural sectors under influence&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63081&amp;amp;oldid=63080&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63080&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Contemporary Challenges of Overpopulation */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63080&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-07T11:02:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Contemporary Challenges of Overpopulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63080&amp;amp;oldid=63079&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63079&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Demographic Dynamics and Challenges */</title>
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		<updated>2023-12-07T11:01:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Demographic Dynamics and Challenges&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63079&amp;amp;oldid=63078&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63078&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* The role of the United States in anti-colonialism */</title>
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		<updated>2023-12-07T11:00:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;The role of the United States in anti-colonialism&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63078&amp;amp;oldid=63077&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63077&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Transition in South Africa */</title>
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		<updated>2023-12-07T10:58:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Transition in South Africa&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63077&amp;amp;oldid=63076&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63076&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 7 décembre 2023 à 10:55</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63076&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-07T10:55:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63076&amp;amp;oldid=63075&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63075&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : Page créée avec « Based on a lecture by Michel Oris&lt;ref&gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l'Université de Genève]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&lt;/ref&gt;  {{Translations | fr = Autour de la colonisation : peurs et espérances du développement | es = En torno a la colonización: temores y esperanzas de desarrollo | it = Intorno alla... »</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;diff=63075&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-07T10:51:33Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Page créée avec « Based on a lecture by Michel Oris&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l&amp;#039;Université de Genève]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  {{Translations | fr = Autour de la colonisation : peurs et espérances du développement | es = En torno a la colonización: temores y esperanzas de desarrollo | it = Intorno alla... »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Around_colonisation:_fears_and_hopes_for_development&amp;amp;diff=63075&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>