Centre - periphery relations in geography - Historique des versions

Arthur le 23 janvier 2020 à 08:24

2020-01-23T08:24:45Z

Arthur : /* Cohesion or competitiveness? */

2018-11-30T15:39:40Z

Cohesion or competitiveness?

← Version précédente		Version du 30 novembre 2018 à 17:39
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	[[Fichier:zones éligibles au fonds structurel 2007 2013.png\|thumb\|center\|300px\|]]		[[Fichier:zones éligibles au fonds structurel 2007 2013.png\|thumb\|center\|300px\|]]

	~~On~~ has an extension of the perimeter of the European Community with the entry of very many European states that were in Soviet orbit. There is an extension towards the east of the European Union. As a result, regional policy as designed needs to be rethought, as most returning states have a level of gross domestic product below the European average. If we keep the system of defining peripheral areas, the eastern regions become eligible and almost more western regions are eligible.		On has an extension of the perimeter of the European Community with the entry of very many European states that were in Soviet orbit. There is an extension towards the east of the European Union. As a result, regional policy as designed needs to be rethought, as most returning states have a level of gross domestic product below the European average. If we keep the system of defining peripheral areas, the eastern regions become eligible and almost more western regions are eligible.

	Some regions have seen a very significant catch-up. However, others continue to be eligible under regional policy. So are new entrants.		Some regions have seen a very significant catch-up. However, others continue to be eligible under regional policy. So are new entrants.
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	The other conclusion is that if we want to have significant, rapid and sustained growth in the South, we must stop dispersing efforts and focus on areas that have important assets in the context of contemporary globalization.		The other conclusion is that if we want to have significant, rapid and sustained growth in the South, we must stop dispersing efforts and focus on areas that have important assets in the context of contemporary globalization.

	What is the legitimate scale for taking profits from the exploitation of natural resources?		== What is the legitimate scale for taking profits from the exploitation of natural resources? ==

	In what framework should revenues from natural resource extraction be captured? When you think about the legitimate framework of annuity capture. The first question is whether natural resources are considered assets or whether they are appropriable assets.		In what framework should revenues from natural resource extraction be captured? When you think about the legitimate framework of annuity capture. The first question is whether natural resources are considered assets or whether they are appropriable assets.

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 14:36

2018-06-16T14:36:02Z

← Version précédente		Version du 16 juin 2018 à 16:36
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	\| cours = [[Introduction to geography: from local to global]]		\| cours = [[Introduction to geography: from local to global]]
	\| lectures =		\| lectures =
	*[[~~Introduction to geography~~: from local to global]]		*[[Geography: from local to global]]
	*[[South Africa: Geography in Power]]		*[[South Africa: Geography in Power]]
	*[[City and Urbanization]]		*[[City and Urbanization]]

Arthur : /* Quelle est l’échelle légitime pour la prise des bénéfices de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles ? */

2018-06-16T12:11:03Z

Quelle est l’échelle légitime pour la prise des bénéfices de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles ?

← Version précédente		Version du 16 juin 2018 à 14:11
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	The other conclusion is that if we want to have significant, rapid and sustained growth in the South, we must stop dispersing efforts and focus on areas that have important assets in the context of contemporary globalization.		The other conclusion is that if we want to have significant, rapid and sustained growth in the South, we must stop dispersing efforts and focus on areas that have important assets in the context of contemporary globalization.

	~~== Quelle est l’échelle légitime pour la prise des bénéfices de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles~~ ? ==		What is the legitimate scale for taking profits from the exploitation of natural resources?
	~~Dans quel cadre doit capter des revenus de l’extraction des ressources naturelles ?~~
	Quand on réfléchit au cadre légitime de la captation de la rente. Il faut d’abord savoir si on estime que les ressources naturelles sont des biens ou si on estime que ce sont des biens appropriables.

	~~Si on estime que c’est un bien commun, on va penser que l’organisation quel qu’elle soit qui capte cette rente va devoir redistribuer ces bénéfices~~. ~~Si on estime que c’est un bien~~ appropriable~~, on va considérer que l’acteur privé qui capte cette rente n’est pas obligé de redistribuer les bénéfices~~.		In what framework should revenues from natural resource extraction be captured? When you think about the legitimate framework of annuity capture. The first question is whether natural resources are considered assets or whether they are appropriable assets.

	~~Quelque chose peut paraitre évident~~, ~~c’est que de toute façon le local à savoir le lieu et le groupe humain directement concerné par les opérations d’extraction de la ressource naturelle~~, ~~il parait évident qu’il doit bénéficier d’une compensation parce qu’il y a des externalités négatives et une appropriation du lieu où s’effectue l’extraction~~.		If we believe that it is a common good, we will think that any organization that receives this pension will have to redistribute these benefits. If we consider that it is an appropriable asset, we will consider that the private actor who receives this rent is not obliged to redistribute the profits.

	~~Le principe de la~~ compensation est communément admis. Quand vient la question de la rente, il faut savoir si elle doit bénéficier au groupe humain sur le lieu de l’extraction ou à un groupe humain plus large qui peut être la région ou la nation ou éventuellement un ensemble de nations.		Something may seem obvious, it is that in any case the local, that is the place and the human group directly concerned by the extraction operations of the natural resource, it seems obvious that it must benefit from compensation because there are negative externalities and an appropriation of the place where the extraction takes place.

	~~On voit très souvent des revendications du local qui revendiquent la captation de la rente soit au titre de la~~ compensation ~~soit au titre d’une légitimité évidente pour le local de capter cette rente~~.		The principle of compensation is commonly accepted. When it comes to the question of rent, we need to know whether it should benefit the human group at the place of extraction or a wider human group which may be the region or the nation or possibly a group of nations.
	~~Si on considère que c’est un bien commun on peut considère que cela soit illégitime que la rente soit captée par le local~~, ~~mais qu’elle bénéficie~~ a ~~un collectif beaucoup plus large et équitable de ces bénéfices.~~
	SI on est dans une situation ou la rente est accaparée par des acteurs qui n’ont pas envie de la redistribuer la logique est évidente ; si on est dans une perspective de bien commun la légitimé du local n’est pas évidente.

	~~Ces questions peuvent se poser dans des contextes différents comme les concessions sur les barrages de montagne et les barrages hydroélectriques~~.		We very often see claims from the local which claim the capture of the rent either as compensation or as an obvious legitimacy for the local to capture this rent. If we consider that it is a common good we can consider that it is illegitimate for the rent to be captured by the local, but that it benefits a much wider and more equitable collective of these benefits. If one is in a situation where the rent is monopolized by actors who do not want to redistribute it the logic is obvious if one is in a perspective of common good the legitimacy of the local is not obvious.

	Ces équipements arrivent aujourd’hui en fin de concession et vont nécessiter des fonds importants pour la maintenance, mais qui peuvent générer des revenus importants d’autant plus qu’aujourd’hui l’hydroélectricité peut jouer sur les différentiels du prix de l’énergie à l’échelle européenne.		These questions may arise in different contexts such as concessions on mountain dams and hydroelectric dams.
	Il y a des réseaux qui ont été plus ou moins intégrés et il est possible d’injecter de l’électricité dans un vaste réseau européen. À l’échelle européenne, il y a des États ou des régions qui produisent de l’énergie de manière continue y compris quand on ~~a besoin de moins d’énergie. C’est la même chose pour les fermes éoliennes~~.

	~~Cela veut dire que l’on va avoir de l’énergie abondante et bon marché et~~ on ~~va avoir des périodes dures~~.		This equipment is now coming to the end of the concession and will require significant funds for maintenance, but which can generate significant revenues, especially since today hydroelectricity can play on energy price differentials on a European scale. There are networks that have been more or less integrated and it is possible to inject electricity into a vast European network. At European level, there are states or regions that produce energy continuously, even when less energy is needed. It is the same for wind farms.

	~~Le vrai problème de l’électricité est de stocker ce qui va permettre de produire de l’énergie électrique quand on en a besoin, en l’occurrence l’eau en hauteur.~~		This means that we will have abundant and cheap energy and we will have hard times.
	Cela génère des revenus importants. On peut considérer que l’échelle de légitimité de ces revenus est l’Europe tout en tiers parce que c’est grâce au système intégré européen que cette opération est possible.

	~~Du coup~~, ~~cela pose la question de savoir si le cade légitime pour recevoir les bénéfices d’extraction naturelle est le cadre local~~. ~~Dans cette optique, ce serait l’échelle européenne qui est légitime pour bénéficier des retombées~~. ~~Cela se discute et la réponse n’est pas évidente sauf qu’il est évident que le local doit disposer d’une compensation~~.		The real problem with electricity is to store what will produce electrical energy when we need it, in this case water at a height. This generates significant revenues. We can consider that the scale of legitimacy of these revenues is Europe as a whole in third because it is thanks to the integrated European system that this operation is possible.

	~~Si on estime que c’est des biens communs~~, le local ~~n’est pas le mieux placé pour bénéficier de ces avantages~~.		This raises the question of whether the legitimate framework for receiving the benefits of natural extraction is the local framework. In this perspective, it would be the European scale that is legitimate to benefit from the spinoffs. This is debatable and the answer is not obvious except that it is obvious that the local must have compensation.

	~~Le Nigéria est un pays de dimension très important~~, c’est le pays le plus peuplé d’Afrique. Il bénéficie d’une abondance en ressources naturelles et notamment en pétrole. Les champs exploités se situent essentiellement dans le delta du Niger. L’exploitation de ce pétrole se fait au profit de grandes compagnies et d’intermédiaires au niveau national et régional qui s’enrichissent considérablement avec des retombées qui sont assez réduites que cela soit au niveau local~~, régional et national~~.		If they are considered common goods, the local is not in the best position to benefit from these advantages.

	~~Inversement~~, ~~les externalités négatives ne sont pas réduites~~, ~~l’exploitation se fait dans des conditions à fortes externalités avec un milieu très abimé dans le delta intérieur du~~ Niger ~~alors qu’il s’agit d’une région très densément peuplée~~, ~~l’impact écologique et social est très important~~.		Nigeria is a very large country, it is the most populous country in Africa. It benefits from an abundance of natural resources, particularly oil. The fields exploited are mainly located in the Niger Delta. This oil is exploited for the benefit of large companies and intermediaries at the national and regional levels, which are considerably enriched with relatively little impact at the local, regional and national levels.

	[[Fichier:carte nigéria geoA.png\|thumb\|center\|300px\|]]		Conversely, negative externalities are not reduced, exploitation takes place in conditions with strong externalities with a very damaged environment in the interior delta of Niger whereas it is a very densely populated region, the ecological and social impact is very important.[[Fichier:carte nigéria geoA.png\|thumb\|center\|300px\|]]

	= Annexes =		= Annexes =

Arthur : /* Les questions de la justice sociospatiale */

2018-06-16T12:09:00Z

Les questions de la justice sociospatiale

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* Definition */

2018-06-16T12:03:27Z

Definition

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* Definition */

2018-06-16T11:57:03Z

Definition

← Version précédente		Version du 16 juin 2018 à 13:57
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	According to Christian Grataloup<ref>Christian Grataloup. (2015, octobre 30). Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Page consultée le 09:30, décembre 27, 2015 à partir de http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Grataloup&oldid=119996447. </ref>, using the notion of centre - periphery is a geometric metaphor of centre and periphery<ref>http://www.hypergeo.eu/spip.php?article10#</ref> which is often used to describe the opposition between the two fundamental types:		According to Christian Grataloup<ref>Christian Grataloup. (2015, octobre 30). Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Page consultée le 09:30, décembre 27, 2015 à partir de http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Grataloup&oldid=119996447. </ref>, using the notion of centre - periphery is a geometric metaphor of centre and periphery<ref>http://www.hypergeo.eu/spip.php?article10#</ref> which is often used to describe the opposition between the two fundamental types:
	*~~lieux qui disposent du commandement~~ ;		*places that have the command;
	*~~lieux qui subissent le commandement~~.		*places under command.

	Le fait que l’on parle de relation centre – périphérie renvoi à la géométrie et il faut avoir conscience que les lieux de commandements ne se situent pas nécessairement au « milieu ». Le centre est le lieu de commandement et la périphérie correspondant au lieu dominé.		Le fait que l’on parle de relation centre – périphérie renvoi à la géométrie et il faut avoir conscience que les lieux de commandements ne se situent pas nécessairement au « milieu ». Le centre est le lieu de commandement et la périphérie correspondant au lieu dominé.

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 11:56

2018-06-16T11:56:14Z

← Version précédente		Version du 16 juin 2018 à 13:56
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	These approaches are found at the heart of geopolitics on the one hand, and then it is also found in studies of spatial planning at different scales, namely international, local, suburban.		These approaches are found at the heart of geopolitics on the one hand, and then it is also found in studies of spatial planning at different scales, namely international, local, suburban.

	~~Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator~~

	{{Translations		{{Translations
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	= ~~Définition~~ =		= Definition =
	~~Pour comprendre ce~~ concept ~~des défiions élaborées sont nécessaires~~.		To understand this concept, elaborate definitions are necessary.

	~~Selon~~ Christian Grataloup<ref>Christian Grataloup. (2015, octobre 30). Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Page consultée le 09:30, décembre 27, 2015 à partir de http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Grataloup&oldid=119996447. </ref>, ~~faire appel à la~~ notion de centre ~~– périphérie est une métaphore géométrique du~~ centre ~~et de la périphérie~~<ref>http://www.hypergeo.eu/spip.php?article10#</ref> ~~qui est souvent utilisée pour décrire l’opposition entre les deux~~ types ~~fondamentaux~~ :		According to Christian Grataloup<ref>Christian Grataloup. (2015, octobre 30). Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Page consultée le 09:30, décembre 27, 2015 à partir de http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Grataloup&oldid=119996447. </ref>, using the notion of centre - periphery is a geometric metaphor of centre and periphery<ref>http://www.hypergeo.eu/spip.php?article10#</ref> which is often used to describe the opposition between the two fundamental types:
	*lieux qui disposent du commandement ;		*lieux qui disposent du commandement ;
	*lieux qui subissent le commandement.		*lieux qui subissent le commandement.
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	= References =		= References =
	<references/>		<references />

	[[Category:Frédéric Giraut]]		[[Category:Frédéric Giraut]]

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 11:54

2018-06-16T11:54:47Z

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	~~Quand on s’intéresse au rapport~~ centre ~~– périphérie en géographie cela veut dire que l’on se s’intéresse à la~~ dimension ~~spatiale de ces~~ relations ~~et en particulier les rapports de dominations et d’exploitation entre les lieux~~.		When we are interested in the centre - periphery relationship in geography, we are interested in the spatial dimension of these relations and in particular the relations of domination and exploitation between places.

	~~Ces approches se retrouvent au cœur de la géopolitique d’une part~~, ~~et puis elle se trouve également dans les études en aménagements du territoire à différentes échelles à savoir~~ international, ~~locales~~, ~~infra-urbaines~~.		These approaches are found at the heart of geopolitics on the one hand, and then it is also found in studies of spatial planning at different scales, namely international, local, suburban.

			Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator

	{{Translations		{{Translations

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 11:54

2018-06-16T11:54:14Z

← Version précédente		Version du 16 juin 2018 à 13:54
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	\| assistants =		\| assistants =
	\| enregistrement =		\| enregistrement =
	\| cours = [[Introduction ~~à la géographie~~ : du local au global]] \| lectures =		\| cours = [[Introduction to geography: from local to global]]
	*[[Introduction ~~à la géographie~~ : du local ~~au mondial~~]]		\| lectures =
	*[[~~L’Afrique du Sud~~ : ~~la géographie au pouvoir~~]]		*[[Introduction to geography: from local to global]]
	*[[~~Ville et Urbanisation~~]]		*[[South Africa: Geography in Power]]
	*[[~~La régionalisation ou l’art de la découpe~~]]		*[[City and Urbanization]]
	*[[~~La frontière~~ : ~~un objet fétiche de la géographie politique~~, ~~des formes et des effets fluctuants~~]]		*[[Regionalization or the art of cutting]]
	*[[~~Relations centre – périphérie en géographie~~]]		*[[The border: a fetish object of political geography, fluctuating forms and effects]]
	*[[~~Toponymie~~ : ~~l’étude des noms de lieux en géographie politique~~]]		*[[Centre - periphery relations in geography]]
			*[[Toponymy: the study of place names in political geography]]
	}}		}}

← Version précédente		Version du 23 janvier 2020 à 10:24
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	*places under command.		*places under command.

	The fact that we speak of the relation centre - periphery refers to geometry and we must be aware that the places of commandments are not necessarily in the "middle". The center is the place of command and the periphery corresponding to the dominated place.		The fact that we speak of the relation centre-periphery refers to geometry and we must be aware that the places of commandments are not necessarily in the "middle". The center is the place of command and the periphery corresponding to the dominated place.

	It is a concept that can be used at different scales. The use of this metaphor makes it possible to describe a situation by giving elements of explanation. When we speak of domination of a periphery by a centre, we will have to explain on what domination is based, either by a differential or solely by questions of the balance of power and political relations.		It is a concept that can be used at different scales. The use of this metaphor makes it possible to describe a situation by giving elements of explanation. When we speak of domination of a periphery by a centre, we will have to explain on what domination is based, either by a differential or solely by questions of the balance of power and political relations.
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	This system of exploitation of a periphery by the centre is dynamic and can either be reinforced over time or evolve towards an attenuation of differences and possibly an equalization between places or even an inversion of the relations of domination. Everything is theoretically possible even if the centre has a tendency to set up a system which is likely to maintain its domination even to reinforce it which is more or less effective in time.		This system of exploitation of a periphery by the centre is dynamic and can either be reinforced over time or evolve towards an attenuation of differences and possibly an equalization between places or even an inversion of the relations of domination. Everything is theoretically possible even if the centre has a tendency to set up a system which is likely to maintain its domination even to reinforce it which is more or less effective in time.

	= A major author on the subject (Alain Raynaud) and an update at a time of globalization (Fred Scholz) =		= A major author on the subject (Alain Raynaud) and an update at a time of globalization (Fred Scholz) =
	Concerning the subject of centre-periphery relations, Raynaud tried to theorise the inequalities between places and relations of domination. In his work Sociétés, Espaces, et Justice he develops the notion of socio-spatial classes. He explains that societies can be read in terms of groups that defend interests of different nature according to their position in society, but he broadens it by going contrary to the Marxist definition that uses it only on the basis of production relationships, rather one must take into account the position in society in socio-economic terms, but that within society there are other cleavages that are for example cleavages that can exist between generations. So we can also reason in terms of socio-generational, socio-sexual and socio- spatial classes. That is, depending on where you are, you will defend different interests than all the people who live or work in another place. However, this vision was rejected by the supporters of Marxist analysis who criticized the fact of putting on the same level of cleavages does not allow to take into account the positions in the production reports, it was rejected moreover because it used a terminology of the class reports which referred to Marxist analysis.		Concerning the subject of centre-periphery relations, Raynaud tried to theorise the inequalities between places and relations of domination. In his work Sociétés, Espaces, et Justice he develops the notion of socio-spatial classes. He explains that societies can be read in terms of groups that defend interests of different nature according to their position in society, but he broadens it by going contrary to the Marxist definition that uses it only on the basis of production relationships, rather one must take into account the position in society in socio-economic terms, but that within society there are other cleavages that are for example cleavages that can exist between generations. So we can also reason in terms of socio-generational, socio-sexual and socio- spatial classes. That is, depending on where you are, you will defend different interests than all the people who live or work in another place. However, this vision was rejected by the supporters of Marxist analysis who criticized the fact of putting on the same level of cleavages does not allow to take into account the positions in the production reports, it was rejected moreover because it used a terminology of the class reports which referred to Marxist analysis.

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	We then have two theories, Alain Raynaud and his theory of center-periphery relations, and Scholz and his theory of fragmented development and his attempt to typology places and regions according to the relationship to contemporary globalization.		We then have two theories, Alain Raynaud and his theory of center-periphery relations, and Scholz and his theory of fragmented development and his attempt to typology places and regions according to the relationship to contemporary globalization.

	= Sociospatial Justice ~~Issues~~ =		= Sociospatial Justice Issues =

	== Cohesion or competitiveness? ==		== Cohesion or competitiveness? ==
	First of all, we need to know whether we want to favour cohesion or competitiveness and not be crossed by very important dividing lines between those who benefit from the system and those who are excluded. This works for social groups, but also for places and regions. The question of whether to give priority to the issue of cohesion or competitiveness therefore arises regularly and on a different scale.		First of all, we need to know whether we want to favour cohesion or competitiveness and not be crossed by very important dividing lines between those who benefit from the system and those who are excluded. This works for social groups, but also for places and regions. The question of whether to give priority to the issue of cohesion or competitiveness therefore arises regularly and on a different scale.

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	The principle of compensation is commonly accepted. When it comes to the question of rent, we need to know whether it should benefit the human group at the place of extraction or a wider human group which may be the region or the nation or possibly a group of nations.		The principle of compensation is commonly accepted. When it comes to the question of rent, we need to know whether it should benefit the human group at the place of extraction or a wider human group which may be the region or the nation or possibly a group of nations.

	We very often see claims from the local which claim the capture of the rent either as compensation or as an obvious legitimacy for the local to capture this rent. If we consider that it is a common good we can consider that it is illegitimate for the rent to be captured by the local, but that it benefits a much wider and more equitable collective of these benefits. If one is in a situation where the rent is monopolized by actors who do not want to redistribute it the logic is ~~obvious~~ if one is in a perspective of common good the legitimacy of the local is not obvious.		We very often see claims from the local which claim the capture of the rent either as compensation or as an obvious legitimacy for the local to capture this rent. If we consider that it is a common good we can consider that it is illegitimate for the rent to be captured by the local, but that it benefits a much wider and more equitable collective of these benefits. If one is in a situation where the rent is monopolized by actors who do not want to redistribute it the logic is obvious if one is in a perspective of common good the legitimacy of the local is not obvious.

	These questions may arise in different contexts such as concessions on mountain dams and hydroelectric dams.		These questions may arise in different contexts such as concessions on mountain dams and hydroelectric dams.

Centre - periphery relations in geography - Historique des versions

Arthur le 23 janvier 2020 à 08:24

Arthur : /* Cohesion or competitiveness? */

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 14:36

Arthur : /* Quelle est l’échelle légitime pour la prise des bénéfices de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles ? */

Arthur : /* Les questions de la justice sociospatiale */

Arthur : /* Definition */

Arthur : /* Definition */

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 11:56

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 11:54

Arthur le 16 juin 2018 à 11:54

Arthur : /* Cohesion or competitiveness? */

Arthur : /* Quelle est l’échelle légitime pour la prise des bénéfices de l’exploitation des ressources naturelles ? */

Arthur : /* Les questions de la justice sociospatiale */

Arthur : /* Definition */

Arthur : /* Definition */