Economic geography: approaches and challenges - Historique des versions

Arthur le 5 janvier 2020 à 11:59

2020-01-05T11:59:07Z

← Version précédente		Version du 5 janvier 2020 à 13:59
Ligne 117 :		Ligne 117 :

	The irruption of culture in the economy is linked to the fact that fewer and fewer material goods are being sold and more and more symbolic goods are being sold. In other words, there are more and more symbols in the goods that are sold and the material goods. We make fewer and fewer objects and more and more ideas and that in the objects we make, the utilitarian component is less and less important than the symbolic component which is more and more important. Culture has undoubtedly become the first economic good of the rich countries. There is a phenomenon of tertiarization of industry, while industry is turning more and more to symbol manipulation. This does not necessarily mean that these cultural industries must be analyzed in a new way. When we speak of a cultural turning point, it is the economists themselves with three major trends:		The irruption of culture in the economy is linked to the fact that fewer and fewer material goods are being sold and more and more symbolic goods are being sold. In other words, there are more and more symbols in the goods that are sold and the material goods. We make fewer and fewer objects and more and more ideas and that in the objects we make, the utilitarian component is less and less important than the symbolic component which is more and more important. Culture has undoubtedly become the first economic good of the rich countries. There is a phenomenon of tertiarization of industry, while industry is turning more and more to symbol manipulation. This does not necessarily mean that these cultural industries must be analyzed in a new way. When we speak of a cultural turning point, it is the economists themselves with three major trends:
	*a "built-in" economy (Polanyi[1943], Granovetter[1985] and the new economic sociology) (in the social, in space) it is the idea of marking a break with the modes of thought of economists who considered the world of economics as a world apart that one could consider, model and theorize while making abstraction of the context in which it was found. It was economic empowerment. It was possible to understand the functioning of a society by cutting it off from its political functioning or from its spatial functioning, but also from its place in space. Polania and Granovetter have shown that the economy is very deeply embedded in the social and political, there is no need to distinguish the social, political and economic fabric. When we look at the real functioning of the economic and the social, the economy is deeply embedded in the economic and the social. Basically, we couldn't understand it because we were working on a fiction that was free from its social embedded character.		*a "built-in" economy (Polanyi[1943], Granovetter[1985] and the new economic sociology) (in the social, in space) it is the idea of marking a break with the modes of thought of economists who considered the world of economics as a world apart that one could consider, model and theorize while making abstraction of the context in which it was found. It was economic empowerment. It was possible to understand the functioning of a society by cutting it off from its political functioning or from its spatial functioning, but also from its place in space. Polania and Granovetter have shown that the economy is very deeply embedded in the social and political, there is no need to distinguish the social, political and economic fabric. When we look at the real functioning of the economic and the social, the economy is deeply embedded in the economic and the social. Basically, we couldn't understand it because we were working on a fiction that was free from its social embedded character.
	*heterodox economists (post-autistic economics): there has been the development of heterodox economists who accept and have developed other ways of doing business. These heterodox economists have taken into account the social, the political with the school of conventions, institutional economics, the idea of the market as fiction in particular. This has led to the development of new economic currents taken into account by geographers who have tried to understand to what extent it can be theorized in the framework of understanding space.		*heterodox economists (post-autistic economics): there has been the development of heterodox economists who accept and have developed other ways of doing business. These heterodox economists have taken into account the social, the political with the school of conventions, institutional economics, the idea of the market as fiction in particular. This has led to the development of new economic currents taken into account by geographers who have tried to understand to what extent it can be theorized in the framework of understanding space.
	*variety of production and consumption cultures, forms of capitalism ("realistic" epistemology): to understand consumption and production patterns, we must look at reality in the space of the variety of behaviours.		*variety of production and consumption cultures, forms of capitalism ("realistic" epistemology): to understand consumption and production patterns, we must look at reality in the space of the variety of behaviours.
Ligne 155 :		Ligne 155 :
	One of the first explanations may be the climate. The transition from one climate to the other is gradual, there is no reason why it should correspond to such a limit. This image represents the border between the United States and Canada. The explanation is in the political system. We are in a place where there is normally no reason to produce grain because the cost of labour and the nature of the soil is such that it is not profitable. Canada has stopped producing wheat, unlike the United States, which continues to produce grain at a loss. Their interest would be to stop producing wheat and import it. The reason for such production is because it is subsidized. The state will pay the different price.		One of the first explanations may be the climate. The transition from one climate to the other is gradual, there is no reason why it should correspond to such a limit. This image represents the border between the United States and Canada. The explanation is in the political system. We are in a place where there is normally no reason to produce grain because the cost of labour and the nature of the soil is such that it is not profitable. Canada has stopped producing wheat, unlike the United States, which continues to produce grain at a loss. Their interest would be to stop producing wheat and import it. The reason for such production is because it is subsidized. The state will pay the different price.

	The reason is not related to a state of mind, soil nature or cold, to the north it is only forest because wheat is not subsidized. There are several reasons why a country cannot give up its agriculture because a country must be food self-sufficient, because wheat is a weapon, because rural areas are an issue from an identity point of view. There was a time when geography was the constraints of the natural environment. Geography is present in this line which opposes two different structured spaces. There are two different legal and political systems that take place in opposite ways in globalization. Because of its power, the United States is able to impose free trade without applying it itself, unlike Canada. The primary factor explaining this opposition is a strictly economic factor, which is the subsidies paid.		The reason is not related to a state of mind, soil nature or cold, to the north, it is only forest because wheat is not subsidized. There are several reasons why a country cannot give up its agriculture because a country must be food self-sufficient, because wheat is a weapon, because rural areas are an issue from an identity point of view. There was a time when geography was the constraints of the natural environment. Geography is present in this line which opposes two different structured spaces. There are two different legal and political systems that take place in opposite ways in globalization. Because of its power, the United States is able to impose free trade without applying it itself, unlike Canada. The primary factor explaining this opposition is a strictly economic factor, which is the subsidies paid.

	== The market in Martinique ==		== The market in Martinique ==

Arthur le 7 juin 2018 à 21:09

2018-06-07T21:09:54Z

← Version précédente		Version du 7 juin 2018 à 23:09
Ligne 23 :		Ligne 23 :
	\| fr = La géographie économique : approches et enjeux		\| fr = La géographie économique : approches et enjeux
	\| es = Geografía Económica: Enfoques y Temas		\| es = Geografía Económica: Enfoques y Temas
			\| it = Geografia economica: approcci e sfide
	}}		}}

Arthur le 18 mai 2018 à 07:46

2018-05-18T07:46:07Z

← Version précédente		Version du 18 mai 2018 à 09:46
Ligne 22 :		Ligne 22 :
	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| fr = La géographie économique : approches et enjeux		\| fr = La géographie économique : approches et enjeux
			\| es = Geografía Económica: Enfoques y Temas
	}}		}}

Arthur le 2 mai 2018 à 21:50

2018-05-02T21:50:37Z

← Version précédente		Version du 2 mai 2018 à 23:50
Ligne 1 :		Ligne 1 :
			{{Infobox Lecture
			\| image =
			\| image_caption =
			\| faculté =
			\| département =
			\| professeurs = [[Jean-François Staszak\|Staszak, Jean-François]]<ref>Jean-François Staszak. Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. http://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Staszak</ref><ref>[https://www.unige.ch/sciences-societe/geo/membres/enseignants/staszakjeanfrancois/ Page personnelle de Jean-François Staszak sur le site de l'Université de Genève]</ref><ref>[[https://www.franceculture.fr/personne/jean-francois-staszak Publications de Jean-François Staszak sur le site de France Culture]]</ref><ref>[https://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Staszak-Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois--2057.htm Publications de Jean-François Staszak diffusées sur Cairn.info ]</ref><ref>[http://unige.academia.edu/JeanFran%C3%A7oisStaszak Page de Jean-François Staszak sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Jean-Francois-Staszak/322744 Biographie de Jean-François Staszak sur Babelio.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.liberation.fr/auteur/13553-jean-francois-staszak Publication de Jean-François Staszak sur Liberation.fr]</ref>
			\| assistants =
			\| enregistrement =
			\| cours = [[Economic geography]]
			\| lectures =
			*[[Economic geography: approaches and challenges]]
			*[[The circuits and their geographies]]
			*[[Trade and geographical advantages]]
			*[[Geography of wealth and development]]
			*[[Geography of the Film Industry]]
			}}

	The history of trade is part of a long history of globalization from the 15th century. We are not just going to talk about the market economy, a part of the economy is not regulated by the market. Economists and sometimes economic geography are obsessed with the market. In our daily lives, a huge part of production, consumption and economic exchange is regulated other than by the market. Much emphasis will be placed on the forms of regulation of the economy that are not those of the market economy, i.e. donation for donation and redistribution. The economy is embedded in social and cultural and often economic behaviours are explained by factors that are other than economic, the explanation may be outside the economy.		The history of trade is part of a long history of globalization from the 15th century. We are not just going to talk about the market economy, a part of the economy is not regulated by the market. Economists and sometimes economic geography are obsessed with the market. In our daily lives, a huge part of production, consumption and economic exchange is regulated other than by the market. Much emphasis will be placed on the forms of regulation of the economy that are not those of the market economy, i.e. donation for donation and redistribution. The economy is embedded in social and cultural and often economic behaviours are explained by factors that are other than economic, the explanation may be outside the economy.

Arthur le 2 mai 2018 à 12:40

2018-05-02T12:40:58Z

← Version précédente		Version du 2 mai 2018 à 14:40
Ligne 2 :		Ligne 2 :

	A certain number of theories will be tackled such as the theory of the opening up of economic circuits, the geography of comparative advantages and increasing returns, spatial inequalities in development or the environmental question. Economic geography is sometimes reduced to a description of the world, we will develop a cultural approach that is a current of economic geography for fifteen years.		A certain number of theories will be tackled such as the theory of the opening up of economic circuits, the geography of comparative advantages and increasing returns, spatial inequalities in development or the environmental question. Economic geography is sometimes reduced to a description of the world, we will develop a cultural approach that is a current of economic geography for fifteen years.

			{{Translations
			\| fr = La géographie économique : approches et enjeux
			}}

	= What is economic geography? =		= What is economic geography? =

Arthur : /* Economic geography in full revival */

2018-05-02T12:38:38Z

Economic geography in full revival

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* Enjeux de société */

2018-05-02T12:35:53Z

Enjeux de société

Voir les modifications

Arthur : /* The tradition of the census, from Colbert to colonial and vidalian geography: describe the distribution of wealth */

2018-05-02T12:33:49Z

The tradition of the census, from Colbert to colonial and vidalian geography: describe the distribution of wealth

← Version précédente		Version du 2 mai 2018 à 14:33
Ligne 44 :		Ligne 44 :
	=== The tradition of the census, from Colbert to colonial and vidalian geography: describe the distribution of wealth ===		=== The tradition of the census, from Colbert to colonial and vidalian geography: describe the distribution of wealth ===

	~~On ne trouve pas le terme de « géographie économique » avant la fin du XIXème siècle~~, ~~mais cela ne veut pas dire qu’on n’en faisait pas~~. ~~Pour donner une~~ date ~~de naissance à la géographie économique~~, ~~il est~~ possible ~~de remonter à~~ Louis XIV et Colbert ~~au moment où pour la première fois~~, ~~un État~~, ~~l’État français en l’occurrence~~, ~~s’occupe de la comptabilité des richesses~~. La question ~~de faire une comptabilité permet de définir les impôts et la guerre~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~un moment où les États ont senti le besoin de comptabiliser et de localiser leurs richesses menant à la~~ production ~~de compte~~, ~~de statistiques et de cartes~~. ~~On ne cherche pas à expliquer~~, ~~mais plutôt à décrire~~. ~~Se met en place une géographie qui tente de décrire~~, ~~cartographier et comptabiliser les richesses à des fins productives~~.		The term "economic geography" was not used until the end of the 19th century, but this does not mean that it was not used. To give a date of birth to economic geography, it is possible to go back to Louis XIV and Colbert when for the first time, a State, the French State in this case, took care of the accounting of wealth. The question of accounting defines taxes and war. There was a time when States felt the need to count and locate their wealth leading to the production of accounts, statistics and maps. We are not trying to explain, but rather to describe. A geography is being developed that attempts to describe, map and account for wealth for productive purposes.

	~~La géographie descriptive est une~~ invention ~~de l’État qui s’est accrue au XIXème siècle avec la colonisation~~. ~~Une demande est faite aux géographes de produire une~~ information ~~sur les richesses, les potentiels de~~ colonies ~~en termes de matières premières~~, ~~mais aussi de démographie~~. ~~Une géographie coloniale produit une~~ information ~~à propos des~~ colonies ~~dans l’idée d’une~~ exploitation. ~~Cette géographie existe toujours aujourd’hui ayant pour but de recenser les richesses~~, ~~leur~~ distribution ~~spatiale~~, ~~les facteurs de~~ production ~~à des fins de meilleur développement~~, ~~de meilleure~~ production, ~~mais aussi d’enrichissement~~. ~~C’est une géographie qui produit beaucoup d’atlas~~, ~~de tableaux et de statistiques~~.		Descriptive geography is an invention of the state that grew in the 19th century with colonization. Geographers are asked to produce information on the wealth and potential of colonies in terms of raw materials, but also demography. A colonial geography produces information about the colonies in the idea of exploitation. This geography still exists today with the aim of identifying wealth, its spatial distribution, factors of production for better development, better production, but also enrichment. It is a geography that produces many atlases, tables and statistics.

	=== ~~La nouvelle géographie et ses emprunts à l’économie spatiale~~ : ~~expliquer l’organisation de l’espace~~ ===		=== The new geography and its borrowing from the space economy: explaining the organization of space ===

	~~Le deuxième courant est plus récent émergeant dans les années 1960 avec l’idée que l’espace économique peut être expliqué~~. ~~Il y a des lois à chercher comme des lois qui expliquent le marché~~, ~~les prix ou encore l’échange~~. ~~Les géographes en utilisant ces lois pourraient peut-être expliquer des phénomènes comme l’organisation de l’espace~~. ~~Jusqu’aux années 1960~~, ~~la géographie était très~~ descriptive. ~~Dans les années 1960~~, ~~l’approche~~ descriptive ~~est décriée comme étant peu scientifique~~. ~~Il existerait des~~ structures ~~communes parce qu’il y a des lois sur le comportement~~ spatial ~~des êtres humaines~~. ~~Le but de la géographie économique est d’identifier ces~~ structures ~~universelles de l’espace qui sont liées au comportement économique~~. ~~Cette géographie n’est plus~~ descriptive, ~~mais n’a juste pour~~ but ~~que de trouver des lois~~.		The second current is more recent emerging in the 1960s with the idea that the economic space can be explained. There are laws to look for like laws that explain the market, the prices or the exchange. Geographers using these laws could perhaps explain phenomena such as the organization of space. Until the 1960s, geography was very descriptive. In the 1960s, the descriptive approach was decried as unscientific. There would be common structures because there are laws on the spatial behaviour of human beings. The purpose of economic geography is to identify those universal structures of space that are related to economic behaviour. This geography is no longer descriptive, but is only intended to find laws.

	=== ~~La critique marxiste et le tiers-mondisme~~ : ~~rendre compte des inégalités et du « développement »~~ ===		=== Marxist Criticism and Third Worldism: Accounting for Inequalities and "Development ===

	~~Dans les années 1970 va se mettre en place un mouvement de contestation contre cette géographie~~ objective. ~~Les géographes d’inspiration marxiste vont dire que la géographie économique doit servir à des fins de libération~~, ~~de développement et de~~ justice. ~~Il faut voir comment l’organisation de l’espace économique est liée à la lutte des classes~~, ~~à des~~ structures ~~d’oppression et à des explications fournies par le marxisme~~. ~~Va naitre une géographie contestatrice qui va montrer comment l’oppression capitaliste passe par des~~ structures ~~spatiales et une explication qui passe par le matérialisme dialectique~~.		In the 1970s, a protest movement was set up against this objective geography. Marxist-inspired geographers will say that economic geography must be used for liberation, development and justice. We must see how the organization of the economic space is linked to class struggle, oppressive structures and explanations provided by Marxism. A contesting geography will emerge that will show how capitalist oppression passes through spatial structures and an explanation that passes through dialectical materialism.

	=== ~~Le postmodernisme et le tournant culturel~~ ===		=== Postmodernism and the cultural shift ===

	~~Dans les années 1990~~, ~~le postmodernisme réfute les~~ critiques ~~marxistes, tiers-mondistes et plus rationalistes comme la théorie de l’homo~~ oeconomicus. ~~Pour les postmodernistes~~, ~~il y aurait une~~ illusion ~~à vouloir tout expliquer par une seule théorie~~. ~~La théorie postmoderniste conteste les grands récits~~. ~~C’est l’idée qu’il y a eu un savoir produit en occident qui a eu une prétention à avoir une validité universelle~~. ~~Le monde est en fait fragmenté et éclaté entre des sociétés qui sont caractérisées par des discours propres et incommensurables~~. ~~Pour expliquer comment fonctionne la Grèce antique~~, on ~~ne peut utiliser la théorie marxiste. Les postmodernistes insistent sur la~~ contextualisation ~~des savoirs~~. ~~Le tournant postmoderniste est lié au tournant culturel puisqu’il conduit à renvoyer à la spécificité de chacune de ces~~ situations ~~et l’impossibilité de réduire chacune des situations à un modèle unique~~. ~~Les quatre~~ traditions ~~sont encore vivantes~~.		In the 1990s, postmodernism refuted Marxist, Third World and more rationalist critiques such as the theory of homo oeconomicus. For postmodernists, there would be an illusion in wanting to explain everything by a single theory. Postmodernist theory challenges great narratives. It is the idea that there was knowledge produced in the West that claimed to have universal validity. The world is in fact fragmented and fragmented between societies that are characterized by their own and incommensurable discourses. To explain how ancient Greece works, one cannot use Marxist theory. Postmodernists insist on the contextualisation of knowledge. The postmodernist shift is linked to the cultural shift since it leads to refer to the specificity of each of these situations and the impossibility of reducing each situation to a single model. All four traditions are still alive.

	= ~~Les enjeux de la géographie économique~~ =		= The challenges of economic geography =

	== ~~Enjeux scientifiques~~ ==		== Scientific stakes ==

	~~Les êtres humains et les sociétés ne sont pas mis dans un espace préalable~~. ~~L’espace est quelque chose que l’on fabrique et que l’on produit~~. ~~L’espace n’est pas un contenant parce que l’espace est toujours déjà~~ social, ~~c’est une~~ production ~~sociale~~. ~~Nous vivons dans un espace plein de significations et de sens~~, ~~hétérogène~~, ~~polarisé et structuré~~. ~~Ces caractéristiques sont celles des sociétés qui l’ont produite~~. ~~Le professeur~~ Staszak ~~refuse l’idée comme quoi l’espace serait quelque chose dans quoi l’économie prendrait~~ place ~~puisque c’est l’économie qui produit l’espace~~. Ce type ~~de prise de position~~ a ~~conduit à réévaluer l’importance de l’espace dans les~~ sciences ~~sociales~~. ~~L’espace n’est pas un contenant neutre dans lequel les évènements prendraient~~ place, ~~mais cela participe de la~~ nature ~~des sociétés et de leur activité~~.		Human beings and societies are not put in a prior space. Space is something we make and produce. Space is not a container because space is always already social, it is a social production. We live in a space full of meaning and meaning, heterogeneous, polarized and structured. These characteristics are those of the companies that produced it. Professor Staszak refuses the idea that space would be something in which the economy would take place since it is the economy that produces space. This type of stance has led to a reassessment of the importance of space in the social sciences. Space is not a neutral container in which events would take place, but it is part of the nature of societies and their activity.

	~~Il y a l‘idée que l’espace en tant que tel est~~ :		There is the idea that space as such is:
	*un '''~~enjeu économique~~''' : ~~c’est quelque chose que l’on peut vendre comme~~, ~~par exemple~~, ~~l’immobilier~~, ~~les transports ou encore le tourisme~~ ;		*an '''economic stake''': it is something that can be sold such as, for example, real estate, transport or tourism ;
	*un '''~~produit de l’économie~~''' : ~~les infrastructures~~, ~~la spéculation foncière~~, ~~le zonage des activités~~. ~~L’économie est un formidable outil pour produire de l’espace~~ ;		*an '''economic product''': infrastructure, land speculation, zoning of activities. The economy is a great tool to produce space;
	*un '''~~déterminant de l’économie~~''' : ~~choix des spécialisations~~, ~~rentes de~~ situation, ~~coût de~~ transport.		*a '''determinant of the economy''': choice of specialisations, situation rents, transport costs.

	== Enjeux de société ==		== Enjeux de société ==

Arthur le 2 mai 2018 à 12:31

2018-05-02T12:31:16Z

Voir les modifications

Arthur : Page créée avec « L’histoire des échanges s’inscrit dans une histoire longue de la mondialisation à partir du XVème siècle. Nous n’allons pas uniquement parler de l’économie de... »

2018-05-02T12:27:38Z

Page créée avec « L’histoire des échanges s’inscrit dans une histoire longue de la mondialisation à partir du XVème siècle. Nous n’allons pas uniquement parler de l’économie de... »

Voir les modifications

Economic geography: approaches and challenges - Historique des versions

Arthur le 5 janvier 2020 à 11:59

Arthur le 7 juin 2018 à 21:09

Arthur le 18 mai 2018 à 07:46

Arthur le 2 mai 2018 à 21:50

Arthur le 2 mai 2018 à 12:40

Arthur : /* Economic geography in full revival */

Arthur : /* Enjeux de société */

Arthur : /* The tradition of the census, from Colbert to colonial and vidalian geography: describe the distribution of wealth */

Arthur le 2 mai 2018 à 12:31

Arthur : Page créée avec « L’histoire des échanges s’inscrit dans une histoire longue de la mondialisation à partir du XVème siècle. Nous n’allons pas uniquement parler de l’économie de... »

Arthur : /* Economic geography in full revival */

Arthur : /* Enjeux de société */

Arthur : /* The tradition of the census, from Colbert to colonial and vidalian geography: describe the distribution of wealth */

Arthur : Page créée avec « L’histoire des échanges s’inscrit dans une histoire longue de la mondialisation à partir du XVème siècle. Nous n’allons pas uniquement parler de l’économie de... »