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	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo</id>
	<title>Esternalità e ruolo del governo - Historique des versions</title>
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	<updated>2026-07-18T10:13:39Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Historique des versions pour cette page sur le wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66185&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 11 janvier 2024 à 10:19</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66185&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-11T10:19:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 janvier 2024 à 12:19&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l11&quot;&gt;Ligne 11 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 11 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduzione alla microeconomia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduzione alla microeconomia]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Principi e concetti di microeconomia]] ● [[Approcci metodologici al corso introduttivo di microeconomia]] ● [[Forze di mercato: domanda e offerta]] ● [[Elasticità e loro applicazioni]] ● [[Domanda, offerta e politiche governative]] ● [[Surplus del consumatore e del produttore]] ● [[Esternalità e ruolo del governo]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Beni &lt;/del&gt;pubblici]] [[Costi di produzione]] ● [[Imprese in concorrenza perfetta]] ● [[Imprese in concorrenza monopolistica]] ● [[Concorrenza monopolistica]] ● [[Oligopolio]] ● [[Vincoli e preferenze dei consumatori]] ● [[Scelta del consumatore]] ● [[Problemi di informazione e scelta pubblica]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Principi e concetti di microeconomia]] ● [[Approcci metodologici al corso introduttivo di microeconomia]] ● [[Forze di mercato: domanda e offerta]] ● [[Elasticità e loro applicazioni]] ● [[Domanda, offerta e politiche governative]] ● [[Surplus del consumatore e del produttore]] ● [[Esternalità e ruolo del governo]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Principi e dilemmi dei beni &lt;/ins&gt;pubblici &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nell'economia di mercato&lt;/ins&gt;]] &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;● &lt;/ins&gt;[[Costi di produzione]] ● [[Imprese in concorrenza perfetta]] ● [[Imprese in concorrenza monopolistica]] ● [[Concorrenza monopolistica]] ● [[Oligopolio]] ● [[Vincoli e preferenze dei consumatori]] ● [[Scelta del consumatore]] ● [[Problemi di informazione e scelta pubblica]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|headerstyle=background:#ffffff&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|headerstyle=background:#ffffff&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66065&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Illustration Pratique: Un Accord Négocié en Détail */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66065&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:44:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Illustration Pratique: Un Accord Négocié en Détail&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;amp;diff=66065&amp;amp;oldid=66064&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66064&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Les Approches Privées pour Gérer les Externalités */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66064&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:11:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Les Approches Privées pour Gérer les Externalités&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;amp;diff=66064&amp;amp;oldid=66063&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66063&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Méthodes d'Internalisation des Externalités */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66063&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:11:03Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Méthodes d&amp;#039;Internalisation des Externalités&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 9 janvier 2024 à 10:11&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l191&quot;&gt;Ligne 191 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 191 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il grafico suggerisce che potrebbe essere necessario un intervento, come sussidi o fornitura pubblica del bene o servizio, per aumentare la produzione da Q∗PRIVEE a Q∗SOCIALE, eliminando così la perdita di peso morto. Ciò consentirebbe alla società di raccogliere tutti i benefici sociali del bene o del servizio, migliorando il benessere generale.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il grafico suggerisce che potrebbe essere necessario un intervento, come sussidi o fornitura pubblica del bene o servizio, per aumentare la produzione da Q∗PRIVEE a Q∗SOCIALE, eliminando così la perdita di peso morto. Ciò consentirebbe alla società di raccogliere tutti i benefici sociali del bene o del servizio, migliorando il benessere generale.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Méthodes d'Internalisation des Externalités &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Metodi per internalizzare le esternalità &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internalisation des externalités est &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concept central dans la théorie économique qui vise à résoudre les inefficacités du marché causées par les effets externes des activités économiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lorsque des externalités sont présentes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qu'elles soient positives ou négatives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les coûts ou bénéfices ne sont pas entièrement reflétés dans &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marché. Les individus ou entreprises qui génèrent ces externalités ne subissent pas les coûts ou ne reçoivent pas les bénéfices associés à leurs actions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui les conduit à prendre des décisions qui ne sont pas socialement optimales&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internalizzazione delle esternalità è &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concetto centrale della teoria economica che mira a risolvere le inefficienze del mercato causate dagli effetti esterni delle attività economiche&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In presenza di esternalità&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;positive o negative&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i costi o i benefici non si riflettono pienamente nel mercato. Gli individui o &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aziende che generano queste esternalità non sostengono i costi o non ricevono i benefici associati alle loro azioni&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il che li porta a prendere decisioni che non sono socialmente ottimali&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour internaliser une externalité négative&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on pourrait imposer une taxe qui reflète le coût externe &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme une taxe sur les émissions de carbone pour les pollueurs&lt;/del&gt;), &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de sorte que le coût privé de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;activité inclut maintenant le coût externe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En conséquence&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les producteurs et consommateurs auraient une incitation à réduire la production ou &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;consommation de ce bien à &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;niveau plus proche de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;optimal social&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per internalizzare un'esternalità negativa&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potremmo imporre una tassa che rifletta il costo esterno &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;come una carbon tax su chi inquina&lt;/ins&gt;), &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in modo che il costo privato dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attività includa ora il costo esterno&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Di conseguenza&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produttori e consumatori sarebbero incentivati a ridurre &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione o il consumo del bene a &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;livello più vicino all&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ottimo sociale&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;inverse, pour internaliser une externalité positive&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'État pourrait offrir des subventions ou des crédits &lt;/del&gt;d'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impôt qui augmentent les bénéfices privés pour qu'ils reflètent mieux les bénéfices sociaux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela encouragerait une plus grande production ou consommation du bien&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme dans le cas des vaccinations ou de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éducation&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Al contrario, per internalizzare un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità positiva&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lo Stato potrebbe offrire sussidi o crediti &lt;/ins&gt;d'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;imposta che aumentino i profitti privati in modo che riflettano meglio i benefici sociali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ciò incoraggerebbe una maggiore produzione o consumo del bene&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;come nel caso delle vaccinazioni o dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;istruzione&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;solution privée à l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internalisation des externalités&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent associée au théorème de &lt;/del&gt;Coase, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;stipule que si les droits de propriété sont bien définis et que les coûts de transaction sont faibles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les parties impliquées peuvent négocier une solution sans intervention extérieure&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si une entreprise pollue une rivière et nuit ainsi aux pêcheurs en aval&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les pêcheurs pourraient potentiellement payer &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entreprise pour réduire la pollution ou &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entreprise pourrait payer pour les dommages causés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En théorie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tant que les parties peuvent négocier et que leurs droits sont clairement établis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elles peuvent parvenir à une solution qui internalise &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;externalité et atteint &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;efficacité&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soluzione privata all&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internalizzazione delle esternalità&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spesso associata al teorema di &lt;/ins&gt;Coase, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;afferma che se i diritti di proprietà sono ben definiti e i costi di transazione sono bassi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le parti coinvolte possono negoziare una soluzione senza interventi esterni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ad esempio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se un'azienda inquina un fiume e danneggia i pescatori a valle&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i pescatori potrebbero pagare l'azienda per ridurre &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;inquinamento o &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;azienda potrebbe pagare per i danni causati&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In teoria&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se le parti possono negoziare e i loro diritti sono chiaramente stabiliti&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;possono raggiungere una soluzione che internalizzi &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità e raggiunga &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;efficienza&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans la pratique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les conditions requises pour une solution privée sont souvent difficiles à réaliser&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les droits de propriété peuvent être &lt;/del&gt;mal &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;définis ou difficiles à faire respecter, et les coûts de transaction&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;notamment en matière de négociation et d'information&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent être prohibitifs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lorsque de nombreux agents sont affectés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme c&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est souvent le cas avec la pollution environnementale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la coordination entre tous les agents devient pratiquement impossible sans une sorte d'intervention collective&lt;/del&gt;. L'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internalisation des externalités par des incitations modifiées est cruciale pour atteindre une allocation des ressources qui est &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seulement efficace du point de vue du marché mais aussi bénéfique pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société dans son ensemble&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Des politiques bien conçues peuvent aider à réaliser cet équilibre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;menant à &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bien-être social accru&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tuttavia&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nella pratica&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le condizioni necessarie per una soluzione privata sono spesso difficili da raggiungere&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;I diritti di proprietà possono essere &lt;/ins&gt;mal &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;definiti o difficili da far rispettare e i costi di transazione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soprattutto in termini di negoziazione e informazione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;possono essere proibitivi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Inoltre&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quando sono coinvolti molti agenti&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;come spesso accade nel caso dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;inquinamento ambientale&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il coordinamento tra tutti gli agenti diventa virtualmente impossibile senza un qualche tipo di intervento collettivo&lt;/ins&gt;. L'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internalizzazione delle esternalità attraverso la modifica degli incentivi è fondamentale per ottenere un'allocazione delle risorse &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;solo efficiente dal punto di vista del mercato, ma anche vantaggiosa per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società nel suo complesso&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Politiche ben concepite possono aiutare a raggiungere questo equilibrio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;portando a &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aumento del benessere sociale&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le contexte des externalités négatives et positives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'État joue &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rôle crucial en mettant en place des politiques pour corriger les défaillances du marché et pour aligner les résultats du marché avec le bien-être social&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nel contesto delle esternalità sia negative che positive&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lo Stato svolge &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ruolo cruciale nel mettere in atto politiche per correggere i fallimenti del mercato e per allineare i risultati del mercato al benessere sociale&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour les externalités négatives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les activités des entreprises ou des individus ont des effets néfastes sur des tiers&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'État peut intervenir de plusieurs façons &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per le esternalità negative&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quando le attività di aziende o individui hanno effetti dannosi su terzi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lo Stato può intervenire in diversi modi&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Normes de Comportement &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'État peut établir des règlements qui limitent directement les activités nuisibles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces normes peuvent inclure des restrictions sur la quantité de pollution qu'une usine peut émettre ou des exigences pour &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;utilisation de technologies propres&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Norme comportamentali&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lo Stato può stabilire norme che limitano direttamente le attività dannose&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi standard possono includere restrizioni sulla quantità di inquinamento che un impianto può emettere o requisiti per &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;uso di tecnologie pulite&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Taxes Pigouviennes &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Du nom de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économiste &lt;/del&gt;Arthur Pigou, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces taxes visent à internaliser le coût des externalités négatives en les incluant dans le coût de production&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La taxe est fixée égale au coût de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;externalité pour chaque unité produite&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;encourageant ainsi les producteurs à réduire &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;production ou à trouver des moyens de production moins nuisibles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En théorie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la taxe pigouvienne devrait être égale au coût marginal externe à la quantité socialement optimale&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Imposte pigouviane&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dal nome dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economista &lt;/ins&gt;Arthur Pigou, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;queste imposte mirano a internalizzare il costo delle esternalità negative includendole nel costo di produzione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'imposta viene fissata pari al costo dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità per ogni unità prodotta&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;incoraggiando così i produttori a ridurre &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione o a trovare mezzi di produzione meno dannosi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In teoria&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'imposta Pigouvian dovrebbe essere pari al costo esterno marginale della quantità socialmente ottimale&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour les externalités positives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les actions d'individus ou d'entreprises bénéficient à la société&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'État peut également adopter différentes mesures &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per le esternalità positive&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quando le azioni degli individui o delle aziende vanno a beneficio della società&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lo Stato può anche adottare diverse misure&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Obligations et Recommandations &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Des politiques peuvent être mises en place pour encourager des comportements qui produisent des externalités positives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des campagnes de santé publique pour encourager &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vaccination ou &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éducation pour promouvoir des pratiques bénéfiques pour la société&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Obblighi e raccomandazioni&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le politiche possono essere messe in atto per incoraggiare i comportamenti che producono esternalità positive&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ad esempio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;campagne di salute pubblica per incoraggiare &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vaccinazione o &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;educazione per promuovere pratiche a beneficio della società&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Subventions &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En subventionnant &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;production d'&lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bien qui génère des externalités positives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'État peut réduire le coût pour les producteurs et les inciter à augmenter &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;production&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut inclure&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des subventions pour l'énergie renouvelable ou pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;recherche et le développement dans des domaines d'intérêt public&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sussidi&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sovvenzionando &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione di &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bene che genera esternalità positive&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lo Stato può ridurre il costo per i produttori e incoraggiarli ad aumentare &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ciò può includere&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ad esempio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sussidi per le energie rinnovabili o per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ricerca e lo sviluppo in aree di interesse pubblico&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Droits de Propriété &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Conférer des droits de propriété ou des brevets sur les innovations peut encourager &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;création et &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diffusion de technologies ou d'idées bénéfiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela permet aux innovateurs de bénéficier directement des avantages de leurs inventions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui autrement pourraient être sous-produites en raison de la nature &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exclusive de leurs bénéfices&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Diritti di proprietà&lt;/ins&gt;: la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concessione di diritti di proprietà o brevetti sulle innovazioni può incoraggiare la creazione e &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;diffusione di tecnologie o idee vantaggiose&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ciò consente agli innovatori di beneficiare direttamente delle loro invenzioni&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che altrimenti potrebbero essere sottoprodotte a causa della natura &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;escludibile dei loro benefici&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces politiques visent à aligner les incitations privées avec les avantages ou coûts sociaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de manière à ce que les activités économiques reflètent plus fidèlement leur véritable coût ou valeur pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En ajustant soigneusement ces interventions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État vise à atteindre une allocation des ressources qui maximise le bien-être social&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Queste politiche mirano ad allineare gli incentivi privati ai benefici o ai costi sociali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in modo che le attività economiche riflettano più accuratamente il loro costo o valore reale per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Regolando attentamente questi interventi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;lo Stato mira a ottenere un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allocazione delle risorse che massimizzi il benessere sociale&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Les Approches Privées pour Gérer les Externalités =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Les Approches Privées pour Gérer les Externalités =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66062&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Bienfaits des Externalités Positives sur le Bien-Être Général */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66062&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:10:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Bienfaits des Externalités Positives sur le Bien-Être Général&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
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				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l163&quot;&gt;Ligne 163 :&lt;/td&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il grafico suggerisce che potrebbero essere necessari interventi, come politiche pubbliche che forniscono sussidi o finanziamenti per l'istruzione, per aumentare la quantità di istruzione dalla quantità di equilibrio del mercato alla quantità socialmente ottimale. Questi interventi sono volti a ridurre il costo dell'istruzione per i consumatori o ad aumentare l'offerta attraverso investimenti diretti nelle istituzioni educative, consentendo così alla società di realizzare pienamente i benefici dell'istruzione che altrimenti andrebbero persi a causa dei fallimenti del mercato. In sintesi, il grafico evidenzia il ruolo cruciale che l'intervento pubblico può svolgere nel sostenere l'istruzione per raggiungere un'allocazione delle risorse che massimizzi il benessere sociale.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Il grafico suggerisce che potrebbero essere necessari interventi, come politiche pubbliche che forniscono sussidi o finanziamenti per l'istruzione, per aumentare la quantità di istruzione dalla quantità di equilibrio del mercato alla quantità socialmente ottimale. Questi interventi sono volti a ridurre il costo dell'istruzione per i consumatori o ad aumentare l'offerta attraverso investimenti diretti nelle istituzioni educative, consentendo così alla società di realizzare pienamente i benefici dell'istruzione che altrimenti andrebbero persi a causa dei fallimenti del mercato. In sintesi, il grafico evidenzia il ruolo cruciale che l'intervento pubblico può svolgere nel sostenere l'istruzione per raggiungere un'allocazione delle risorse che massimizzi il benessere sociale.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Bienfaits des Externalités Positives sur le Bien-Être Général &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;I benefici delle esternalità positive sul benessere generale &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une externalité positive se produit lorsqu&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une activité économique procure des avantages à des tiers qui ne sont pas impliqués dans la transaction&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces tiers bénéficient d'effets positifs sans avoir à payer pour ces bénéfices&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui conduit à une situation où la valeur &lt;/del&gt;totale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de ces activités pour la société est supérieure à &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;valeur privée pour les individus ou entreprises directement impliqués&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità positiva si verifica quando un'attività economica fornisce benefici a terzi che non sono coinvolti nella transazione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi terzi godono di effetti positivi senza dover pagare per questi benefici&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il che porta a una situazione in cui il valore &lt;/ins&gt;totale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;di queste attività per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società è maggiore del valore privato per gli individui o le aziende direttamente coinvolte&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le contexte du bien-être&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les externalités positives sont importantes parce qu'elles peuvent conduire à une sous-production du bien ou service en question si &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;marché est laissé à lui-même&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les producteurs ne reçoivent pas de paiement pour les avantages externes qu'ils fournissent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils ne sont donc pas incités à produire &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantité socialement optimale de ce bien ou service&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nel contesto del benessere&lt;/ins&gt;, le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità positive sono importanti perché possono portare a una sottoproduzione del bene o del servizio in questione se il mercato è lasciato a se stesso&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;I produttori non ricevono un compenso per i benefici esterni che forniscono&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quindi non sono incentivati a produrre &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantità socialmente ottimale di quel bene o servizio&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prenons &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exemple de l'éducation &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elle ne bénéficie pas seulement à l'étudiant qui acquiert des compétences et des connaissances&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais aussi à la société dans son ensemble&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une population plus éduquée peut mener à une main-d'œuvre plus compétente&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à des innovations accrues&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à une meilleure gouvernance et à des taux de criminalité plus faibles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces avantages ne sont pas reflétés dans le prix de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éducation et&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par conséquent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sans intervention&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;moins de ressources seront allouées à l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éducation que ce qui serait idéal pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prendiamo ad esempio &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;istruzione&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;essa va a vantaggio non solo dello studente che acquisisce competenze e conoscenze&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma anche della società nel suo complesso&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Una popolazione più istruita può portare a una forza lavoro più qualificata&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a una maggiore innovazione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a una migliore governance e a tassi di criminalità più bassi&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi benefici non si riflettono nel prezzo dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;istruzione e&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;di conseguenza&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in assenza di interventi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le risorse destinate all&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;istruzione saranno inferiori a quelle ideali per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour adresser ce décalage&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les gouvernements peuvent intervenir de différentes manières &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per risolvere questo disallineamento&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i governi possono intervenire in diversi modi&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Subventions directes &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Diminuer &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;coût de l'éducation pour les étudiants ou les institutions peut encourager une plus grande consommation ou offre de services éducatifs&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sussidi diretti&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Riducendo il costo dell'istruzione per gli studenti o per &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;istituzioni, si può incoraggiare un maggior consumo o una maggiore offerta di servizi educativi&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crédits &lt;/del&gt;d'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impôt &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Offrir des avantages fiscaux pour les frais d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éducation peut également inciter les individus à investir davantage dans leur éducation&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Crediti &lt;/ins&gt;d'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;imposta&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;anche l'offerta di agevolazioni fiscali per i costi dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;istruzione può incoraggiare gli individui a investire di più nella loro istruzione&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fourniture publique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le gouvernement peut fournir &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;éducation directement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;assurant ainsi que la quantité produite est plus proche de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantité optimale pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fornitura pubblica&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il governo può fornire direttamente &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;istruzione&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;assicurando che &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantità prodotta sia più vicina alla quantità ottimale per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lorsque les externalités positives sont correctement internalisées par ces interventions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le bien-être de la société s'améliore&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les individus bénéficient de niveaux plus élevés de consommation du bien ou service, et &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société dans son ensemble profite des effets positifs qui se répandent au-delà des consommateurs et des producteurs immédiats&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela conduit à une allocation plus efficace des ressources et à une amélioration du bien-être social global&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Quando le esternalità positive sono adeguatamente internalizzate da questi interventi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il benessere della società migliora&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Gli individui beneficiano di livelli più elevati di consumo del bene o del servizio e &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società nel suo complesso beneficia degli effetti positivi che si diffondono oltre i consumatori e i produttori immediati&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo porta a un'allocazione più efficiente delle risorse e a un miglioramento del benessere sociale complessivo&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:Externalité positive et bien être 1.png|400px|vignette|centré]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:Externalité positive et bien être 1.png|400px|vignette|centré]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce graphique représente une situation économique où une externalité positive est présente sur le marché&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans ce cas&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le coût social de la production est égal au coût privé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui indique que les coûts externes ne sont pas significatifs ou que les externalités négatives ne sont pas &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;point central ici&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En revanche&lt;/del&gt;, la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;courbe de bénéfice social&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;somme des bénéfices privés et des bénéfices externes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est au-dessus de la courbe de bénéfice privé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indiquant que la production ou &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;consommation du bien ou service concerné a des avantages supplémentaires pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société qui ne sont pas capturés par le marché&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo grafico rappresenta una situazione economica in cui è presente un'esternalità positiva sul mercato&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In questo caso&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il costo sociale della produzione è uguale al costo privato&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a indicare che i costi esterni non sono significativi o che &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità negative non sono al centro dell'attenzione&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D'altra parte&lt;/ins&gt;, la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;curva dei benefici sociali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che è &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;somma dei benefici privati e dei benefici esterni&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si trova al di sopra della curva dei benefici privati&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indicando che &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione o il consumo del bene o del servizio in questione ha benefici aggiuntivi per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società che non sono catturati dal mercato&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;courbe de demande&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;représentant le bénéfice privé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;montre le prix que les consommateurs sont prêts à payer pour chaque quantité de bien ou service&lt;/del&gt;. La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;courbe de bénéfice social&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est au-dessus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;montre le véritable bénéfice pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;incluant les bénéfices externes &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;payés par les individus&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela pourrait inclure&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des avantages comme une meilleure santé publique due à une vaccination accrue ou une productivité économique plus élevée grâce à une population mieux éduquée&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;curva di domanda&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che rappresenta il beneficio privato&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mostra il prezzo che i consumatori sono disposti a pagare per ogni quantità di bene o servizio&lt;/ins&gt;. La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;curva dei benefici sociali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;che si trova al di sopra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mostra il vero beneficio per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;compresi i benefici esterni &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pagati dagli individui&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ciò potrebbe includere&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ad esempio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;benefici come una migliore salute pubblica dovuta a un aumento delle vaccinazioni o una maggiore produttività economica dovuta a una popolazione più istruita&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantité d'équilibre de marché&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;QPRIVEˊE∗​&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est le point où &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;courbe de demande &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bénéfice privé&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;croise &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;offre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est le niveau de production que le marché atteindrait sans intervention&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantité socialement optimale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;QSOCIALE∗​&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est plus élevée car elle prend en compte les bénéfices externes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le marché&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par lui-même&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne produit pas assez pour atteindre ce point car les producteurs ne reçoivent pas de compensation pour les bénéfices externes qu'ils génèrent&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantità di equilibrio del mercato&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;QPRIVEˊE∗&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è il punto in cui &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;curva di domanda &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;beneficio privato&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interseca &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;offerta&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;È il livello di produzione che il mercato raggiungerebbe senza intervento&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tuttavia&lt;/ins&gt;, la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantità socialmente ottimale&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;QSOCIALE∗&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;è più alta perché tiene conto dei benefici esterni&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il mercato&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;da solo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;non produce abbastanza per raggiungere questo punto perché i produttori non sono compensati per i benefici esterni che generano&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La zone de perte sèche&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indiquée par la zone hachurée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;représente le bien-être que la société manque parce que le bien ou service n'est pas produit à &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantité socialement optimale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il s'agit d'une inefficacité du marché&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car si &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;production était augmentée pour atteindre Q∗SOCIALE​&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le bénéfice social supplémentaire &lt;/del&gt;(l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aire sous &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;courbe de bénéfice social entre Q∗PRIVEE​ et Q∗SOCIALE&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;serait plus grand que le coût supplémentaire de production &lt;/del&gt;(l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aire sous &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;courbe d'offre entre &lt;/del&gt;Q∗PRIVEE∗ &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et Q∗SOCIALE​&lt;/del&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'area di perdita di peso morto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indicata dall'area tratteggiata&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rappresenta il benessere che &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;società perde perché il bene o il servizio non viene prodotto nella quantità socialmente ottimale&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si tratta di inefficienza del mercato&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perché se &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione fosse aumentata a Q∗SOCIAL&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il beneficio sociale aggiuntivo &lt;/ins&gt;(l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;area sotto &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;curva dei benefici sociali tra Q∗PRIVEE e Q∗SOCIAL&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sarebbe maggiore del costo aggiuntivo di produzione &lt;/ins&gt;(l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;area sotto &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;curva di offerta tra &lt;/ins&gt;Q∗PRIVEE∗ &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e Q∗SOCIAL&lt;/ins&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le graphique suggère qu'une intervention&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;telle que des subventions ou une fourniture publique du bien ou service&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pourrait être nécessaire pour augmenter &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;production de Q∗PRIVEE​ à Q∗SOCIALE​&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ainsi éliminer &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perte sèche&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela permettrait à la société de profiter pleinement des avantages sociaux du bien ou service&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;améliorant ainsi le bien-être global&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il grafico suggerisce che potrebbe essere necessario un intervento&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;come sussidi o fornitura pubblica del bene o servizio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;per aumentare &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione da Q∗PRIVEE a Q∗SOCIALE&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eliminando così &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perdita di peso morto&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ciò consentirebbe alla società di raccogliere tutti i benefici sociali del bene o del servizio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;migliorando il benessere generale&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Méthodes d'Internalisation des Externalités ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Méthodes d'Internalisation des Externalités ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66061&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* L'Impact de l'Éducation en Tant qu'Externalité Positive */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66061&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:09:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;L&amp;#039;Impact de l&amp;#039;Éducation en Tant qu&amp;#039;Externalité Positive&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;amp;diff=66061&amp;amp;oldid=66060&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66060&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Impact des Externalités Négatives sur la Société */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66060&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:09:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Impact des Externalités Négatives sur la Société&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;amp;diff=66060&amp;amp;oldid=66058&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66058&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Analyse de la Pollution et de l'Optimum Social */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66058&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:08:34Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Analyse de la Pollution et de l&amp;#039;Optimum Social&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;amp;diff=66058&amp;amp;oldid=66057&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66057&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Les Conséquences des Externalités sur l'Économie de Marché */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;diff=66057&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2024-01-09T08:07:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Les Conséquences des Externalités sur l&amp;#039;Économie de Marché&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Esternalit%C3%A0_e_ruolo_del_governo&amp;amp;diff=66057&amp;amp;oldid=66055&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
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		<title>Arthur : /* Clarification des Termes: Externalités Expliquées */</title>
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		<updated>2024-01-09T08:07:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Clarification des Termes: Externalités Expliquées&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Comprendere le esternalità e il loro impatto sull'efficienza del mercato=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Comprendere le esternalità e il loro impatto sull'efficienza del mercato=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Clarification des Termes&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Externalités Expliquées&lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Chiarimento dei termini&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le esternalità spiegate &lt;/ins&gt;==  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une externalité se produit lorsqu'une action d'un individu ou d'une entreprise a un impact direct sur le bien-être d'un tiers sans que cet impact soit compensé ou réglé par le système des prix du marché. Ce concept est crucial en économie car il représente une des principales défaillances du marché.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a deux types principaux d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;externalités :&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità si verifica quando un'azione di un individuo o di un'impresa ha un impatto diretto sul benessere di una terza parte senza che questo impatto sia compensato o regolato dal sistema dei prezzi di mercato. Questo concetto è fondamentale in economia perché rappresenta uno dei principali fallimenti del mercato.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# Externalités Négatives &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Celles-ci se produisent lorsque l'action d'un individu ou d'une entreprise a un impact négatif sur un tiers. Un exemple classique est la pollution : une entreprise qui émet des polluants dans l'atmosphère affecte la santé et la qualité de vie des personnes vivant à proximité, mais ces coûts ne sont pas reflétés dans le prix de ses produits.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esistono due tipi principali di esternalità&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# Externalités Positives : À l'inverse, une externalité positive se produit lorsque l'action d'un individu ou d'une entreprise bénéficie à d'autres sans que ces derniers paient pour cet avantage. Par exemple, la plantation d'arbres par un individu peut améliorer la qualité de l'air et l'esthétique du quartier, bénéficiant à tous les résidents du quartier sans qu'ils ne contribuent financièrement à ces plantations.&lt;/del&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-added&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le problème avec les externalités est qu&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elles peuvent conduire à une allocation sous-optimale des ressources&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le cas des externalités négatives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elles peuvent entraîner une surproduction ou une surconsommation de biens qui génèrent ces externalités&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Inversement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les externalités positives peuvent conduire à une sous-production ou une sous-consommation de biens qui les génèrent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car les producteurs ne reçoivent pas de compensation pour les avantages qu&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils fournissent à la société&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# Esternalità negative: si verificano quando l&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;azione di un individuo o di un'azienda ha un impatto negativo su una terza parte&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un esempio classico è l'inquinamento: un'azienda che emette sostanze inquinanti nell'atmosfera influisce sulla salute e sulla qualità della vita delle persone che vivono nelle vicinanze&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma questi costi non si riflettono sul prezzo dei suoi prodotti&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;# Esternalità positive: al contrario&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un'esternalità positiva si verifica quando l'azione di un individuo o di un'azienda avvantaggia altri senza che questi ultimi paghino per il beneficio. Ad esempio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la piantumazione di alberi da parte di un individuo può migliorare la qualità dell'aria e l&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estetica del quartiere, a beneficio di tutti i residenti della zona senza che questi contribuiscano finanziariamente alla piantumazione&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour corriger ces inefficacités, l'intervention de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État est souvent nécessaire&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut prendre la forme de réglementations, de taxes pour les externalités négatives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou de subventions pour encourager les activités qui génèrent des externalités positives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une taxe carbone vise à internaliser les coûts environnementaux de la pollution&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en faisant payer les pollueurs pour l'impact de leurs émissions&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il problema delle esternalità è che possono portare a un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allocazione non ottimale delle risorse&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nel caso delle esternalità negative&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;possono portare a una sovrapproduzione o a un consumo eccessivo dei beni che le generano&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Al contrario&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le esternalità positive possono portare a una sottoproduzione o a un sottoconsumo dei beni che le generano&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perché i produttori non sono compensati per i benefici che forniscono alla società&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les externalités négatives se présentent sous de nombreuses formes et ont un impact considérable sur la société et l'environnement. Prenons l'exemple de la fumée de cigarette, souvent citée pour ses effets secondaires sur les non-fumeurs. Les personnes exposées à la fumée passive subissent des risques accrus de maladies respiratoires et cardiovasculaires, bien qu'elles n'aient pas choisi d'être exposées à ces dangers. Un autre exemple frappant est celui des gaz d'échappement des voitures. La pollution atmosphérique résultant de la circulation automobile affecte la santé publique et l'environnement, y compris pour ceux qui n'utilisent pas ou peu leurs véhicules. Cela illustre comment les choix individuels en matière de transport peuvent avoir des conséquences non désirées et largement répandues. Dans les zones urbaines et résidentielles, des problèmes comme les chiens qui aboient excessivement ou laissent des déjections sur les trottoirs constituent également des externalités négatives. Ces comportements entraînent des désagréments pour les résidents, allant de la nuisance sonore au besoin accru de nettoyage et d'entretien des espaces publics. La nuisance sonore en général, qu'elle provienne de &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrie, des travaux de construction ou de loisirs, est une autre source d'externalité négative&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elle peut perturber &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vie quotidienne&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;affectant &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bien-être, &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sommeil et la santé mentale des personnes vivant ou travaillant à proximité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un exemple moins évident mais tout aussi important est la résistance aux antibiotiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exacerbée par la surconsommation de médicaments. L'utilisation excessive d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;antibiotiques entraîne une adaptation des agents pathogènes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui diminue l'efficacité des traitements pour toute la population, pas seulement pour ceux qui consomment ces médicaments. Enfin, la pollution ou la dégradation de &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;environnement sous diverses formes – comme le déversement de déchets industriels, la déforestation ou les émissions de gaz à effet de serre – a des répercussions négatives importantes. Ces activités endommagent les écosystèmes, affectent la santé humaine et animale, et contribuent au changement climatique, avec des effets souvent ressentis bien au-delà des zones immédiates d'impact. Ces exemples soulignent la nécessité d'une intervention gouvernementale pour réguler les activités qui génèrent des externalités négatives. Les solutions peuvent inclure des réglementations, des taxes pour décourager les comportements nuisibles, ou des campagnes de sensibilisation pour informer le public des conséquences de certaines actions. En abordant ces questions de manière proactive, les sociétés peuvent mieux gérer les effets secondaires non désirés de certaines activités et promouvoir un environnement plus sain et durable pour tous&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Per correggere queste inefficienze è spesso necessario &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intervento dello Stato&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questo può assumere &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;forma di regolamenti&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tasse per &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esternalità negative o sussidi per incoraggiare &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attività che generano esternalità positive&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ad esempio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;una carbon tax mira a internalizzare i costi ambientali dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;inquinamento&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;facendo pagare a chi inquina &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;impatto delle proprie emissioni&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les externalités positives&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les actions d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une personne ou d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une entreprise bénéficient à d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autres sans compensation directe&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;jouent &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rôle crucial dans l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économie et &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prenons &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exemple du phénomène d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aspiration d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une voiture par &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;camion sur l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autoroute&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lorsqu&lt;/del&gt;'un camion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se déplace à grande vitesse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il crée un sillage &lt;/del&gt;d'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;air qui peut réduire &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;résistance au vent pour les véhicules suivants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;améliorant ainsi leur efficacité énergétique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Bien que ce ne soit pas &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intention &lt;/del&gt;principale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du camionneur&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela profite aux autres conducteurs en réduisant leur consommation de carburant&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les vaccins sont &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exemple classique d'externalité positive&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lorsqu'une personne se fait vacciner&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elle se protège &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seulement contre certaines maladies&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais réduit également &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;probabilité de transmission de ces maladies à d'autres personnes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette immunité collective bénéficie à l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ensemble de la communauté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en particulier à ceux qui ne peuvent pas se faire vacciner pour des raisons médicales&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La restauration de bâtiments historiques ou toute activité qui attire des touristes confère également des avantages significatifs à la communauté &lt;/del&gt;locale. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces projets augmentent &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seulement &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attrait esthétique d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une région&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais stimulent également &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économie &lt;/del&gt;locale &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en attirant des visiteurs qui dépensent de l'argent dans les hôtels&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les restaurants et d'autres commerces locaux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'interaction entre un verger et les ruches d&lt;/del&gt;'un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;apiculteur voisin est &lt;/del&gt;un &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autre exemple fascinant&lt;/del&gt;. L'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;apiculteur bénéficie de la présence du verger&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car ses abeilles trouvent une source abondante de nectar&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;améliorant ainsi &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qualité et &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantité de leur miel&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En retour&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les vergers bénéficient de la pollinisation effectuée par les abeilles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui est essentiel pour &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;production de fruits&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est un bel exemple de symbiose où les deux parties bénéficient mutuellement de leurs activités respectives&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Enfin&lt;/del&gt;, la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;recherche dans &lt;/del&gt;le &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;domaine des nouvelles technologies est souvent source d'externalités positives. Les innovations et les découvertes peuvent profiter à l'ensemble de &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;société en améliorant la qualité de vie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en introduisant de nouvelles solutions pour les problèmes existants, et en stimulant &lt;/del&gt;la &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;croissance économique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Souvent, les bénéfices de ces recherches dépassent largement les retombées directes pour les chercheurs ou les organisations qui les financent&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces exemples illustrent &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;importance des externalités positives dans notre société&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils soulignent également le rôle que peut jouer &lt;/del&gt;l'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intervention gouvernementale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple en subventionnant ou en soutenant des activités qui génèrent de telles externalités&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour maximiser le bien-être collectif&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le esternalità negative assumono molte forme e hanno un impatto considerevole sulla società e sull'ambiente. Prendiamo l'esempio del fumo di sigaretta, spesso citato per i suoi effetti secondari sui non fumatori. Le persone esposte al fumo passivo subiscono un aumento del rischio di malattie respiratorie e cardiovascolari, anche se non hanno scelto di essere esposte a questi pericoli. Un altro esempio eclatante sono i gas di scarico delle automobili. L'inquinamento atmosferico prodotto dal traffico automobilistico incide sulla salute pubblica e sull'ambiente, anche per coloro che utilizzano poco o per nulla il proprio veicolo. Questo illustra come le scelte individuali di trasporto possano avere conseguenze diffuse e non volute. Nelle aree urbane e residenziali&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;anche problemi come l'abbaiare eccessivo dei cani o l&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;abbandono di feci sui marciapiedi costituiscono esternalità negative. Questi comportamenti causano disagi ai residenti, che vanno dal disturbo acustico all&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aumento della necessità di pulizia e manutenzione degli spazi pubblici. Il rumore in generale, sia esso prodotto dall&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industria&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dai lavori di costruzione o dalle attività del tempo libero, è &lt;/ins&gt;un'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;altra fonte di esternalità negativa. Può disturbare la vita quotidiana, influenzando il benessere, il sonno e la salute mentale delle persone che vivono o lavorano nelle vicinanze. Un esempio meno ovvio, ma altrettanto importante, è &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;resistenza agli antibiotici, esacerbata dall'uso eccessivo di farmaci&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'uso eccessivo di antibiotici provoca l'adattamento degli agenti patogeni, rendendo il trattamento meno efficace per &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intera popolazione, non solo per coloro che assumono i farmaci. Infine, l&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;inquinamento o il degrado ambientale in varie forme - come lo scarico di rifiuti industriali, la deforestazione o le emissioni di gas serra - ha importanti ripercussioni negative. Queste attività danneggiano gli ecosistemi, incidono sulla salute umana e animale e contribuiscono al cambiamento climatico, con effetti spesso percepiti ben oltre le aree di impatto immediato. Questi esempi evidenziano la necessità di un intervento governativo per regolamentare le attività che generano esternalità negative. Le soluzioni possono includere regolamenti, tasse per scoraggiare i comportamenti dannosi o campagne di sensibilizzazione per informare il pubblico sulle conseguenze di determinate azioni. Affrontando proattivamente questi problemi, le società possono gestire meglio gli effetti collaterali indesiderati di alcune attività e promuovere un ambiente più sano e sostenibile per tutti.&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le esternalità positive, in cui le azioni di una persona o di un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;azienda vanno a beneficio di altre senza una compensazione diretta, svolgono &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ruolo cruciale nell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economia e nella società&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prendiamo ad esempio il fenomeno di un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;auto che viene risucchiata in autostrada da &lt;/ins&gt;un camion&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;. Quando un camion viaggia ad alta velocità&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crea una scia &lt;/ins&gt;d'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aria che può ridurre &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;resistenza del vento per i veicoli che seguono&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;migliorando così l'efficienza del carburante&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Anche se questo non è &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intento &lt;/ins&gt;principale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;del camionista&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;gli altri automobilisti ne traggono beneficio riducendo il loro consumo di carburante&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;I vaccini sono &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;classico esempio di esternalità positiva&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Quando le persone vengono vaccinate&lt;/ins&gt;, non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;solo si proteggono da alcune malattie&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma riducono anche &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;probabilità che queste vengano trasmesse ad altri&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questa immunità di gregge va a beneficio dell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intera comunità&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;soprattutto di coloro che non possono essere vaccinati per motivi medici&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Anche il restauro di edifici storici o qualsiasi attività che attragga i turisti porta benefici significativi alla comunità &lt;/ins&gt;locale. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi progetti &lt;/ins&gt;non &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;solo aumentano &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attrattiva estetica di un&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;area&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ma stimolano anche &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economia &lt;/ins&gt;locale &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;attirando visitatori che spendono denaro in alberghi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ristoranti e altre attività commerciali locali&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un altro esempio affascinante è l&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interazione tra &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;frutteto e gli alveari di &lt;/ins&gt;un &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;apicoltore vicino&lt;/ins&gt;. L'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;apicoltore trae beneficio dalla presenza del frutteto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in quanto le sue api trovano una fonte abbondante di nettare&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;migliorando &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qualità e &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quantità del loro miele&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In cambio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i frutteti beneficiano dell'impollinazione delle api&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;essenziale per &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzione di frutta&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;È un bell&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;esempio di simbiosi in cui entrambe le parti traggono reciproco vantaggio dalle rispettive attività&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Infine&lt;/ins&gt;, la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ricerca sulle nuove tecnologie è spesso fonte di esternalità positive. Le innovazioni e &lt;/ins&gt;le &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;scoperte possono portare benefici alla società nel suo complesso, migliorando &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qualità della vita&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;introducendo nuove soluzioni ai problemi esistenti e stimolando &lt;/ins&gt;la &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;crescita economica&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Spesso i benefici di tali ricerche superano di gran lunga le ricadute dirette per i ricercatori o le organizzazioni che li finanziano&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Questi esempi illustrano &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;importanza delle esternalità positive nella nostra società&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Inoltre, evidenziano il ruolo che &lt;/ins&gt;l'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intervento pubblico&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ad esempio sovvenzionando o sostenendo le attività che generano tali esternalità&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;può svolgere per massimizzare il benessere collettivo&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Les Conséquences des Externalités sur l'Économie de Marché ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Les Conséquences des Externalités sur l'Économie de Marché ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
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