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	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial</id>
	<title>Mecanismos estruturais da revolução industrial - Historique des versions</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial"/>
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	<updated>2026-09-04T21:14:03Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Historique des versions pour cette page sur le wiki</subtitle>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62353&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Annexes */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62353&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T09:45:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Annexes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 novembre 2023 à 11:45&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l73&quot;&gt;Ligne 73 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 73 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;A Revolução Industrial marcou uma transformação radical na estrutura socioeconómica da Europa e não só. Após séculos em que a maioria da população vivia em sociedades agrárias, dependentes dos ciclos naturais e da produção agrícola, este novo paradigma introduziu uma mudança drástica. O progresso tecnológico, a ascensão do espírito empresarial, o acesso a novas formas de capital e a exploração de recursos energéticos, como o carvão e, mais tarde, o petróleo, foram as forças motrizes desta mudança. A máquina a vapor, a inovação nos processos de fabrico, como a produção de aço, a automatização da produção têxtil e o advento dos caminhos-de-ferro desempenharam um papel crucial na aceleração da industrialização. Este período de rápidas mudanças foi também alimentado por um crescimento populacional sustentado, que proporcionou um mercado para novos produtos e uma mão de obra abundante para as fábricas. O desenvolvimento urbano foi espetacular, atraindo as populações rurais com a promessa de emprego e de melhores condições de vida, embora esta promessa não tenha sido muitas vezes cumprida, resultando em condições de vida urbanas difíceis. A economia começou a especializar-se na produção industrial, em vez da agricultura, e o comércio internacional desenvolveu-se para apoiar e expandir estas novas indústrias. Os Estados nacionais começaram a investir em infra-estruturas e a regular a economia para incentivar a industrialização. O contexto social também se alterou. As antigas hierarquias foram postas em causa e surgiram novas classes sociais, incluindo uma burguesia industrial e uma classe operária proletária. Estas mudanças lançaram as bases das sociedades modernas, com os seus próprios desafios políticos, económicos e sociais. No entanto, a transição das sociedades agrárias para as sociedades industriais não foi isenta de desafios. Trouxe consigo desigualdades sociais e económicas, condições de trabalho muitas vezes deploráveis, e teve um impacto ambiental significativo que ainda hoje se faz sentir. Apesar disso, a dinâmica desencadeada pela Revolução Industrial está na origem do crescimento económico e do desenvolvimento tecnológico sem precedentes que moldaram o mundo atual.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;A Revolução Industrial marcou uma transformação radical na estrutura socioeconómica da Europa e não só. Após séculos em que a maioria da população vivia em sociedades agrárias, dependentes dos ciclos naturais e da produção agrícola, este novo paradigma introduziu uma mudança drástica. O progresso tecnológico, a ascensão do espírito empresarial, o acesso a novas formas de capital e a exploração de recursos energéticos, como o carvão e, mais tarde, o petróleo, foram as forças motrizes desta mudança. A máquina a vapor, a inovação nos processos de fabrico, como a produção de aço, a automatização da produção têxtil e o advento dos caminhos-de-ferro desempenharam um papel crucial na aceleração da industrialização. Este período de rápidas mudanças foi também alimentado por um crescimento populacional sustentado, que proporcionou um mercado para novos produtos e uma mão de obra abundante para as fábricas. O desenvolvimento urbano foi espetacular, atraindo as populações rurais com a promessa de emprego e de melhores condições de vida, embora esta promessa não tenha sido muitas vezes cumprida, resultando em condições de vida urbanas difíceis. A economia começou a especializar-se na produção industrial, em vez da agricultura, e o comércio internacional desenvolveu-se para apoiar e expandir estas novas indústrias. Os Estados nacionais começaram a investir em infra-estruturas e a regular a economia para incentivar a industrialização. O contexto social também se alterou. As antigas hierarquias foram postas em causa e surgiram novas classes sociais, incluindo uma burguesia industrial e uma classe operária proletária. Estas mudanças lançaram as bases das sociedades modernas, com os seus próprios desafios políticos, económicos e sociais. No entanto, a transição das sociedades agrárias para as sociedades industriais não foi isenta de desafios. Trouxe consigo desigualdades sociais e económicas, condições de trabalho muitas vezes deploráveis, e teve um impacto ambiental significativo que ainda hoje se faz sentir. Apesar disso, a dinâmica desencadeada pela Revolução Industrial está na origem do crescimento económico e do desenvolvimento tecnológico sem precedentes que moldaram o mundo atual.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Annexes &lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Apêndices &lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Références &lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Referências &lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62352&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Condições sociais em matéria de emprego */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62352&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T09:44:32Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Condições sociais em matéria de emprego&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;amp;diff=62352&amp;amp;oldid=62350&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62350&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Custos elevados: uma vantagem nas primeiras fases da industrialização */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62350&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T09:43:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Custos elevados: uma vantagem nas primeiras fases da industrialização&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 novembre 2023 à 11:43&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l49&quot;&gt;Ligne 49 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 49 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;   &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Custos elevados: uma vantagem nas primeiras fases da industrialização ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== Custos elevados: uma vantagem nas primeiras fases da industrialização ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Avant la généralisation des bateaux à vapeur et le développement des chemins &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le coût élevé du transport avait un impact significatif sur la structure industrielle et commerciale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les usines avaient tendance à produire pour les marchés locaux car il était souvent trop onéreux de transporter des marchandises sur de longues distances. Cette période &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vu la prolifération de petites usines disséminées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui répondaient aux besoins immédiats &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la population locale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;chaque région développant souvent ses propres spécialités en fonction des ressources et compétences disponibles. La production industrielle &lt;/del&gt;se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;faisait &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proximité des sources &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;matières premières comme le charbon et le minerai &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fer pour minimiser les frais &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette contrainte a également stimulé des investissements significatifs dans les infrastructures &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme les canaux et les chemins &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;encouragé l'amélioration des routes existantes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Quand les chemins &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fer sont devenus communs et que les bateaux à vapeur &lt;/del&gt;se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont répandus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la dynamique &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;radicalement changé&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le transport devenait moins coûteux et plus rapide&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;permettant aux usines plus grandes et centralisées &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produire en masse et &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vendre leurs produits dans des marchés élargis, profitant ainsi d'économies d'échelle&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;commencé à mettre en difficulté les petites usines locales qui ne pouvaient pas rivaliser avec la production à &lt;/del&gt;grande &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;échelle et la distribution étendue des &lt;/del&gt;grandes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entreprises&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transformant en profondeur l'économie industrielle&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Antes da expansão dos barcos a vapor e do desenvolvimento dos caminhos-&lt;/ins&gt;de&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-ferro&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;o elevado custo dos transportes tinha um impacto significativo na estrutura industrial e comercial&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As fábricas tendiam &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzir para os mercados locais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;uma vez que o transporte &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mercadorias a longa distância era muitas vezes demasiado dispendioso. Neste período&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;assistiu-&lt;/ins&gt;se à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proliferação &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pequenas fábricas dispersas, que satisfaziam as necessidades imediatas da população local, tendo cada região desenvolvido frequentemente as suas próprias especialidades com base nos recursos e competências disponíveis. Para minimizar os custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte, a produção industrial era efectuada perto das fontes &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;matérias-primas, como o carvão e o minério de ferro&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esta limitação também estimulou investimentos significativos em infra-estruturas &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;como canais e caminhos-&lt;/ins&gt;de&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-ferro&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e incentivou &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;melhoria das estradas existentes&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Quando os caminhos-&lt;/ins&gt;de&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-ferro se tornaram comuns e os barcos a vapor &lt;/ins&gt;se &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;generalizaram&lt;/ins&gt;, a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dinâmica mudou radicalmente&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Os transportes tornaram-se mais baratos e mais rápidos, permitindo que as fábricas maiores e centralizadas produzissem em massa e vendessem os seus produtos em mercados mais vastos&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;beneficiando &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economias &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;escala&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esta situação começou a excluir as pequenas fábricas locais que não conseguiam competir com &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produção em &lt;/ins&gt;grande &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;escala e a distribuição generalizada das &lt;/ins&gt;grandes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;empresas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transformando profundamente a economia industrial&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les coûts élevés &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport au début &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la Révolution industrielle ont effectivement créé une forme de protectionnisme naturel&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;préservant les industries naissantes locales &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la concurrence des firmes plus grandes et plus établies&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces frais &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport agissaient comme des barrières non officielles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;isolant les marchés et permettant aux entreprises de &lt;/del&gt;se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concentrer sur l'approvisionnement de la demande à proximité immédiate&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À cette époque&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la compétition était essentiellement locale &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une entreprise n'avait besoin que d'être compétitive dans un périmètre restreint&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les coûts prohibitifs du transport faisaient barrage &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la concurrence lointaine&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Révolution industrielle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans ses débuts, était fortement marquée par son caractère &lt;/del&gt;local &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et régional&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En Angleterre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est la région du &lt;/del&gt;Lancashire, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autour &lt;/del&gt;de Manchester, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui a été le berceau &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nombreuses innovations et développements industriels&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De même&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en France&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le Nord et l'Alsace sont devenus des centres industriels clés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tout comme la Catalogne en Espagne et la Nouvelle-Angleterre aux États-Unis&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces régions bénéficiaient de leurs propres conditions favorables &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'industrialisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;telles que l'accès à des matières premières&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des compétences artisanales ou des capitaux&lt;/del&gt;. À &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une échelle internationale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces mêmes coûts &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport ont joué un rôle &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans la protection des industries continentales européennes contre la suprématie industrielle britannique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'Angleterre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pionnière de l'industrialisation avec une avance technique significative&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne pouvait pas inonder facilement le reste &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'Europe de ses produits en raison de ces frais de transport élevés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela a offert un répit aux industries sur le continent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leur permettant de &lt;/del&gt;se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;développer et de progresser technologiquement, sans être submergées par la concurrence britannique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans ce contexte&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les frais &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport élevés ont eu un impact &lt;/del&gt;paradoxal : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils ont restreint le commerce et la diffusion des innovations&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais en même temps&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils ont favorisé la diversification industrielle et le développement &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;capacités locales&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est ce qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;permis à de nombreuses régions d'Europe et d'Amérique du Nord de poser les &lt;/del&gt;bases &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de leur propre essor industriel avant l'ère de la globalisation des échanges et de la distribution à &lt;/del&gt;grande &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;échelle&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Os elevados custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte no início da Revolução Industrial criaram efetivamente uma forma &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;protecionismo natural&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;protegendo as indústrias locais nascentes da concorrência &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;empresas maiores e mais estabelecidas&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estes custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte actuavam como barreiras não oficiais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;isolando os mercados e permitindo que as empresas &lt;/ins&gt;se &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concentrassem em satisfazer a procura na sua vizinhança imediata&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nessa altura&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a concorrência era essencialmente local&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;uma empresa só precisava de competir dentro de uma área limitada&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;onde os custos de transporte proibitivos funcionavam como uma barreira &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concorrência distante&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nas suas fases iniciais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a Revolução Industrial foi fortemente marcada pelo seu carácter &lt;/ins&gt;local &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e regional&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Em Inglaterra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;por exemplo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;foi a região de &lt;/ins&gt;Lancashire, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;em torno &lt;/ins&gt;de Manchester, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que foi o berço &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;muitas inovações e desenvolvimentos industriais&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Do mesmo modo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;em França&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as regiões do Norte e da Alsácia tornaram-se centros industriais fundamentais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tal como a Catalunha em Espanha e a Nova Inglaterra nos Estados Unidos&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estas regiões beneficiaram das suas próprias condições favoráveis &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;industrialização&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tais como o acesso às matérias-primas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;às competências artesanais e ao capital&lt;/ins&gt;. À &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;escala internacional&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;estes mesmos custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte desempenharam um papel &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;na proteção das indústrias europeias continentais contra a supremacia industrial britânica&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A Inglaterra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pioneira da industrialização com um avanço técnico significativo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;não podia facilmente inundar o resto da Europa com os seus produtos devido aos elevados custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Este facto proporcionou uma trégua às indústrias do continente&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;permitindo-lhes desenvolver-&lt;/ins&gt;se &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e progredir tecnologicamente sem serem submergidas pela concorrência britânica&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Neste contexto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;os elevados custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte tiveram um impacto &lt;/ins&gt;paradoxal: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;restringiram o comércio e a difusão da inovação, mas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ao mesmo tempo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;incentivaram a diversificação industrial e o desenvolvimento &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;capacidades locais&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Foi isto que permitiu &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;muitas regiões da Europa e da América do Norte lançar as &lt;/ins&gt;bases &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;do seu próprio desenvolvimento industrial antes da era do comércio globalizado e da &lt;/ins&gt;grande &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distribuição&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le développement des infrastructures &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en particulier des chemins &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle a considérablement réduit les coûts et les temps &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;déplacement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le train&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en particulier&lt;/del&gt;, a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;révolutionné le transport des marchandises et des personnes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rendant possible le commerce à plus longue distance et avec des frais nettement réduits par rapport aux méthodes traditionnelles comme le transport par charrettes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à cheval &lt;/del&gt;ou &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par voie navigable&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette réduction des coûts &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport a eu des conséquences majeures sur l'organisation industrielle&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les petites industries&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui avaient prospéré dans un contexte &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;coûts &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport élevés et qui étaient &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce fait protégées de la concurrence extérieure&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont commencé à ressentir la pression des entreprises plus grandes et technologiquement avancées capables &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produire en masse&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;grandes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entreprises pouvaient désormais étendre leur portée commerciale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distribuant leurs produits sur des marchés bien plus étendus&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Avec le chemin &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;grandes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entreprises pouvaient non seulement atteindre des marchés éloignés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais également profiter des économies d'échelle en centralisant leur production dans des usines &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus grande taille&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui réduisait leurs coûts unitaires&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Elles pouvaient ainsi offrir leurs produits à des prix &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les petites industries locales&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec des structures &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;coûts plus élevés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne pouvaient pas concurrencer&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est dans ce contexte &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;beaucoup de petites entreprises ont été contraintes de fermer leurs portes &lt;/del&gt;ou &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;se &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transformer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alors que les régions industrielles précédemment isolées se sont intégrées dans une économie nationale et même internationale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le paysage industriel a été remodelé&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;favorisant les zones avec un accès privilégié aux nouvelles infrastructures &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transport, et a jeté les &lt;/del&gt;bases &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la mondialisation des marchés &lt;/del&gt;que &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nous connaissons aujourd'hui&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O desenvolvimento das infra-estruturas &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transportes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nomeadamente dos caminhos-&lt;/ins&gt;de&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-ferro&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;na segunda metade do século XIX, reduziu consideravelmente os custos e os tempos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;deslocação&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O comboio&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;em particular, revolucionou o transporte de mercadorias e de pessoas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tornando possível o comércio a longas distâncias e &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;custos muito inferiores aos dos métodos tradicionais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;como o transporte por carroça&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a cavalo &lt;/ins&gt;ou &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;por via navegável&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esta redução dos custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte teve um grande impacto na organização industrial&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As indústrias mais pequenas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que tinham prosperado num contexto &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;custos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte elevados e estavam, por isso, protegidas da concorrência externa, começaram a sentir a pressão &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;empresas maiores&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tecnologicamente avançadas e capazes &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;produzir em massa&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estas &lt;/ins&gt;grandes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;empresas podiam agora alargar o seu alcance comercial&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;distribuindo os seus produtos por mercados muito mais vastos&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Com o caminho &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ferro&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as &lt;/ins&gt;grandes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;empresas podiam não só chegar a mercados distantes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mas também beneficiar de economias &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;escala, centralizando a sua produção em fábricas maiores&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;o que reduzia os seus custos unitários&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Isto significa &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;podiam oferecer os seus produtos a preços com os quais as pequenas indústrias locais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;com as suas estruturas &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;custos mais elevadas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;não podiam competir&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Foi neste contexto &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;muitas pequenas empresas foram obrigadas a encerrar &lt;/ins&gt;ou &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a transformar-&lt;/ins&gt;se, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;enquanto regiões industriais anteriormente isoladas foram integradas numa economia nacional e mesmo internacional&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A paisagem industrial foi remodelada&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;favorecendo as zonas com acesso privilegiado às novas infra-estruturas &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transporte e lançando as &lt;/ins&gt;bases &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;da globalização dos mercados &lt;/ins&gt;que &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conhecemos hoje&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les conditions sociales en matière d’emploi &lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Condições sociais em matéria de emprego &lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:Lh1 03.jpg|vignette|right|200px|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Carreau &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mine &lt;/del&gt;de La Houve &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à &lt;/del&gt;Creutzwald (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lorraine&lt;/del&gt;).]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:Lh1 03.jpg|vignette|right|200px|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mina &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;carvão &lt;/ins&gt;de La Houve &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;em &lt;/ins&gt;Creutzwald (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lorena&lt;/ins&gt;).]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La Révolution industrielle a apporté des changements profonds dans la structure sociale, notamment à travers le mouvement de la population des campagnes vers les villes. Ce déplacement massif était en grande partie dû aux enclosures en Angleterre, par exemple, qui ont poussé de nombreux paysans hors de leurs terres traditionnelles, ainsi qu'aux transformations agricoles qui ont réduit le besoin de main-d'œuvre. Les paysans sans terre et ceux qui avaient perdu leur moyen de subsistance en raison de l'introduction de nouvelles méthodes agricoles ou de la mécanisation se sont retrouvés à chercher du travail dans les villes, où les usines industrielles émergentes avaient besoin de main-d'œuvre. Cette migration n'était pas motivée par l'attrait d'une amélioration sociale, mais par la nécessité. Les emplois dans l'industrie offraient des salaires souvent bas et des conditions de travail difficiles. L'absence de législation sociale à cette époque signifiait que les travailleurs étaient très peu protégés : ils travaillaient de longues heures dans des conditions dangereuses et insalubres, sans sécurité d'emploi, sans assurance contre les accidents du travail, et sans droit à la retraite. Les historiens parlent souvent de la &amp;quot;fluidité sociale négative&amp;quot; pendant cette période pour décrire le phénomène où les individus, loin de gravir l'échelle sociale, étaient plutôt entraînés dans un milieu de travail précaire et souvent exploiteur. Malgré cela, pour beaucoup, le travail en usine représentait l'unique opportunité de gagner leur vie, même si cela signifiait endurer des conditions difficiles. Ce n'est que progressivement, souvent à la suite de crises, de luttes syndicales et de pressions politiques, que les gouvernements ont commencé à mettre en place des lois pour protéger les travailleurs. Les premières lois sur le travail des enfants, les conditions de travail, les heures de travail et la sécurité ont jeté les bases des systèmes de protection sociale que nous connaissons aujourd'hui. Mais ces changements ont pris du temps et beaucoup ont souffert avant que ces protections ne soient instaurées.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;La Révolution industrielle a apporté des changements profonds dans la structure sociale, notamment à travers le mouvement de la population des campagnes vers les villes. Ce déplacement massif était en grande partie dû aux enclosures en Angleterre, par exemple, qui ont poussé de nombreux paysans hors de leurs terres traditionnelles, ainsi qu'aux transformations agricoles qui ont réduit le besoin de main-d'œuvre. Les paysans sans terre et ceux qui avaient perdu leur moyen de subsistance en raison de l'introduction de nouvelles méthodes agricoles ou de la mécanisation se sont retrouvés à chercher du travail dans les villes, où les usines industrielles émergentes avaient besoin de main-d'œuvre. Cette migration n'était pas motivée par l'attrait d'une amélioration sociale, mais par la nécessité. Les emplois dans l'industrie offraient des salaires souvent bas et des conditions de travail difficiles. L'absence de législation sociale à cette époque signifiait que les travailleurs étaient très peu protégés : ils travaillaient de longues heures dans des conditions dangereuses et insalubres, sans sécurité d'emploi, sans assurance contre les accidents du travail, et sans droit à la retraite. Les historiens parlent souvent de la &amp;quot;fluidité sociale négative&amp;quot; pendant cette période pour décrire le phénomène où les individus, loin de gravir l'échelle sociale, étaient plutôt entraînés dans un milieu de travail précaire et souvent exploiteur. Malgré cela, pour beaucoup, le travail en usine représentait l'unique opportunité de gagner leur vie, même si cela signifiait endurer des conditions difficiles. Ce n'est que progressivement, souvent à la suite de crises, de luttes syndicales et de pressions politiques, que les gouvernements ont commencé à mettre en place des lois pour protéger les travailleurs. Les premières lois sur le travail des enfants, les conditions de travail, les heures de travail et la sécurité ont jeté les bases des systèmes de protection sociale que nous connaissons aujourd'hui. Mais ces changements ont pris du temps et beaucoup ont souffert avant que ces protections ne soient instaurées.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62349&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Lucros elevados */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62349&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T09:42:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Lucros elevados&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;amp;diff=62349&amp;amp;oldid=62348&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62348&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 30 novembre 2023 à 09:40</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62348&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T09:40:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;amp;diff=62348&amp;amp;oldid=62347&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62347&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 30 novembre 2023 à 09:40</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62347&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T09:40:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 30 novembre 2023 à 11:40&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l1&quot;&gt;Ligne 1 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 1 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Basé sur un cours &lt;/del&gt;de Michel Oris&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l'Université de Genève]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Baseado num curso &lt;/ins&gt;de Michel Oris&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l'Université de Genève]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Translations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Translations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l11&quot;&gt;Ligne 11 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 11 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Histoire économique et sociale de la globalisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;16e-21e siècles&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;História económica e social da globalização&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;séculos XVI a XXI&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Structures Agraires et Société Rurale&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse de la Paysannerie Européenne Préindustrielle&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le régime démographique d'ancien régime &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'homéostasie&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Évolution des Structures Socioéconomiques au XVIIIe Siècle &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De l’Ancien Régime &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la Modernité&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Origines et causes de la révolution industrielle anglaise&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mécanismes structurels de la révolution industrielle&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La diffusion de la révolution industrielle en Europe continentale &lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Révolution Industrielle au-delà de l'Europe &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les États-Unis et le Japon&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les coûts sociaux de la révolution industrielle&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse Historique des Phases Conjoncturelles de la Première Mondialisation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dynamiques des Marchés Nationaux et Mondialisation des Échanges &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Produits&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La formation de systèmes migratoires mondiaux&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dynamiques et Impacts de la Mondialisation des Marchés de l'Argent &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le Rôle &lt;/del&gt;Central &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la Grande&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Bretagne et de la France&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La transformation des structures et des relations sociales durant la révolution industrielle&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aux Origines du Tiers-Monde et l'Impact de la Colonisation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Echecs et blocages dans les Tiers-Mondes&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mutation des Méthodes &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Travail&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Évolution des Rapports &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Production de la Fin du XIXe au Milieu du XXe&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'Âge d'Or &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'Économie Occidentale &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les Trente Glorieuses &lt;/del&gt;(1945-1973)]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'Économie Mondiale en Mutation &lt;/del&gt;: 1973-2007]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les défis de l’État-Providence&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Autour &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la colonisation : peurs et espérances du développement&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le Temps des Ruptures&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Défis et Opportunités dans l'Économie Internationale&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Globalisation et modes &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;développement dans les « tiers-mondes »&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estruturas agrárias e sociedade rural&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;análise do campesinato europeu pré-industrial&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O Regime Demográfico do Antigo Regime&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Homeostasia&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Evolução das Estruturas Socioeconómicas no Século XVIII&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Do Antigo Regime &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Modernidade&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Origens e causas da revolução industrial inglesa&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mecanismos estruturais da revolução industrial&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A difusão da Revolução Industrial na Europa continental&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A Revolução Industrial para além da Europa&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;os Estados Unidos e o Japão&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Os custos sociais da Revolução Industrial&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Análise Histórica das Fases Cíclicas da Primeira Globalização&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dinâmica dos Mercados Nacionais e a Globalização do Comércio &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Produtos&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A Formação dos Sistemas Migratórios Globais&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dinâmicas e Impactos da Globalização dos Mercados Monetários &lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O Papel &lt;/ins&gt;Central &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;da Grã&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Bretanha e da França&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A Transformação das Estruturas e Relações Sociais durante a Revolução Industrial&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As origens do Terceiro Mundo e o impacto da colonização&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fracassos e estrangulamentos no Terceiro Mundo&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mutação dos Métodos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Trabalho&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Evolução dos Relatórios &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Produção do Final do Século XIX ao Meio do Século XX&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A Idade &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ouro da Economia Ocidental&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Os Trinta Anos Gloriosos &lt;/ins&gt;(1945-1973)]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A Economia Mundial em Mudança&lt;/ins&gt;: 1973-2007]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Os Desafios do Estado Providência&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Em torno da colonização: medos e esperanças &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;desenvolvimento&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Tempo de rupturas&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;desafios e oportunidades na economia internacional&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Globalização e modos &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;desenvolvimento no &amp;quot;terceiro mundo&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|headerstyle=background:#ffffff&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|headerstyle=background:#ffffff&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62346&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : Page créée avec « Basé sur un cours de Michel Oris&lt;ref&gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l'Université de Genève]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&lt;/ref&gt;  {{Translations | en = Structural mechanisms of the industrial revolution | es = Mecanismos estructurales de la revolución industrial | it = Meccanismi strutturali della rivoluzion... »</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;diff=62346&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-11-30T09:39:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Page créée avec « Basé sur un cours de Michel Oris&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://cigev.unige.ch/institution/team/prof/michel-oris/ Page personnelle de Michel Oris sur le site de l&amp;#039;Université de Genève]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[http://cigev.unige.ch/files/4114/3706/0157/cv_oris_fr_20150716.pdf CV de Michel Oris en français]&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;  {{Translations | en = Structural mechanisms of the industrial revolution | es = Mecanismos estructurales de la revolución industrial | it = Meccanismi strutturali della rivoluzion... »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Mecanismos_estruturais_da_revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_industrial&amp;amp;diff=62346&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>