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	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Public_Policy_Analysis%3A_agenda_setting_and_formulation</id>
	<title>Public Policy Analysis: agenda setting and formulation - Historique des versions</title>
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	<updated>2026-07-03T00:40:50Z</updated>
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	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58921&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 7 juillet 2023 à 09:48</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-07T09:48:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 7 juillet 2023 à 11:48&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l9&quot;&gt;Ligne 9 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 9 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{hidden&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[Introduction to Political Science]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale d'&lt;/del&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Pierre Bourdieu]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Aux origines de la chute de la République de &lt;/del&gt;Weimar]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La pensée sociale de &lt;/del&gt;Max Weber &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Vilfredo Pareto]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;notion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de « &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» en &lt;/del&gt;sciences&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-sociales&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Histoire de la &lt;/del&gt;discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;théories et conceptions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxisme et Structuralisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fonctionnalisme et Systémisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionnisme et Constructivisme&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de l’anthropologie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le débat des trois &lt;/del&gt;I : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intérêts&lt;/del&gt;, institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et idées&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La théorie du choix rationnel et l'analyse des intérêts en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Approche analytique des &lt;/del&gt;institutions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt; &lt;/del&gt;● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'étude des idées et idéologies dans la &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la guerre en &lt;/del&gt;science &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Guerre &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conceptions et évolutions&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La raison d’État&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souveraineté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mondialisation, gouvernance multiniveaux&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories de la &lt;/del&gt;violence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en science politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et biopouvoir&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des régimes démocratiques et des processus de démocratisation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Systèmes Électoraux &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mécanismes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Enjeux et Conséquences&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le système de gouvernement des démocraties&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphologie des &lt;/del&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’action dans la théorie politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la politique suisse&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au comportement politique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;définition et &lt;/del&gt;cycle &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise à l'&lt;/del&gt;agenda &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analyse des Politiques Publiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mise en œuvre et évaluation&lt;/del&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la sous&lt;/del&gt;-discipline &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;relations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationales&lt;/del&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|[[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Émile Durkheim &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Pierre Bourdieu &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The origins of the fall of the &lt;/ins&gt;Weimar &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Republic&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intellectual legacy of &lt;/ins&gt;Max Weber &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Vilfredo Pareto &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in social theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;notion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;concept&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; in social &lt;/ins&gt;sciences]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;History of the &lt;/ins&gt;discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political &lt;/ins&gt;science: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theories and concepts&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Marxism and Structuralism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Functionalism and Systemism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Interactionism and Constructivism&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The theories of political anthropology&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The three &lt;/ins&gt;I&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s debate&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;interests&lt;/ins&gt;, institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and ideas&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rational choice theory and the analysis of interests in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;An analytical approach to &lt;/ins&gt;institutions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The study of ideas and ideologies in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of war in political &lt;/ins&gt;science]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The War&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Concepts and Evolutions&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The reason of State&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;State&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sovereignty&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;globalization and multi-level governance&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Theories of &lt;/ins&gt;violence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in political science‎‎&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Welfare State &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and Biopower&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Analysis of democratic regimes and democratisation processes&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Electoral Systems&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mechanisms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Issues and Consequences&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The system of government in democracies&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Morphology of &lt;/ins&gt;contestations]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Action in Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to Swiss politics&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to political behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Definition and &lt;/ins&gt;cycle &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: agenda &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;setting and &lt;/ins&gt;formulation]] ● [[&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public Policy Analysis&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Implementation and Evaluation&lt;/ins&gt;]] ● [[Introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the sub&lt;/ins&gt;-discipline &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of international &lt;/ins&gt;relations&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;]] ● [[Introduction to Political Theory&lt;/ins&gt;]]  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
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&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;|style=text-align:center;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58471&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Competition or International Harmonisation */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58471&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T14:05:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Competition or International Harmonisation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 2 juillet 2023 à 16:05&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l531&quot;&gt;Ligne 531 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 531 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Competition or International Harmonisation ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Competition or International Harmonisation ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La compétition ou l'&lt;/del&gt;harmonisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationale sont des éléments clés dans le choix des &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de politique publique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La compétition internationale peut inciter les pays à adopter des politiques spécifiques pour attirer des investissements&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;améliorer leur compétitivité économique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou simplement ne pas être laissés pour compte&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si un pays voisin met en place des politiques d'efficacité énergétique réussies qui entraînent des bénéfices économiques et environnementaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela peut inciter d'autres pays à adopter des mesures similaires pour ne pas être en reste&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D'un autre côté&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'&lt;/del&gt;harmonisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent promue par les &lt;/del&gt;organisations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;internationales ou les accords multilatéraux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cherche à établir des normes communes pour faciliter la coopération et le commerce &lt;/del&gt;international. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le domaine de l'efficacité énergétique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela pourrait se traduire par l'&lt;/del&gt;adoption &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de normes d'efficacité communes pour les appareils électriques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui faciliterait leur commerce entre pays&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces facteurs peuvent agir comme des &lt;/del&gt;forces &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;motrices puissantes pour le choix et l'&lt;/del&gt;adoption &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'&lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils doivent être équilibrés avec les &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et les besoins internes de chaque pays&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;International competition and &lt;/ins&gt;harmonisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are key factors in the choice of public policy &lt;/ins&gt;instruments. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;International competition can encourage countries to adopt specific policies to attract investment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;improve their economic competitiveness&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or simply not be left behind&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;if a neighbouring country implements successful energy efficiency policies that generate economic and environmental benefits&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this may encourage other countries to adopt similar measures so as not to be left behind&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;international &lt;/ins&gt;harmonisation, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often promoted by international &lt;/ins&gt;organisations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or multilateral agreements&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seeks to establish common standards to facilitate cooperation and &lt;/ins&gt;international &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;trade&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the field of energy efficiency&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this could mean the &lt;/ins&gt;adoption &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of common efficiency standards for electrical appliances&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which would facilitate trade between countries&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These factors can act as powerful driving &lt;/ins&gt;forces &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for the choice and &lt;/ins&gt;adoption &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of policy &lt;/ins&gt;instruments. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they need to be balanced with the internal &lt;/ins&gt;conditions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and needs of each country&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'exemple classique est ce qu'on appelle &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'effet &lt;/del&gt;California&amp;quot; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'effet de nivellement par le haut&lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée est qu'un grand marché comme celui de la Californie &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans l'exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les États-Unis&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut établir des normes élevées qui vont au-delà de la réglementation fédérale ou internationale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En raison de la taille importante de ce marché&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les producteurs ont souvent intérêt à respecter ces normes élevées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;même s&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils vendent leurs produits dans d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autres régions où les normes sont moins strictes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut conduire à une &amp;quot;course vers le haut&amp;quot; où d'autres juridictions adoptent des normes plus strictes pour rester compétitives. Dans cet exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les producteurs américains d'appareils énergivores ont commencé à exporter leurs produits au &lt;/del&gt;Canada, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les normes étaient moins strictes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eu un &lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;négatif sur l'environnement canadien&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et a probablement créé une pression sur les producteurs canadiens qui devaient concurrencer ces produits moins chers mais moins efficaces&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En réponse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le &lt;/del&gt;Canada &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a adopté des normes similaires à celles des États-Unis pour protéger son marché et son environnement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est un exemple de la façon dont l'&lt;/del&gt;harmonisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;réglementaire peut se produire en réponse à la compétition économique et environnementale internationale&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The classic example is the so-called &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;California &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;effect&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;race to the top effect&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is that a large market like California &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the United States&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can set high standards that go beyond federal or international regulations&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Because of the large size of this market&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;producers often have an interest in meeting these high standards&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;even if they sell their products in other regions where standards are less stringent. This can lead to a &lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;race to the top&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where other jurisdictions adopt higher standards to remain competitive&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;US producers of energy-inefficient appliances began exporting their products to &lt;/ins&gt;Canada, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where standards were less stringent&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This had &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;negative &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on the Canadian environment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and probably created pressure on Canadian producers who had to compete with these cheaper but less efficient products&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In response&lt;/ins&gt;, Canada &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;adopted standards similar to those in the United States to protect its market and its environment&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is an example of how regulatory &lt;/ins&gt;harmonisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can occur in response to international economic and environmental competition&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour mettre en œuvre efficacement une politique énergétique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il est &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'avoir une &lt;/del&gt;administration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;compétente et dédiée&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;administration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;doit être &lt;/del&gt;capable &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de gérer la réglementation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de surveiller sa mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'évaluer son efficacité et d'adapter la réglementation en conséquence&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette &lt;/del&gt;administration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut être au niveau &lt;/del&gt;local, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;régional&lt;/del&gt;, national &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou même &lt;/del&gt;supranational, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme c'est le cas avec la &lt;/del&gt;Commission &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;européenne pour les États membres de l'&lt;/del&gt;Union &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;européenne&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;nature &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;précise de l'administration dépendra des caractéristiques du pays&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du &lt;/del&gt;type &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de politique énergétique adoptée et du niveau de gouvernement qui est responsable de la politique énergétique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;administration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'énergie devra également travailler en étroite collaboration avec d'autres acteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme les fournisseurs d'énergie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les consommateurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les groupes de défense de l'environnement et les organismes de réglementation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour assurer la mise en œuvre efficace de la politique énergétique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est un processus complexe qui nécessite une bonne &lt;/del&gt;coordination, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une bonne &lt;/del&gt;communication &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et une &lt;/del&gt;expertise &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;technique&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;To implement an energy policy effectively&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to have a competent and dedicated &lt;/ins&gt;administration. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;administration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;must be &lt;/ins&gt;capable &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of managing the regulations&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;monitoring their implementation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;evaluating their effectiveness and adapting the regulations accordingly&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This &lt;/ins&gt;administration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may be at &lt;/ins&gt;local, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;regional&lt;/ins&gt;, national &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or even &lt;/ins&gt;supranational &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;level&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as is the case with the European &lt;/ins&gt;Commission &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for the Member States of the European &lt;/ins&gt;Union. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The precise &lt;/ins&gt;nature &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the authority will depend on the characteristics of the country&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;type &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of energy policy adopted and the level of government responsible for energy policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The energy &lt;/ins&gt;administration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;will also need to work closely with other stakeholders&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as energy suppliers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;consumers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;environmental groups and regulators&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to ensure that energy policy is implemented effectively&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is a complex process that requires good &lt;/ins&gt;coordination, communication &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and technical &lt;/ins&gt;expertise.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lors de l'adoption des premiers &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'efficacité énergétique dans les années &lt;/del&gt;1973 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;1974, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de nombreux pays ne disposaient pas encore de départements ou d'&lt;/del&gt;offices &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dédiés à l'énergie&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À cette époque&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces politiques étaient souvent gérées par les départements des affaires extérieures ou du commerce&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au fil du temps&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on a assisté à la création d'&lt;/del&gt;administrations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'énergie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;puis d'&lt;/del&gt;administrations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécifiques pour la gestion de la demande énergétique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plus récemment&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec l'émergence du &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de développement durable dans les années &lt;/del&gt;1987 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;1992 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et suite à la Conférence de &lt;/del&gt;Rio, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on a vu apparaître des &lt;/del&gt;structures &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;administratives dédiées à ce domaine&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces nouvelles &lt;/del&gt;structures &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont essentielles pour la mise en œuvre efficace des politiques énergétiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un exemple frappant de l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une &lt;/del&gt;administration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;efficace est l'&lt;/del&gt;introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des étiquettes énergétiques au &lt;/del&gt;Canada. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Initialement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la loi ne précisait pas où ces étiquettes devaient être apposées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui a conduit les fabricants à les coller sous les appareils, comme les réfrigérateurs et les &lt;/del&gt;machines &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à laver&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;respectant ainsi techniquement la loi mais en rendant l'&lt;/del&gt;information &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;moins &lt;/del&gt;visible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour les consommateurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela souligne l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'avoir une &lt;/del&gt;administration capable &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de surveiller et de corriger la mise en œuvre des politiques pour garantir leur efficacité&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;When the first energy efficiency &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;were adopted in &lt;/ins&gt;1973 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;1974, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;many countries did not yet have dedicated energy departments or &lt;/ins&gt;offices. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;At that time&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;these policies were often managed by the external affairs or trade departments&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Over time&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;energy &lt;/ins&gt;administrations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;were created&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;followed by specific energy demand management &lt;/ins&gt;administrations. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;More recently&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with the emergence of the &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of sustainable development in &lt;/ins&gt;1987 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;1992 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and following the &lt;/ins&gt;Rio &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Conference&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we have seen the emergence of administrative &lt;/ins&gt;structures &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dedicated to this field&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These new &lt;/ins&gt;structures &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are essential for the effective implementation of energy policies&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A striking example of the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of effective &lt;/ins&gt;administration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is the &lt;/ins&gt;introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of energy labels in &lt;/ins&gt;Canada. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Initially&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the law did not specify where these labels were to be affixed&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which led manufacturers to stick them on the underside of appliances such as fridges and washing &lt;/ins&gt;machines, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;thus technically complying with the law but making the &lt;/ins&gt;information &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;less &lt;/ins&gt;visible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to consumers&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This highlights the &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of having an &lt;/ins&gt;administration capable &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of monitoring and correcting the implementation of policies to ensure their effectiveness&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Annnexes =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Annnexes =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58470&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Case Study: Energy Efficiency Policy */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58470&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T14:05:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Case Study: Energy Efficiency Policy&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;amp;diff=58470&amp;amp;oldid=58469&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58469&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Étude de Cas : La Politique d'Efficacité Énergétique */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58469&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T14:03:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Étude de Cas : La Politique d&amp;#039;Efficacité Énergétique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;amp;diff=58469&amp;amp;oldid=58468&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58468&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Instrument Selection Process */</title>
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		<updated>2023-07-02T13:58:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Instrument Selection Process&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 2 juillet 2023 à 15:58&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l428&quot;&gt;Ligne 428 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 428 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Instrument Selection Process ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Instrument Selection Process ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le choix des &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de politique publique est une décision clé qui peut influencer significativement l'efficacité et la &lt;/del&gt;perception &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La sélection doit tenir compte de nombreux facteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parmi lesquels &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The choice of public policy &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is a key decision that can significantly influence the effectiveness and &lt;/ins&gt;perception &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of a policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The selection must take into account a number of factors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;including &lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Objectifs de la politique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les objectifs déterminent en grande partie quels &lt;/del&gt;types &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'&lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;seront les plus efficaces&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si l'objectif est de réduire la consommation de tabac&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme les &lt;/del&gt;taxes, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les campagnes de sensibilisation et les &lt;/del&gt;restrictions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur la vente pourraient être utilisés&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Policy objectives&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Objectives largely determine which &lt;/ins&gt;types &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;will be most effective&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;if the objective is to reduce tobacco consumption&lt;/ins&gt;, instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as &lt;/ins&gt;taxes, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;awareness campaigns and &lt;/ins&gt;restrictions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on sales could be used&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Acceptabilité politique et sociale &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Certains &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent être plus politiquement acceptables que d'autres&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les incitations économiques peuvent être préférées aux interdictions ou aux régulations strictes&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Political and social acceptability&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Some &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may be more politically acceptable than others&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic incentives may be preferable to bans or strict regulations&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Coûts et ressources disponibles &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;application &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de certains &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut être coûteuse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et l'État doit évaluer si les ressources disponibles sont suffisantes pour mettre en œuvre et maintenir l'&lt;/del&gt;instrument &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;choisi&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Costs and available resources&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;application &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of certain &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may be costly&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the State must assess whether sufficient resources are available to implement and maintain the chosen &lt;/ins&gt;instrument.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Caractéristiques du groupe cible &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le comportement et les &lt;/del&gt;attitudes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du groupe cible peuvent également influencer le choix des &lt;/del&gt;instruments. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certains groupes pourraient être plus réceptifs à l'&lt;/del&gt;information &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et à la &lt;/del&gt;persuasion, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tandis que d'autres pourraient nécessiter des incitations économiques ou des réglementations plus strictes&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Characteristics of the target group&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The behaviour and &lt;/ins&gt;attitudes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the target group may also influence the choice of &lt;/ins&gt;instruments. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;some groups may be more receptive to &lt;/ins&gt;information &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;persuasion, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;while others may require economic incentives or stricter regulations&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Impacts prévus et imprévus &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lors du choix d'un &lt;/del&gt;instrument, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les décideurs doivent également prendre en compte les &lt;/del&gt;impacts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;potentiels et les conséquences imprévues&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'&lt;/del&gt;introduction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une taxe pourrait avoir des effets distributifs qui pourraient nécessiter d'autres politiques compensatoires&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Anticipated and unanticipated impacts&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;When choosing an &lt;/ins&gt;instrument, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;decision-makers also need to consider potential &lt;/ins&gt;impacts &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and unintended consequences&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;introduction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of a tax could have distributional effects that may require other compensatory policies&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de noter qu'une politique publique efficace peut nécessiter une combinaison d'&lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plutôt qu'un seul&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une approche multifacette pourrait permettre de gérer la complexité des problèmes sociaux et de répondre à une gamme plus large de comportements et d'&lt;/del&gt;attitudes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to note that effective public policy may require a combination of &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rather than a single one&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A multifaceted approach could help manage the complexity of social problems and respond to a wider range of behaviours and &lt;/ins&gt;attitudes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La proportionnalité est un principe fondamental dans l'élaboration des politiques publiques et le choix des &lt;/del&gt;instruments. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela signifie que les mesures adoptées pour atteindre un objectif doivent être appropriées et ne pas aller au-delà de ce qui est nécessaire pour atteindre cet objectif&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Proportionality is a fundamental principle in the development of public policy and the choice of &lt;/ins&gt;instruments. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This means that the measures adopted to achieve an objective must be appropriate and must not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le contexte de la politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la proportionnalité peut être envisagée à deux niveaux &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the context of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proportionality can be considered at two levels&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La proportionnalité entre les objectifs et les &lt;/del&gt;instruments : &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;choisis pour atteindre un objectif doivent être en adéquation avec l'ampleur et l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'objectif&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si l'objectif est de réduire de manière significative la consommation de tabac&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un &lt;/del&gt;instrument &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme une légère augmentation de l'âge légal pour acheter des &lt;/del&gt;cigarettes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut ne pas être proportionné&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En revanche&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une combinaison de &lt;/del&gt;taxes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus élevées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;restrictions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur la publicité et de &lt;/del&gt;programmes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de sevrage financés par l'État pourrait être plus proportionnée&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Proportionality between objectives and &lt;/ins&gt;instruments: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;chosen to achieve an objective must be appropriate to the scale and &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the objective&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;if the objective is to significantly reduce tobacco consumption&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;an &lt;/ins&gt;instrument &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as a slight increase in the legal age for buying &lt;/ins&gt;cigarettes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may not be proportionate&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a combination of higher &lt;/ins&gt;taxes, restrictions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on advertising and state-funded cessation &lt;/ins&gt;programmes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;might be more proportionate&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La proportionnalité entre les avantages de la politique et ses coûts ou ses &lt;/del&gt;impacts &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;négatifs &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela signifie que les bénéfices attendus de la politique &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple, l'amélioration de la santé publique&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;doivent être proportionnés aux coûts ou aux inconvénients qu'elle peut entraîner &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple, la &lt;/del&gt;restriction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des libertés individuelles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les coûts économiques pour les entreprises de tabac&lt;/del&gt;). &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si une politique entraîne des coûts excessifs par rapport à ses avantages&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elle peut être considérée comme disproportionnée&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Proportionality between the benefits of the policy and its costs or negative &lt;/ins&gt;impacts: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This means that the expected benefits of the policy &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e.g. improved public health&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;must be proportionate to the costs or disadvantages it may cause &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e.g. &lt;/ins&gt;restriction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of individual freedoms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic costs to tobacco companies&lt;/ins&gt;). &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;If a policy results in costs that are excessive in relation to its benefits&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it may be considered disproportionate&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'évaluation de la proportionnalité peut être complexe&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car elle nécessite de peser des facteurs parfois contradictoires et de prendre en compte les effets directs et indirects de la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est pourquoi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en pratique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'élaboration des politiques publiques implique souvent un processus d'évaluation et de révision continu pour s'assurer que la politique reste proportionnée à ses objectifs et à ses &lt;/del&gt;impacts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Assessing proportionality can be complex&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as it requires weighing up sometimes contradictory factors and taking into account the direct and indirect effects of the policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is why&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in practice&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the development of public policy often involves an ongoing process of evaluation and review to ensure that the policy remains proportionate to its objectives and &lt;/ins&gt;impacts.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La &lt;/del&gt;tension &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entre sécurité et liberté est un débat classique dans la &lt;/del&gt;formulation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en particulier dans les domaines liés à la sécurité nationale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la &lt;/del&gt;justice &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pénale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la santé publique et aux technologies de l'&lt;/del&gt;information.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;tension &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;between security and freedom is a classic debate in the &lt;/ins&gt;formulation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;particularly in areas related to national security&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;criminal &lt;/ins&gt;justice, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;public health and &lt;/ins&gt;information &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;technology&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sécurité nationale et &lt;/del&gt;justice &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pénale &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les politiques destinées à prévenir le terrorisme ou la criminalité peuvent impliquer des mesures intrusives telles que la &lt;/del&gt;surveillance, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le profilage ou la détention préventive&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces mesures peuvent être efficaces pour améliorer la sécurité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais elles peuvent aussi porter atteinte à des droits fondamentaux tels que le droit à la vie privée&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la liberté de mouvement ou à la présomption d'&lt;/del&gt;innocence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;National security and criminal &lt;/ins&gt;justice: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Policies designed to prevent terrorism or crime may involve intrusive measures such as &lt;/ins&gt;surveillance, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;profiling or preventive detention&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These measures may be effective in improving security&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but they may also infringe fundamental rights such as the right to privacy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;freedom of movement or the presumption of &lt;/ins&gt;innocence.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Santé publique &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les épidémies, comme celle du &lt;/del&gt;COVID-19&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, exigent souvent des mesures de santé publique qui limitent les libertés individuelles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la quarantaine&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le &lt;/del&gt;confinement &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou la &lt;/del&gt;vaccination &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;obligatoire&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces mesures peuvent être nécessaires pour protéger la santé de la &lt;/del&gt;population, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais elles doivent être proportionnées à la gravité de la menace et respecter autant que &lt;/del&gt;possible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les droits individuels&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Public health&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Epidemics such as &lt;/ins&gt;COVID-19 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often require public health measures that restrict individual freedoms&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quarantine&lt;/ins&gt;, confinement &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or compulsory &lt;/ins&gt;vaccination. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These measures may be necessary to protect the health of the &lt;/ins&gt;population, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but they must be proportionate to the seriousness of the threat and respect individual rights as far as &lt;/ins&gt;possible.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Technologies de l'information &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les politiques qui visent à réglementer l'&lt;/del&gt;Internet &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou à lutter contre la cybercriminalité peuvent impliquer des &lt;/del&gt;restrictions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la liberté d'&lt;/del&gt;expression &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou à la vie privée en ligne&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la censure de certains contenus ou la surveillance des &lt;/del&gt;communications. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces politiques peuvent aider à maintenir l'ordre et à prévenir les abus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais elles doivent être mises en œuvre de manière à respecter les droits numériques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;* &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Information technology&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Policies aimed at regulating the &lt;/ins&gt;Internet &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or combating cybercrime may involve &lt;/ins&gt;restrictions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on freedom of &lt;/ins&gt;expression &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or online privacy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;censorship of certain content or monitoring of &lt;/ins&gt;communications. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These policies can help to maintain order and prevent abuse&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but they must be implemented in a way that respects digital rights&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans tous ces domaines&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le défi est de trouver le juste équilibre entre la sécurité et la liberté&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela nécessite souvent une évaluation prudente des risques et des avantages&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un contrôle judiciaire pour protéger les droits fondamentaux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et un débat &lt;/del&gt;public &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ouvert pour décider où placer le curseur&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In all these areas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the challenge is to strike the right balance between security and freedom&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This often requires a careful assessment of the risks and benefits&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;judicial oversight to protect fundamental rights&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and open &lt;/ins&gt;public &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;debate to decide where to place the cursor&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Étude de Cas : La Politique d'Efficacité Énergétique =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= Étude de Cas : La Politique d'Efficacité Énergétique =&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58467&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Nationalisation et Étatisme */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58467&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T13:58:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Nationalisation et Étatisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 2 juillet 2023 à 15:58&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l422&quot;&gt;Ligne 422 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 422 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prescriptive instruments, such as authorisations or bans, have a great capacity to influence the behaviour of target groups. For example, by making it compulsory to have a driving licence, the State not only ensures that drivers have the necessary skills to navigate the roads safely, but also that traffic rules are respected, thereby minimising the risk of accidents. Similarly, the prohibition of certain actions, such as drink-driving, aims to protect society as a whole by preventing dangerous behaviour. These prescriptive instruments are therefore particularly effective in changing behaviour, although they may be perceived as restrictive or intrusive. However, their effectiveness also depends on the application of these rules and the State's ability to monitor and punish infringements. Regulations, however strict, will have little effect if they are not properly implemented and enforced.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Prescriptive instruments, such as authorisations or bans, have a great capacity to influence the behaviour of target groups. For example, by making it compulsory to have a driving licence, the State not only ensures that drivers have the necessary skills to navigate the roads safely, but also that traffic rules are respected, thereby minimising the risk of accidents. Similarly, the prohibition of certain actions, such as drink-driving, aims to protect society as a whole by preventing dangerous behaviour. These prescriptive instruments are therefore particularly effective in changing behaviour, although they may be perceived as restrictive or intrusive. However, their effectiveness also depends on the application of these rules and the State's ability to monitor and punish infringements. Regulations, however strict, will have little effect if they are not properly implemented and enforced.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Nationalisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et Étatisme &lt;/del&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Nationalisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and State control &lt;/ins&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La forme la plus &lt;/del&gt;intrusive &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'&lt;/del&gt;action &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publique est la &lt;/del&gt;nationalisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou l'&lt;/del&gt;étatisation, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où l'État prend le contrôle &lt;/del&gt;direct &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'une industrie ou d'un secteur&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Historiquement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de nombreux pays ont nationalisé des &lt;/del&gt;industries &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;essentielles comme les transports&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'énergie ou les télécommunications afin de garantir un accès universel à ces &lt;/del&gt;services. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les chemins de fer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;services &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;postaux et l'électricité ont été souvent gérés par l'État&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces dernières années&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de nombreux pays ont suivi une tendance inverse&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;privatisant de nouveau ces &lt;/del&gt;industries &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou les ouvrant à la concurrence&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les arguments en faveur de la &lt;/del&gt;privatisation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comprennent souvent une plus grande efficacité grâce à la concurrence et la possibilité pour l'État de réduire sa dette en vendant des actifs&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The most &lt;/ins&gt;intrusive &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;form of public &lt;/ins&gt;action &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is &lt;/ins&gt;nationalisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or &lt;/ins&gt;étatisation, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where the state takes &lt;/ins&gt;direct &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;control of an industry or sector&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Historically&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;many countries have nationalised essential &lt;/ins&gt;industries &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as transport&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;energy or telecommunications in order to guarantee universal access to these &lt;/ins&gt;services. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;railways&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;postal &lt;/ins&gt;services &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and electricity were often state-run&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in recent years&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;many countries have followed the opposite trend&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;re-privatising these &lt;/ins&gt;industries &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or opening them up to competition&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Arguments in favour of &lt;/ins&gt;privatisation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often include greater efficiency through competition and the opportunity for the state to reduce its debt by selling off assets&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En parallèle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il existe d'autres formes d'interventions extrêmement intrusives de l'État&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme le système de &lt;/del&gt;justice &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pénale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'emprisonnement et la peine de mort sont des exemples de &lt;/del&gt;sanctions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ultimes qui démontrent la capacité de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État à restreindre sévèrement la liberté individuelle&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela illustre à quel point l'État peut être puissant et contrôlant dans la poursuite de ses objectifs de politique publique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ces formes d'&lt;/del&gt;intervention &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont souvent sujettes à un débat &lt;/del&gt;intense &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en raison de leur &lt;/del&gt;nature &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;extrêmement intrusive et des &lt;/del&gt;implications &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;morales et éthiques qui en découlent&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;At the same time&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there are other forms of highly intrusive state intervention&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as the criminal &lt;/ins&gt;justice &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;system&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Imprisonment and the death penalty are examples of ultimate &lt;/ins&gt;sanctions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that demonstrate the state&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s ability to severely restrict individual freedom&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This illustrates how powerful and controlling the state can be in pursuing its public policy objectives&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;these forms of &lt;/ins&gt;intervention &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are often the subject of &lt;/ins&gt;intense &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;debate because of their highly intrusive &lt;/ins&gt;nature &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the moral and ethical &lt;/ins&gt;implications &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that flow from them&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Processus de Choix de l'&lt;/del&gt;Instrument ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Instrument &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selection Process &lt;/ins&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;le choix des instruments de politique publique est une décision clé qui peut influencer significativement l'efficacité et la perception d'une politique. La sélection doit tenir compte de nombreux facteurs, parmi lesquels :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;le choix des instruments de politique publique est une décision clé qui peut influencer significativement l'efficacité et la perception d'une politique. La sélection doit tenir compte de nombreux facteurs, parmi lesquels :&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58466&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Prescription and Prohibition */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58466&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T13:57:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Prescription and Prohibition&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 2 juillet 2023 à 15:57&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l413&quot;&gt;Ligne 413 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 413 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Prescription and Prohibition ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Prescription and Prohibition ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'étape suivante dans le spectre de l'&lt;/del&gt;intrusion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'État dans les politiques publiques comprend des approches de régulation plus directes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;telles que les &lt;/del&gt;prescriptions, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui peuvent prendre la forme d'autorisations et d'interdictions&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The next stage in the spectrum of state &lt;/ins&gt;intrusion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;into public policy involves more direct regulatory approaches&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as &lt;/ins&gt;prescriptions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which can take the form of authorisations and prohibitions&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les autorisations&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'État peut demander à certains groupes cibles d'obtenir une autorisation ou un permis avant d'engager certaines &lt;/del&gt;actions. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces permis peuvent être assortis de &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécifiques qui doivent être respectées&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un exemple pourrait être l'autorisation nécessaire pour ouvrir un établissement de restauration&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui peut nécessiter de respecter certaines normes d'hygiène et de sécurité&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Authorisations&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The state may require certain target groups to obtain an authorisation or permit before undertaking certain &lt;/ins&gt;actions. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These permits may include specific &lt;/ins&gt;conditions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that must be met&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;An example might be the authorisation needed to open a catering establishment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which may require compliance with certain health and safety standards&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les interdictions&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il s'agit de la forme la plus stricte de contrôle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où certains comportements sont tout simplement interdits par la loi&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les interdictions peuvent couvrir un large éventail de comportements&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allant de la consommation de certaines &lt;/del&gt;substances (&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme les drogues illégales&lt;/del&gt;) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la réalisation de certaines activités &lt;/del&gt;(&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme la conduite en état d'ivresse&lt;/del&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;# &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prohibitions&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is the strictest form of control&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where certain behaviours are simply prohibited by law&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prohibitions can cover a wide range of behaviours&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;from consuming certain &lt;/ins&gt;substances (&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as illegal drugs&lt;/ins&gt;) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to carrying out certain activities &lt;/ins&gt;(&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as drink-driving&lt;/ins&gt;).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces formes de contrôle sont souvent utilisées lorsque les risques associés à certains comportements sont jugés trop élevés pour être laissés sans régulation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leur mise en œuvre nécessite un suivi et une application stricts de la part de l'État&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui peut entraîner des coûts supplémentaires&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elles peuvent parfois être perçues comme une atteinte aux libertés individuelles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui peut susciter des débats et des controverses&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These forms of control are often used when the risks associated with certain behaviours are deemed too high to be left unregulated&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;their implementation requires strict monitoring and enforcement by the state&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which can lead to additional costs&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In addition&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they can sometimes be perceived as an infringement of individual freedoms&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which can give rise to debate and controversy&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prescriptifs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme les autorisations ou les interdictions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont une grande capacité à influencer les comportements des groupes cibles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en rendant obligatoire l'obtention d'un permis de conduire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'État assure non seulement que les conducteurs possèdent les compétences nécessaires pour naviguer sur les routes de manière sûre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais également que les règles de circulation sont respectées&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;minimisant ainsi les risques d'&lt;/del&gt;accidents. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De même&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'interdiction de certaines &lt;/del&gt;actions, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme la conduite en état d'ébriété&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vise à protéger la société dans son ensemble en prévenant des comportements dangereux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prescriptifs sont donc particulièrement efficaces pour modifier les comportements&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;bien qu'ils puissent être perçus comme restrictifs ou intrusifs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leur efficacité dépend également de l'&lt;/del&gt;application &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de ces règles et de la capacité de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;État à surveiller et à sanctionner les infractions&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une réglementation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aussi stricte soit-elle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n'aura que peu d'effet si elle n'est pas correctement mise en œuvre et respectée&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Prescriptive &lt;/ins&gt;instruments, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as authorisations or bans&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;have a great capacity to influence the behaviour of target groups&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;by making it compulsory to have a driving licence&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the State not only ensures that drivers have the necessary skills to navigate the roads safely&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but also that traffic rules are respected&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;thereby minimising the risk of &lt;/ins&gt;accidents. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Similarly&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the prohibition of certain &lt;/ins&gt;actions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as drink-driving&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aims to protect society as a whole by preventing dangerous behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These prescriptive &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are therefore particularly effective in changing behaviour&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;although they may be perceived as restrictive or intrusive&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;their effectiveness also depends on the &lt;/ins&gt;application &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of these rules and the State&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s ability to monitor and punish infringements&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Regulations&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;however strict&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;will have little effect if they are not properly implemented and enforced&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Nationalisation et Étatisme ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Nationalisation et Étatisme ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58465&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Campagnes d'Information et de Persuasion */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58465&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T13:57:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Campagnes d&amp;#039;Information et de Persuasion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;amp;diff=58465&amp;amp;oldid=58464&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58464&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Self-regulation */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58464&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T13:56:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Self-regulation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 2 juillet 2023 à 15:56&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l394&quot;&gt;Ligne 394 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 394 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Self-regulation ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Self-regulation ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'autorégulation est un &lt;/del&gt;type &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'&lt;/del&gt;instrument &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de politique publique dans lequel l'État cherche à influencer le comportement des acteurs concernés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais laisse à ces derniers une certaine autonomie pour déterminer la manière exacte dont ils vont répondre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut se faire par le biais de &lt;/del&gt;codes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de conduite volontaires&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de normes sectorielles ou de systèmes de &lt;/del&gt;certification &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;privés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée derrière l'autorégulation est qu'en permettant aux acteurs concernés de prendre leurs propres décisions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils seront plus susceptibles de s'engager dans le processus et de se conformer aux objectifs de la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut également permettre une plus grande flexibilité et &lt;/del&gt;adaptation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aux &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécifiques de différents acteurs ou secteurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'autorégulation présente également des défis&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il peut être difficile pour l'État de s'assurer que tous les acteurs se comportent de manière responsable et qu'ils atteignent les objectifs de la politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;De plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'autorégulation peut parfois conduire à des inégalités&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car certains acteurs peuvent avoir plus de ressources ou de capacités pour se conformer aux politiques que d'autres&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Self-regulation is a &lt;/ins&gt;type &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of public policy &lt;/ins&gt;instrument &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in which the state seeks to influence the behaviour of the actors concerned&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but leaves them a degree of autonomy to determine the exact way in which they will respond&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This can be done through voluntary &lt;/ins&gt;codes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of conduct&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sectoral standards or private &lt;/ins&gt;certification &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;schemes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea behind self-regulation is that by allowing stakeholders to make their own decisions&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they will be more likely to engage with the process and comply with the policy objectives&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It may also allow greater flexibility and &lt;/ins&gt;adaptation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the specific &lt;/ins&gt;conditions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of different actors or sectors&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;self-regulation also presents challenges&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it can be difficult for the state to ensure that all actors behave responsibly and meet the policy objectives&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In addition&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;self-regulation can sometimes lead to inequalities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as some actors may have more resources or capacity to comply with policies than others&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les gentlemen &lt;/del&gt;agreements &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou les conventions de &lt;/del&gt;diligence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont des accords informels&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent &lt;/del&gt;non &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contraignants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entre les &lt;/del&gt;parties &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concernées &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ici&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les banques &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur la manière dont elles vont traiter un &lt;/del&gt;certain &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;problème &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans ce cas&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le blanchiment d'argent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'évasion fiscale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le financement du terrorisme et le recyclage de l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;argent des dictateurs&lt;/del&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Aubert, M. (1984). The limits of Swiss banking secrecy under domestic and international law. ''Int'l Tax &amp;amp; Bus. Law.'', ''2'', 273.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces conventions peuvent être considérées comme un exemple d'autorégulation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;car elles sont négociées et mises en œuvre par les banques elles-mêmes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plutôt que d'être imposées par l'État&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela donne aux banques une grande marge de manœuvre pour déterminer comment elles vont atteindre les objectifs de la politique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tout en minimisant l'&lt;/del&gt;intrusion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'État dans leurs activités&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Toutefois&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce &lt;/del&gt;type &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'&lt;/del&gt;instrument &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a ses limites et ses défis&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En l'occurrence&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'efficacité de ces &lt;/del&gt;conventions a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;été remise en question en raison de pressions internationales&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces pressions ont probablement mis en évidence certaines des difficultés inhérentes à l'autorégulation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;notamment le risque que les acteurs concernés ne prennent pas des mesures suffisantes pour résoudre le problème ou qu'ils ne se conforment pas pleinement aux &lt;/del&gt;conventions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;convenues&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Gentleman's &lt;/ins&gt;agreements &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or due &lt;/ins&gt;diligence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;agreements are informal&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often &lt;/ins&gt;non&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-binding&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;agreements between the &lt;/ins&gt;parties &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;involved &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in this case&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the banks &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on how they will deal with a &lt;/ins&gt;certain &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;problem &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in this case&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;money laundering&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tax evasion&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terrorist financing and the recycling of dictators&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;money&lt;/ins&gt;.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Aubert, M. (1984). &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;''&lt;/ins&gt;The limits of Swiss banking secrecy under domestic and international law. ''Int'l Tax &amp;amp; Bus. Law.'', ''2'', 273.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These agreements can be seen as an example of self-regulation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as they are negotiated and implemented by the banks themselves&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rather than being imposed by the state&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This gives the banks considerable leeway in determining how they will achieve the policy objectives&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;while minimising state &lt;/ins&gt;intrusion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;into their activities&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this &lt;/ins&gt;type &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;instrument &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;has its limits and challenges&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this case&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the effectiveness of these &lt;/ins&gt;conventions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;has been called into question as &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;result of international pressure&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This pressure has probably highlighted some of the difficulties inherent in self-regulation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in particular the risk that the players concerned will not take sufficient action to resolve the problem or that they will not fully comply with the agreed &lt;/ins&gt;conventions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Campagnes d'Information et de Persuasion ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== Campagnes d'Information et de Persuasion ===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58463&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Sélection et Utilisation des Instruments d’Action Publique */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Public_Policy_Analysis:_agenda_setting_and_formulation&amp;diff=58463&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-07-02T13:56:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Sélection et Utilisation des Instruments d’Action Publique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 2 juillet 2023 à 15:56&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l386&quot;&gt;Ligne 386 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 386 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;When we talk about precise objectives in the context of public policy, we are often talking about details that specifically define the expected results, the target audience, the timetable and the criteria for success. However, due to political complexity and sensitivity, it is difficult to establish these precise objectives at a general constitutional or legislative level. In a constitution, objectives are usually formulated in very general terms, as they need to be acceptable to a wide range of groups in society, including those with conflicting interests. In addition, the constitution is a document of long scope and duration, which means that it must be flexible enough to adapt to future changes. At the level of general law, the objectives can be a little more specific, but they still need to be broad enough to allow for different interpretations and applications in different contexts. Furthermore, the adoption of a law generally requires a parliamentary majority, and sometimes even a popular vote, which makes it difficult to reach a consensus on very specific objectives. This is why, in most cases, the most precise details of the objectives of a public policy are defined in the ordinances or regulations that are drawn up to implement the law. These documents are usually drafted by the government agencies responsible for implementing the policy, and do not require parliamentary or public approval. This gives the agencies the flexibility to define precise objectives that meet the specific needs of the policy, while respecting the general framework established by the constitution and the law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;When we talk about precise objectives in the context of public policy, we are often talking about details that specifically define the expected results, the target audience, the timetable and the criteria for success. However, due to political complexity and sensitivity, it is difficult to establish these precise objectives at a general constitutional or legislative level. In a constitution, objectives are usually formulated in very general terms, as they need to be acceptable to a wide range of groups in society, including those with conflicting interests. In addition, the constitution is a document of long scope and duration, which means that it must be flexible enough to adapt to future changes. At the level of general law, the objectives can be a little more specific, but they still need to be broad enough to allow for different interpretations and applications in different contexts. Furthermore, the adoption of a law generally requires a parliamentary majority, and sometimes even a popular vote, which makes it difficult to reach a consensus on very specific objectives. This is why, in most cases, the most precise details of the objectives of a public policy are defined in the ordinances or regulations that are drawn up to implement the law. These documents are usually drafted by the government agencies responsible for implementing the policy, and do not require parliamentary or public approval. This gives the agencies the flexibility to define precise objectives that meet the specific needs of the policy, while respecting the general framework established by the constitution and the law.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sélection et Utilisation des &lt;/del&gt;Instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’Action Publique &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selection and use of Public Action &lt;/ins&gt;Instruments ==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les objectifs spécifiques ne sont pas toujours clairement définis ou bien précisés dans les textes législatifs ou constitutionnels&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Néanmoins&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui est généralement le plus &lt;/del&gt;visible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;tangible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour les citoyens, c'est la mise en œuvre pratique de ces politiques &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est-à-dire&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;actions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concrètes entreprises par les &lt;/del&gt;administrations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;publiques pour atteindre les objectifs généraux énoncés dans les lois et réglementations&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une politique publique visant à améliorer l'éducation peut avoir un objectif &lt;/del&gt;vague, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme &lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;améliorer la qualité de l'éducation&lt;/del&gt;&amp;quot;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Toutefois&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les &lt;/del&gt;actions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concrètes entreprises par les écoles&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les enseignants et les &lt;/del&gt;administrations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour atteindre cet objectif &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme l'embauche de nouveaux enseignants&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la mise en œuvre de nouvelles méthodes pédagogiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou l'augmentation du financement pour les écoles &lt;/del&gt;- &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont des &lt;/del&gt;aspects &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus tangibles de cette politique publique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;actions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concrètes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent appelées &amp;quot;&lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;action&amp;quot; dans le &lt;/del&gt;jargon &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont donc généralement le moyen le plus &lt;/del&gt;direct &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;visible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour les citoyens de comprendre comment une politique publique est mise en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est également à travers ces &lt;/del&gt;actions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que les citoyens peuvent évaluer l'efficacité d'une politique publique et si les objectifs généraux sont atteints&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the implementation of public policies&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the specific objectives are not always clearly defined or specified in legislative or constitutional texts&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;what is generally most &lt;/ins&gt;visible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;tangible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for citizens is the practical implementation of these policies&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in other words&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the concrete &lt;/ins&gt;actions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;undertaken by public &lt;/ins&gt;administrations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to achieve the general objectives set out in laws and regulations&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a public policy aimed at improving education may have a &lt;/ins&gt;vague &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;objective&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as &lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;improving the quality of education&lt;/ins&gt;&amp;quot;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the concrete &lt;/ins&gt;actions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;taken by schools&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teachers and &lt;/ins&gt;administrations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to achieve this objective &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as hiring new teachers&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;implementing new teaching methods&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or increasing funding for schools &lt;/ins&gt;- &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are more tangible &lt;/ins&gt;aspects &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of this public policy&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These concrete &lt;/ins&gt;actions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;often referred to as 'policy &lt;/ins&gt;instruments' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in public policy &lt;/ins&gt;jargon, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are therefore generally the most &lt;/ins&gt;direct &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;visible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;way for citizens to understand how public policy is implemented&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is also through these &lt;/ins&gt;actions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that citizens can assess the effectiveness of a public policy and whether the general objectives are being achieved&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les instruments sont les outils concrets que l'État utilise pour appliquer ses politiques publiques et atteindre les objectifs fixés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont eux qui font le lien entre les administrateurs publics et les groupes cibles dans la société civile&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent prendre différentes formes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils peuvent se manifester sous forme d'autorisations&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui accordent le droit de mener certaines &lt;/del&gt;actions ; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'interdictions&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui empêchent certaines &lt;/del&gt;actions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'être réalisées &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou de &lt;/del&gt;prescriptions, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui obligent à la réalisation de certaines &lt;/del&gt;actions. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'État dispose d'une large gamme de ces &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par ses politiques publiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le choix d'un &lt;/del&gt;instrument &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;spécifique peut dépendre de plusieurs facteurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que la &lt;/del&gt;nature &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du problème à résoudre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le contexte politique et &lt;/del&gt;social, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou encore les ressources disponibles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un domaine de recherche &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans l'analyse des politiques publiques est d'étudier pourquoi un &lt;/del&gt;certain instrument &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est choisi et mis en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et quel est son efficacité pour atteindre les objectifs fixés&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela peut impliquer l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;analyse de données sur les performances de l'instrument&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'évaluation de ses impacts sur la société et l'économie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et l'étude des processus par lesquels l'&lt;/del&gt;instrument &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a été choisi et mis en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces recherches peuvent aider à améliorer la &lt;/del&gt;formulation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques à l'avenir&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Instruments are the concrete tools that the State uses to apply its public policies and achieve the objectives set&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They provide the link between public administrators and target groups in civil society&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can take different forms&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they can take the form of authorisations&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which grant the right to carry out certain &lt;/ins&gt;actions; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;prohibitions&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which prevent certain &lt;/ins&gt;actions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;from being carried out&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or &lt;/ins&gt;prescriptions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which oblige certain &lt;/ins&gt;actions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to be carried out&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The State has a wide range of these &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;at its disposal to achieve the objectives set by its public policies&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The choice of a specific &lt;/ins&gt;instrument &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may depend on a number of factors&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as the &lt;/ins&gt;nature &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the problem to be solved&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the political and &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;context&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or the resources available&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;An &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;area of research in public policy analysis is to study why a &lt;/ins&gt;certain instrument &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is chosen and implemented&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and how effective it is in achieving the objectives set&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This can involve analysing data on the instrument&lt;/ins&gt;'&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;s performance&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;assessing its impact on society and the economy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and studying the processes by which the &lt;/ins&gt;instrument &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;was chosen and implemented&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This research can help to improve the &lt;/ins&gt;formulation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and implementation of public policies in the future&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lors de la formulation d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il existe un large éventail d'&lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allant des moins intrusifs aux plus intrusifs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent varier en termes de l'ampleur de leur &lt;/del&gt;intervention &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans la société ou l'économie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ainsi que de l'&lt;/del&gt;effort &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;requis pour les mettre en œuvre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parmi les &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les moins intrusifs, on peut citer l'&lt;/del&gt;information &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et la &lt;/del&gt;persuasion, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où l'État cherche à influencer le comportement des citoyens ou des entreprises en leur fournissant des informations ou en les encourageant à adopter certaines pratiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au milieu du spectre, on trouve des &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tels que les incitations fiscales ou les régulations&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où l'État cherche à orienter le comportement en modifiant les coûts ou les bénéfices associés à certaines &lt;/del&gt;actions. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Parmi les &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les plus intrusifs, on peut citer les interdictions ou les &lt;/del&gt;prescriptions, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où l'État impose directement certaines &lt;/del&gt;actions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou interdit certaines pratiques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Lors de la formulation d'une politique publique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différents acteurs peuvent préférer différents &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en fonction de leurs intérêts et de leurs valeurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par exemple&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certains acteurs peuvent préférer des &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;moins intrusifs qui respectent davantage l'autonomie individuelle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tandis que d'autres peuvent préférer des &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus intrusifs qui garantissent un contrôle plus &lt;/del&gt;direct &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur les résultats&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces débats sur le choix des &lt;/del&gt;instruments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent être une partie importante du processus de &lt;/del&gt;formulation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des politiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;When formulating public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there is a wide range of &lt;/ins&gt;instruments&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, from the least intrusive to the most intrusive&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can vary in terms of the extent of their &lt;/ins&gt;intervention &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in society or the economy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as well as the &lt;/ins&gt;effort &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;required to implement them&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the least intrusive &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;include &lt;/ins&gt;information &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;persuasion, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where the state seeks to influence the behaviour of citizens or businesses by providing information or encouraging them to adopt certain practices&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the middle of the spectrum are &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as tax incentives or regulations&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where the state seeks to influence behaviour by modifying the costs or benefits associated with certain &lt;/ins&gt;actions. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Among the most intrusive &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are prohibitions or &lt;/ins&gt;prescriptions, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where the state directly imposes certain &lt;/ins&gt;actions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or prohibits certain practices&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;When formulating public policy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;different actors may prefer different &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;depending on their interests and values&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;some actors may prefer less intrusive &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that are more respectful of individual autonomy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;while others may prefer more intrusive &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that guarantee more &lt;/ins&gt;direct &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;control over outcomes&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These debates on the choice of &lt;/ins&gt;instruments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can be an important part of the policy &lt;/ins&gt;formulation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;process&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'Autorégulation &lt;/del&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Self-regulation &lt;/ins&gt;===&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'autorégulation est un type d'instrument de politique publique dans lequel l'État cherche à influencer le comportement des acteurs concernés, mais laisse à ces derniers une certaine autonomie pour déterminer la manière exacte dont ils vont répondre. Cela peut se faire par le biais de codes de conduite volontaires, de normes sectorielles ou de systèmes de certification privés, par exemple. L'idée derrière l'autorégulation est qu'en permettant aux acteurs concernés de prendre leurs propres décisions, ils seront plus susceptibles de s'engager dans le processus et de se conformer aux objectifs de la politique. Cela peut également permettre une plus grande flexibilité et adaptation aux conditions spécifiques de différents acteurs ou secteurs. Cependant, l'autorégulation présente également des défis. Par exemple, il peut être difficile pour l'État de s'assurer que tous les acteurs se comportent de manière responsable et qu'ils atteignent les objectifs de la politique. De plus, l'autorégulation peut parfois conduire à des inégalités, car certains acteurs peuvent avoir plus de ressources ou de capacités pour se conformer aux politiques que d'autres.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;L'autorégulation est un type d'instrument de politique publique dans lequel l'État cherche à influencer le comportement des acteurs concernés, mais laisse à ces derniers une certaine autonomie pour déterminer la manière exacte dont ils vont répondre. Cela peut se faire par le biais de codes de conduite volontaires, de normes sectorielles ou de systèmes de certification privés, par exemple. L'idée derrière l'autorégulation est qu'en permettant aux acteurs concernés de prendre leurs propres décisions, ils seront plus susceptibles de s'engager dans le processus et de se conformer aux objectifs de la politique. Cela peut également permettre une plus grande flexibilité et adaptation aux conditions spécifiques de différents acteurs ou secteurs. Cependant, l'autorégulation présente également des défis. Par exemple, il peut être difficile pour l'État de s'assurer que tous les acteurs se comportent de manière responsable et qu'ils atteignent les objectifs de la politique. De plus, l'autorégulation peut parfois conduire à des inégalités, car certains acteurs peuvent avoir plus de ressources ou de capacités pour se conformer aux politiques que d'autres.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
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