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	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente</id>
	<title>Tendências políticas e religiosas no Médio Oriente - Historique des versions</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-07-23T12:04:19Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Historique des versions pour cette page sur le wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.38.6</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64263&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Annexes */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64263&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:47:10Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Annexes&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 21 décembre 2023 à 15:47&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l481&quot;&gt;Ligne 481 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 481 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Em 2014, o grupo conhecido como Al-Qaeda no Iraque sofreu uma transformação significativa, marcando um ponto de viragem na história do Islão político. O grupo, que tinha evoluído e ganho influência no contexto pós-invasão do Iraque, anunciou a formação do Estado Islâmico (EI), também conhecido como Daech (acrónimo árabe de al-Dawla al-Islamiya al-Iraq al-Sham). O anúncio da criação do Estado Islâmico foi feito pelo seu líder, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Esta declaração significou não só uma mudança de nome, mas também uma ambição territorial e ideológica alargada. O EI tinha como objetivo estabelecer um califado, uma entidade política regida pela sharia (lei islâmica), abrangendo não só o Iraque, mas também a Síria e potencialmente outras regiões. Sob a bandeira do Estado Islâmico, o grupo estendeu rapidamente o seu controlo a vastas áreas do Iraque e da Síria, explorando o vazio de poder criado pela guerra civil síria e a fraqueza do governo iraquiano. O EI ganhou notoriedade pela sua brutalidade, incluindo execuções em massa, actos de limpeza étnica, destruição de locais históricos e ataques terroristas em todo o mundo. A proclamação do Estado Islâmico representou um grande desafio à estabilidade regional e à segurança internacional. Levou a uma intervenção militar internacional para conter e, eventualmente, reduzir o território controlado pelo EI. A ascensão e a queda do Estado Islâmico também suscitaram importantes debates sobre as causas e as respostas adequadas ao extremismo islâmico violento, bem como sobre a forma de lidar com as consequências humanitárias e de segurança da sua expansão.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Em 2014, o grupo conhecido como Al-Qaeda no Iraque sofreu uma transformação significativa, marcando um ponto de viragem na história do Islão político. O grupo, que tinha evoluído e ganho influência no contexto pós-invasão do Iraque, anunciou a formação do Estado Islâmico (EI), também conhecido como Daech (acrónimo árabe de al-Dawla al-Islamiya al-Iraq al-Sham). O anúncio da criação do Estado Islâmico foi feito pelo seu líder, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Esta declaração significou não só uma mudança de nome, mas também uma ambição territorial e ideológica alargada. O EI tinha como objetivo estabelecer um califado, uma entidade política regida pela sharia (lei islâmica), abrangendo não só o Iraque, mas também a Síria e potencialmente outras regiões. Sob a bandeira do Estado Islâmico, o grupo estendeu rapidamente o seu controlo a vastas áreas do Iraque e da Síria, explorando o vazio de poder criado pela guerra civil síria e a fraqueza do governo iraquiano. O EI ganhou notoriedade pela sua brutalidade, incluindo execuções em massa, actos de limpeza étnica, destruição de locais históricos e ataques terroristas em todo o mundo. A proclamação do Estado Islâmico representou um grande desafio à estabilidade regional e à segurança internacional. Levou a uma intervenção militar internacional para conter e, eventualmente, reduzir o território controlado pelo EI. A ascensão e a queda do Estado Islâmico também suscitaram importantes debates sobre as causas e as respostas adequadas ao extremismo islâmico violento, bem como sobre a forma de lidar com as consequências humanitárias e de segurança da sua expansão.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Annexes &lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Apêndices &lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Références &lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;= &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Referências &lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;references/&amp;gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64262&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* L’islam politique */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64262&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:46:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;L’islam politique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64262&amp;amp;oldid=64261&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64261&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le Golfe persique */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64261&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:45:59Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le Golfe persique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64261&amp;amp;oldid=64260&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64260&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le cas kurde */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64260&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:45:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le cas kurde&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64260&amp;amp;oldid=64259&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64259&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le conflit israélo-palestinien */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64259&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:43:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le conflit israélo-palestinien&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64259&amp;amp;oldid=64258&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64258&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le panislamisme */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64258&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:43:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le panislamisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64258&amp;amp;oldid=64257&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64257&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* La ligue des États arabes (ligue arabe) */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64257&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:42:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;La ligue des États arabes (ligue arabe)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64257&amp;amp;oldid=64256&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64256&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le Nassérisme */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64256&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:41:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le Nassérisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64256&amp;amp;oldid=64255&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64255&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le baasisme */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64255&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:41:11Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le baasisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href=&quot;https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;amp;diff=64255&amp;amp;oldid=64254&quot;&gt;Voir les modifications&lt;/a&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64254&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Le panarabisme */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Tend%C3%AAncias_pol%C3%ADticas_e_religiosas_no_M%C3%A9dio_Oriente&amp;diff=64254&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2023-12-21T13:40:41Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Le panarabisme&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 21 décembre 2023 à 15:40&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l51&quot;&gt;Ligne 51 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 51 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;No entanto, o sonho do pan-arabismo deparou-se com muitos desafios. As ambições e realidades políticas nacionais, as diferenças culturais e religiosas no seio do mundo árabe e os interesses contraditórios das potências regionais e internacionais dificultaram a unidade árabe. Fracassos notáveis, como a dissolução da República Árabe Unida entre o Egipto e a Síria em 1961, marcaram os limites do ideal pan-árabe. O fracasso do pan-arabismo deixou um vazio ideológico na região, que foi gradualmente preenchido pelo islamismo. Este movimento, que procura organizar a sociedade de acordo com os princípios islâmicos, ganhou terreno num contexto de crescente desilusão com as ideologias seculares e nacionalistas. As décadas seguintes assistiram ao aparecimento de vários movimentos islamistas, que capitalizaram o sentimento de desencanto e a procura de identidade, propondo uma alternativa baseada na religião e na tradição.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;No entanto, o sonho do pan-arabismo deparou-se com muitos desafios. As ambições e realidades políticas nacionais, as diferenças culturais e religiosas no seio do mundo árabe e os interesses contraditórios das potências regionais e internacionais dificultaram a unidade árabe. Fracassos notáveis, como a dissolução da República Árabe Unida entre o Egipto e a Síria em 1961, marcaram os limites do ideal pan-árabe. O fracasso do pan-arabismo deixou um vazio ideológico na região, que foi gradualmente preenchido pelo islamismo. Este movimento, que procura organizar a sociedade de acordo com os princípios islâmicos, ganhou terreno num contexto de crescente desilusão com as ideologias seculares e nacionalistas. As décadas seguintes assistiram ao aparecimento de vários movimentos islamistas, que capitalizaram o sentimento de desencanto e a procura de identidade, propondo uma alternativa baseada na religião e na tradição.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le panarabisme&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pan-Arabismo&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les Premières Promesses et Déceptions&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'Alliance du Chérif &lt;/del&gt;Hussein &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le Mandat Britannique &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As Primeiras Promessas e Desilusões&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A Aliança do Xerife &lt;/ins&gt;Hussein &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e o Mandato Britânico &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les notables, tels que le Chérif &lt;/del&gt;Hussein de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Mecque, jouaient un rôle &lt;/del&gt;crucial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en tant que leaders locaux et intermédiaires &lt;/del&gt;entre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les populations arabes et les puissances coloniales&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le cas &lt;/del&gt;de Hussein, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sa position en tant que gardien des lieux saints islamiques lui conférait une autorité religieuse et politique significative&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Durant la Première Guerre mondiale, il &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cherché à établir une alliance avec les Britanniques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;motivé par la promesse d'un soutien pour l'établissement d'un royaume arabe indépendant après la guerre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en échange &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;son aide contre l'Empire ottoman. Cette alliance est emblématique &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la stratégie des notables traditionnels &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la région&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui cherchaient à naviguer &lt;/del&gt;entre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les intérêts locaux et les ambitions des puissances étrangères&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cependant&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les promesses faites à &lt;/del&gt;Hussein &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par les Britanniques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;connues sous le nom de correspondance &lt;/del&gt;Hussein-McMahon, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;étaient ambiguës et se sont finalement avérées en contradiction avec d'autres engagements pris par les Britanniques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;notamment les accords &lt;/del&gt;Sykes-Picot &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et la Déclaration &lt;/del&gt;Balfour.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Notáveis como o Xerife &lt;/ins&gt;Hussein de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Meca desempenharam um papel &lt;/ins&gt;crucial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;como líderes locais e intermediários &lt;/ins&gt;entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as populações árabes e as potências coloniais&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;No caso &lt;/ins&gt;de Hussein, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a sua posição de guardião dos locais sagrados islâmicos conferia-lhe uma autoridade religiosa e política significativa&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Durante &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Primeira Guerra Mundial&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;procurou uma aliança com os britânicos&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;motivado pela promessa &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;apoio à criação &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;um reino árabe independente após a guerra, em troca &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ajuda contra o Império Otomano. Esta aliança é emblemática da estratégia dos notáveis tradicionais da região&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que procuravam navegar &lt;/ins&gt;entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;os interesses locais e as ambições das potências estrangeiras&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;No entanto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as promessas feitas a &lt;/ins&gt;Hussein &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pelos britânicos&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conhecidas como a correspondência &lt;/ins&gt;Hussein-McMahon, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;eram ambíguas e acabaram por contradizer outros compromissos assumidos pelos britânicos&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;nomeadamente os acordos &lt;/ins&gt;Sykes-Picot &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e a Declaração de &lt;/ins&gt;Balfour.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le résultat de ces tractations diplomatiques s'est avéré être une &lt;/del&gt;grande &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;déception pour les aspirations arabes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Après la guerre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au lieu de l'indépendance promise&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la Société des Nations &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;établi plusieurs mandats dans la région&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plaçant des territoires sous administration britannique et française&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La vision &lt;/del&gt;de Hussein &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'un royaume arabe unifié s'est effondrée, et la région &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;été divisée en plusieurs États&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;souvent avec des frontières artificielles qui ne reflétaient pas les réalités ethniques et culturelles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette période a été marquée par un sentiment croissant &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;trahison et &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;désillusionnement parmi les Arabes, qui ont vu leurs espoirs d'indépendance et d'unité s'évaporer&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette déception a jeté les &lt;/del&gt;bases &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du mécontentement envers les puissances occidentales et a alimenté les mouvements nationalistes et &lt;/del&gt;anti-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;coloniaux dans les décennies suivantes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La figure &lt;/del&gt;de Hussein &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et sa tentative avortée &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;créer un royaume arabe indépendant demeurent un symbole puissant de la lutte arabe pour l'autodétermination et de la complexité des relations &lt;/del&gt;entre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le Moyen-Orient et les puissances occidentales au début du XXe siècle&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O resultado destas negociações diplomáticas revelou-se uma &lt;/ins&gt;grande &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;desilusão para as aspirações árabes&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Após a guerra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;em vez da prometida independência&lt;/ins&gt;, a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sociedade das Nações estabeleceu vários mandatos na região&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;colocando territórios sob administração britânica e francesa&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A visão &lt;/ins&gt;de Hussein &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de um reino árabe unificado desmoronou-se e &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;região foi dividida em vários Estados&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;muitas vezes com fronteiras artificiais que não reflectiam as realidades étnicas e culturais&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Este período foi marcado por um sentimento crescente &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;traição e desilusão entre os árabes, que viram as suas esperanças &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;independência e unidade evaporarem-se&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esta desilusão lançou as &lt;/ins&gt;bases &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;do descontentamento com as potências ocidentais e alimentou os movimentos nacionalistas e &lt;/ins&gt;anti-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;coloniais nas décadas seguintes&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A figura &lt;/ins&gt;de Hussein &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;e a sua tentativa falhada &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;criar um reino árabe independente continuam a ser um símbolo poderoso da luta árabe pela autodeterminação e da complexidade das relações &lt;/ins&gt;entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;o Médio Oriente e as potências ocidentais no início do século XX&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Emergence des Théoriciens et Leaders du Nationalisme Arabe &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Emergência de teóricos e líderes nacionalistas árabes &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À la fin de la Première Guerre mondiale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la figure &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fayçal&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'un des fils du Chérif &lt;/del&gt;Hussein de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La Mecque&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;émerge comme un acteur clé dans la formation du nationalisme arabe&lt;/del&gt;. Fayçal, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui avait joué un rôle &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;premier plan dans la révolte arabe contre l'Empire ottoman&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est devenu un symbole de l'aspiration arabe &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'autodétermination&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Son accompagnateur et conseiller&lt;/del&gt;, Sati Al Husri, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a eu une influence considérable dans la théorisation du nationalisme arabe&lt;/del&gt;. Sati Al Husri, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui deviendra plus tard ministre de l'Éducation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est souvent considéré comme le premier théoricien important du nationalisme arabe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Son approche était fortement influencée par la conception allemande de la nation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui mettait l'accent sur les aspects linguistiques et culturels comme fondements de l'identité nationale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour &lt;/del&gt;Al Husri, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la langue arabe était un élément &lt;/del&gt;central &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'identité arabe&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un lien qui transcendait les différences religieuses&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;régionales &lt;/del&gt;ou &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tribales au sein du monde arabe&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;No final da Primeira Guerra Mundial&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a figura &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Faisal&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;um dos filhos do Xerife &lt;/ins&gt;Hussein de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Meca&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;emergiu como um ator-chave na formação do nacionalismo árabe&lt;/ins&gt;. Fayçal, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que tinha desempenhado um papel &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;liderança na revolta árabe contra o Império Otomano&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tornou-se um símbolo da aspiração árabe &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autodeterminação&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O seu companheiro e conselheiro&lt;/ins&gt;, Sati Al Husri, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;teve uma influência considerável na teorização do nacionalismo árabe&lt;/ins&gt;. Sati Al Husri, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que mais tarde se tornou Ministro da Educação&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;é frequentemente considerado como o primeiro grande teórico do nacionalismo árabe&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A sua abordagem foi fortemente influenciada pela conceção alemã da nação&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que sublinhava os aspectos linguísticos e culturais como fundamentos da identidade nacional&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Para &lt;/ins&gt;Al Husri, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a língua árabe era um elemento &lt;/ins&gt;central &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;da identidade árabe&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;um laço que transcendia as diferenças religiosas&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;regionais &lt;/ins&gt;ou &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tribais no mundo árabe&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette focalisation sur la langue et la culture comme éléments déterminants de l'identité nationale était en partie une réponse aux défis posés par la diversité du monde arabe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En insistant sur ces éléments communs&lt;/del&gt;, Al Husri &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cherchait à créer un sentiment d'unité et &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;solidarité parmi les Arabes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;indépendamment de leurs différences individuelles&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Son approche &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contribué à façonner l'idéologie du nationalisme arabe dans les décennies suivantes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;influençant les politiques éducatives et culturelles dans plusieurs pays arabes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La période de l'après&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guerre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec les efforts &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;figures comme Fayçal et les théories d'&lt;/del&gt;Al Husri, a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donc été cruciale dans la cristallisation du nationalisme arabe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Bien que les aspirations &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'unité arabe aient été contrariées par les réalités politiques et les accords internationaux de l'après&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guerre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'idée d'une identité arabe commune&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;fondée sur la langue et la culture&lt;/del&gt;, a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;continué à &lt;/del&gt;exercer &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une influence profonde sur la politique et la société dans le Moyen-Orient&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Esta ênfase na língua e na cultura como elementos definidores da identidade nacional foi, em parte, uma resposta aos desafios colocados pela diversidade do mundo árabe&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ao realçar estes elementos comuns&lt;/ins&gt;, Al Husri &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;procurou criar um sentimento &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;unidade e solidariedade entre os árabes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;independentemente das suas diferenças individuais&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A sua abordagem ajudou a moldar &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ideologia do nacionalismo árabe nas décadas seguintes&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;influenciando as políticas educativas e culturais de vários países árabes&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O período do pós&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guerra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;com os esforços de figuras como Faisal e as teorias &lt;/ins&gt;de Al Husri, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;foi portanto crucial para &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cristalização do nacionalismo árabe&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Embora as aspirações &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;unidade árabe tenham sido frustradas pelas realidades políticas do pós&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guerra e pelos acordos internacionais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a ideia de uma identidade árabe comum&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;baseada na língua e na cultura&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;continuou &lt;/ins&gt;a exercer &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;uma profunda influência na política e na sociedade do Médio Oriente&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Nationalisme Arabe dans l'Entre-Deux-Guerres&lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Trahison et Influence Extérieure &lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;== &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O nacionalismo árabe no período entre guerras&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;traição e influência externa &lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La période de l'&lt;/del&gt;entre&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-deux-guerres &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;été une époque cruciale pour le développement du nationalisme arabe, largement influencée par le non-respect des promesses faites aux Arabes durant la Première Guerre mondiale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les accords &lt;/del&gt;Sykes-Picot de 1916, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui partageaient secrètement le Moyen-Orient &lt;/del&gt;entre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la France et le Royaume&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Uni, sont devenus le symbole de la trahison des aspirations arabes &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'indépendance et &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'autodétermination&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces accords&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;révélés après la guerre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont profondément miné la confiance des Arabes envers les puissances occidentales et ont alimenté un sentiment &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;méfiance et &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ressentiment&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O período &lt;/ins&gt;entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guerras foi uma época crucial para o desenvolvimento do nacionalismo árabe, em grande parte influenciado pelo incumprimento das promessas feitas aos árabes durante &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Primeira Guerra Mundial&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Os acordos &lt;/ins&gt;Sykes-Picot de 1916, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que dividiram secretamente o Médio Oriente &lt;/ins&gt;entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a França e o Reino Unido, tornaram&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;se o símbolo da traição das aspirações árabes &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;independência e &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autodeterminação&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Estes acordos&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;revelados após a guerra&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;minaram profundamente a confiança dos árabes nas potências ocidentais e alimentaram um sentimento &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;desconfiança e &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ressentimento&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans ce contexte&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'autres facteurs ont accéléré le processus de montée du nationalisme arabe. La propagande fasciste et nazie &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;trouvé un écho dans certains segments de la société arabe, en particulier en raison de leur opposition commune au colonialisme britannique et français&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le régime &lt;/del&gt;nazi, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cherchant &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;étendre son influence dans la région&lt;/del&gt;, a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;exploité le mécontentement arabe à l'égard des puissances coloniales&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette dynamique a culminé avec le coup d'État pronazi &lt;/del&gt;de 1941 &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à Bagdad&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;connu sous le nom de Coup d'État &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rachid &lt;/del&gt;Ali al-Gillani, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui a brièvement établi un gouvernement pro&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;allemand en Irak avant d'être renversé par les forces britanniques&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Parallèlement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le débat sur l'indépendance arabe &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;continué à gagner en intensité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les intellectuels&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les politiciens et les leaders d'opinion dans le monde arabe discutaient activement des moyens d'atteindre l'autonomie politique et &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;résister &lt;/del&gt;à &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l'influence étrangère&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette période a vu l'émergence &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plusieurs mouvements nationalistes et la formation &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partis politiques qui allaient jouer un rôle majeur dans l'histoire postcoloniale de la région&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;entre&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-deux-guerres a été une période &lt;/del&gt;de &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;transformation politique intense pour le Moyen-Orient&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La combinaison du non-respect des promesses faites pendant la Première Guerre mondiale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'influence des idéologies fascistes et nazies, et du débat interne sur l'indépendance &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contribué à façonner le paysage politique de la région et à poser les &lt;/del&gt;bases &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour les événements et les mouvements qui allaient suivre dans les décennies ultérieures&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Neste contexto&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;outros factores aceleraram &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ascensão do nacionalismo árabe&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A propaganda fascista e &lt;/ins&gt;nazi &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;repercutiu-se em certos segmentos da sociedade árabe&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sobretudo devido &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sua oposição comum ao colonialismo britânico e francês. O regime nazi&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;procurando alargar &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sua influência na região, explorou o descontentamento árabe em relação às potências coloniais&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Este facto culminou com o golpe pró-nazi &lt;/ins&gt;de 1941 &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;em Bagdade&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;conhecido como o golpe &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rashid &lt;/ins&gt;Ali al-Gillani, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que estabeleceu brevemente um governo pró&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alemão no Iraque antes de ser derrubado pelas forças britânicas&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ao mesmo tempo&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;o debate sobre &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;independência árabe continuou a intensificar-se&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Intelectuais&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;políticos e líderes de opinião do mundo árabe discutiam ativamente formas de alcançar a autonomia política e &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;resistir &lt;/ins&gt;à &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;influência estrangeira&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Este período assistiu ao aparecimento &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vários movimentos nacionalistas e à formação &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partidos políticos que viriam a desempenhar um papel importante na história pós-colonial da região&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;O período &lt;/ins&gt;entre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;guerras foi um período &lt;/ins&gt;de &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;intensa transformação política no Médio Oriente&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A combinação do não cumprimento das promessas feitas durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial&lt;/ins&gt;, a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;influência das ideologias fascista e nazi e o debate interno sobre a independência ajudaram a moldar a paisagem política da região e a lançar as &lt;/ins&gt;bases &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;para os acontecimentos e movimentos que se seguiriam nas décadas seguintes&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Le baasisme=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Le baasisme=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
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