The cultural basis of political behaviour - Historique des versions

Arthur le 12 mai 2020 à 09:08

2020-05-12T09:08:04Z

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	\| fr = Les bases culturelles du comportement politique		\| fr = Les bases culturelles du comportement politique
	\| es = La base cultural del comportamiento político		\| es = La base cultural del comportamiento político
			\| it = Le basi culturali del comportamento politico
	}}		}}

Arthur le 8 mai 2020 à 15:24

2020-05-08T15:24:03Z

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	{{Translations		{{Translations
	\| fr = Les bases culturelles du comportement politique		\| fr = Les bases culturelles du comportement politique
	\| es =		\| es = La base cultural del comportamiento político
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* Les trois caractéristiques des valeurs */

2020-05-04T11:05:32Z

Les trois caractéristiques des valeurs

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 13:05
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	*values are not defined in relation to a specific object, but in relation to something much more general. They are non-directly observable conceptions of the desirable, used in moral discourse, with particular importance for behaviour.		*values are not defined in relation to a specific object, but in relation to something much more general. They are non-directly observable conceptions of the desirable, used in moral discourse, with particular importance for behaviour.

	=~~Les trois caractéristiques des valeurs~~=		=The three characteristics of values=
	In ''The Impact of Values'', Deth and Scarbrough define values by three characteristics.<ref>Deth, J. W. V., & Scarbrough, E. (Eds.). (1998). The Impact of Values. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294751.001.0001</ref> These three characteristics have to be present in order for there to be values:		In ''The Impact of Values'', Deth and Scarbrough define values by three characteristics.<ref>Deth, J. W. V., & Scarbrough, E. (Eds.). (1998). The Impact of Values. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294751.001.0001</ref> These three characteristics have to be present in order for there to be values:

Arthur : /* Postmaterialism */

2020-05-04T09:24:37Z

Postmaterialism

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 11:24
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	==Religiosity==		==Religiosity==

	[[Fichier:comportement politique religiosité 1.png\|center\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<ref>Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H. (Eds.). (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001</ref>]]		[[Fichier:comportement politique religiosité 1.png\|center\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<ref name=":1">Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H. (Eds.). (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001</ref>]]

	This table shows, using different indicators, how the three "Bs" have changed. It can be seen that on all indicators there has been a decrease in the religiosity of the citizens of the countries concerned. This would be something that would give support to the theories of secularization. We can see very important international variations. We can see that the salience of religious cleavages varies a great deal. The study of the impact of religiosity on political behaviour cannot overlook a comparative study by country, otherwise there is a risk of confusing very different levels of religiosity.		This table shows, using different indicators, how the three "Bs" have changed. It can be seen that on all indicators there has been a decrease in the religiosity of the citizens of the countries concerned. This would be something that would give support to the theories of secularization. We can see very important international variations. We can see that the salience of religious cleavages varies a great deal. The study of the impact of religiosity on political behaviour cannot overlook a comparative study by country, otherwise there is a risk of confusing very different levels of religiosity.
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	==Postmaterialism==		==Postmaterialism==

	[[Fichier:comportement politique postmatérialisme 1.png\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.]]		[[Fichier:comportement politique postmatérialisme 1.png\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<ref name=":1" />]]

	~~Ce graphique montre le pourcentage de personnes « postmatérialistes » moins le pourcentage de personnes qui ont des valeurs « matérialistes »~~. ~~Il y~~ a ~~toujours un~~ certain ~~pourcentage de matérialistes~~, ~~une grande partie de postmatérialistes~~, ~~mais également une grande partie de « mixtes » qui sont des personnes qui sont à la fois matérialistes et postmatérialistes~~. De 1970 ~~jusqu’à~~ 2000, ~~ce sont différentes cohortes qui sont des classes d’âges de~~ 10 ~~ans~~. ~~Des cohortes successives sont de plus en plus matérialistes~~. On voit que les différentes cohortes sont de plus en plus matérialistes et quel degré de valeur matérialiste et que les cohortes gardent les valeurs qu’ils ont développés à l’âge de l’adolescent. ~~Ensuite~~, ~~lorsqu’on remplace les cohortes~~, ~~les matérialistes disparaissent remplacés par les postmatérialistes~~. ~~Dans ces théories~~, ~~si on avait constaté une~~ continuation ~~du développement économique et de l’État~~ social ~~après~~ 1973, ~~on aurait peut être continué dans le remplacement des nouvelles cohortes~~. ~~Ce n’est pas le cas parce qu’il y a les effets de période~~. ~~On voit à la fois l’effet de cohorte et l’effet de période~~. ~~On peut détecter des effets de cohorte, mais aussi des effets de périodes en comparant les colonnes et les lignes~~.		This graph shows the percentage of "postmaterialist" people minus the percentage of people with "materialist" values. There is always a certain percentage of materialists, a large proportion of postmaterialists, but also a large proportion of 'mixed' people who are both materialists and postmaterialists. From 1970 to 2000, there were different cohorts that were 10-year age groups. Successive cohorts are increasingly materialistic. We can see that the different cohorts are increasingly materialistic and what degree of materialistic value and that the cohorts retain the values they developed at the age of the teenager. Then, when the cohorts are replaced, the materialists disappear and are replaced by the postmaterialists. In these theories, if there had been a continuation of economic development and the social state after 1973, the replacement of the new cohorts might have continued. This is not the case because there are period effects. We see both the cohort effect and the period effect. Both cohort effects and period effects can be detected by comparing columns and rows.

	~~Une critique de la théorie de~~ Inglehart serait relative au fait de dire que ce sont les cohortes nées après la Deuxième guerre mondiale qui auraient développées des valeurs postmatérialistes parce qu’il y avait déjà des cohortes postmatérialistes qui se sont développées avant cette phase. ~~Il y~~ a ~~peut être un développement préalable expliquant ce qui a fait changer le système de valeurs~~. ~~Ce qui reste~~ important ~~est l’idée de remplacement des cohortes qui explique le changement~~ social ~~et culturel~~. ~~Ce graphique est une~~ illustration ~~de l’idée~~ micro – macro ~~renvoyant au schéma de~~ Kolman, ~~c’est~~-à-~~dire que pour expliquer un phénomène macrosociologique~~, ~~il faut passer par des mesures au niveau microsociologique~~, ~~à savoir au niveau des valeurs des personnes~~. ~~Afin d’expliquer le lien entre deux facteurs au niveau macro~~, ~~il faut passer par des valeurs au niveau microsociologique~~. ~~Cela renvoie à l’individualisme méthodologique~~.		A criticism of Inglehart's theory would be that cohorts born after the Second World War would have developed postmaterialist values because there were already postmaterialist cohorts that developed before that phase. There may be a prior development explaining what made the value system change. What remains important is the idea of cohort replacement which explains the social and cultural change. This graph is an illustration of the micro-macro idea referring to Kolman's diagram, i.e. to explain a macro-sociological phenomenon, one has to go through measures at the micro-sociological level, i.e. at the level of people's values. In order to explain the link between two factors at the macro level, one has to go through values at the micro-sociological level. This refers to methodological individualism.[[Fichier:comportement politique postmatérialisme 2.png\|center\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<ref name=":1" />]]

	~~[[Fichier:comportement politique postmatérialisme 2.png\|center\|vignette\|Dalton, R~~.J. ~~et H.-D. Klingemann~~, ~~éds. (2007)~~. The ~~Oxford Handbook~~ of ~~Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.]]~~		This graph shows the level of postmaterialism through aggregated data for different countries. This shift from materialistic to postmaterialistic values is something that affects all European societies. Much work has sought to show that this shift has taken place mainly in northern European societies and less in southern societies, also because in some southern European societies the religious and greater religious cleavage acts as a brake. The intertwining of different cleavages and value orientations is also important.

	Ce graphique montre le niveau de postmatérialisme à travers des données agrégées pour différents pays. Ce changement de valeurs matérialistes à des valeurs postmatérialistes est quelque chose qui affecte toutes les sociétés européennes. Beaucoup de travaux ont cherchés à montrer que ce changement a eu lieu surtout dans les sociétés du nord de l’Europe et moins dans les sociétés du sud aussi parce que dans certaines sociétés du sud de l’Europe le clivage religieux et plus important agissant comme frein. L’imbrication des différents clivages et orientations ~~de valeurs est aussi~~ important.

	=Annexes=		=Annexes=

Arthur : /* Religiosity */

2020-05-04T09:23:03Z

Religiosity

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 11:23
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	==Religiosity==		==Religiosity==

	[[Fichier:comportement politique religiosité 1.png\|center\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<ref>Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H. (Eds.). (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford University Press. ~~<nowiki>~~https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001~~</nowiki>~~</ref>]]		[[Fichier:comportement politique religiosité 1.png\|center\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<ref>Dalton, R. J., & Klingemann, H. (Eds.). (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199270125.001.0001</ref>]]

	This table shows, using different indicators, how the three "Bs" have changed. It can be seen that on all indicators there has been a decrease in the religiosity of the citizens of the countries concerned. This would be something that would give support to the theories of secularization. We can see very important international variations. We can see that the salience of religious cleavages varies a great deal. The study of the impact of religiosity on political behaviour cannot overlook a comparative study by country, otherwise there is a risk of confusing very different levels of religiosity.		This table shows, using different indicators, how the three "Bs" have changed. It can be seen that on all indicators there has been a decrease in the religiosity of the citizens of the countries concerned. This would be something that would give support to the theories of secularization. We can see very important international variations. We can see that the salience of religious cleavages varies a great deal. The study of the impact of religiosity on political behaviour cannot overlook a comparative study by country, otherwise there is a risk of confusing very different levels of religiosity.

Arthur : /* Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart */

2020-05-04T09:22:34Z

Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 11:22
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	This third type of value is supposed to explain political behaviour. This theory was proposed by Inglehart, who in 1977 published the book ''The Silent Revolution''.<ref>Inglehart, Ronald. ''The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics''. Princeton University Press, 1977. ''JSTOR'', https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x18ck.</ref> This theory postulates that there has been a great change in values in European societies, but also in other countries such as India. The idea was to have a theory that could be universalized. There was a great change in values with values that he calls materialistic, which are values that emphasize physical and material security. Inglehart based his theory on the Malsow pyramid which postulates that individuals first have the need to satisfy basic subsistence needs in order to survive, and then, once these needs are satisfied, they can move on to higher order needs such as social recognition of one's person, personal fulfilment or emancipation. There are two main orders of needs that Inglehart takes up, saying that this corresponds to two main types of values, he also talks about value orientation which is a coherent set of attitudes towards certain objects. There are materialistic values with the emphasis on physical material needs and post-materialistic values with the emphasis on the desire for self-realization. Inglehart postulates that there has been a great shift from these materialist values to post-materialist values since the end of World War II.		This third type of value is supposed to explain political behaviour. This theory was proposed by Inglehart, who in 1977 published the book ''The Silent Revolution''.<ref>Inglehart, Ronald. ''The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics''. Princeton University Press, 1977. ''JSTOR'', https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x18ck.</ref> This theory postulates that there has been a great change in values in European societies, but also in other countries such as India. The idea was to have a theory that could be universalized. There was a great change in values with values that he calls materialistic, which are values that emphasize physical and material security. Inglehart based his theory on the Malsow pyramid which postulates that individuals first have the need to satisfy basic subsistence needs in order to survive, and then, once these needs are satisfied, they can move on to higher order needs such as social recognition of one's person, personal fulfilment or emancipation. There are two main orders of needs that Inglehart takes up, saying that this corresponds to two main types of values, he also talks about value orientation which is a coherent set of attitudes towards certain objects. There are materialistic values with the emphasis on physical material needs and post-materialistic values with the emphasis on the desire for self-realization. Inglehart postulates that there has been a great shift from these materialist values to post-materialist values since the end of World War II.

	==~~Théorie du postmatérialisme de~~ Inglehart==		==Inglehart's Theory of Postmaterialism==
	~~La théorie du~~ post-~~matérialisme de Inglehart s’appuie sur deux hypothèses de base~~ :		Inglehart's theory of post-materialism is based on two basic assumptions:

	*~~hypothèse de pénurie~~ : ~~des personnes ont tendance à valoriser des ressources et des biens qui sont rares~~.		*scarcity hypothesis: people tend to value resources and goods that are scarce.
	*~~hypothèse de socialisation~~ : ~~les valeurs d’une personne reflètent largement les~~ conditions ~~qui étaient celles qui prévalaient pendant les années de l’adolescence~~. ~~Il faut ajouter que~~ Inglehart, ~~s’appui sur l’idée de socialisation primaire qui est tout ce qui se passe de la naissance jusqu’à la fin de l’adolescence~~, ~~qui sont les années de formation de notre propre système de valeurs~~, ~~influencent ce que nous allons faire au long de notre vie~~.		*socialization hypothesis: a person's values largely reflect the conditions that prevailed during the teenage years. It should be added that Inglehart, based on the idea of primary socialization which is everything that happens from birth to late adolescence, which are the formative years of our own value system, influences what we will do throughout our lives.

	Inglehart a ~~travaillé sur l’idée de remplacement des cohortes. Pour lui~~, ~~ces changements de système de valeurs matérialistes à un système de valeurs postmatérialistes est du au remplacement des cohortes et en particulier au remplacement de cohortes de l’avant~~-~~guerre par les cohortes qui sont nées après la Deuxième guerre mondiale~~. ~~Après la Deuxième guerre mondiale suit les Trente glorieuses marquées par le développement de l’État providence et la croissance économique~~. ~~C’est donc une grande~~ phase ~~de l’extension économique et de l’État providence~~. C’est justement ces cohortes qui ont été socialisées pendant cette période qui ont développés ces valeurs cpostmatérialistes mettant en avant le besoin de reconnaissance de soi et d‘épanouissement personnel parce que c’était justement une période où la sécurité économique donc les besoins matériels étaient garantis. ~~Ces individus appartenant à ces cohortes ont pu mettre la priorité sur d’autres besoins en termes de psychologie de~~ Maslow, ~~ou de valeurs en termes de la sociologie de~~ Inglehart. ~~Donc~~, ~~ils ont été socialisés dans une période de~~ non-~~pénurie leur permettant de développer ce système de valeur~~. ~~Par la suite~~, ~~ces cohortes ont continuées leur vie remplaçant les anciennes cohortes~~. ~~Les cohortes avec des valeurs postmatérialistes ont petit à petit remplacées les anciennes cohortes qui étaient nées dans des périodes de guerre ou d’avant~~-~~guerre qui étaient des périodes beaucoup moins riches et de pénuries~~. ~~À travers le~~ replacement ~~des cohortes~~, ~~il y a eu une révolution silencieuse où on~~ a ~~révolutionné les systèmes de valeurs des européens~~.		Inglehart worked on the idea of cohort replacement. For him, these changes from a materialistic to a postmaterialistic value system are due to the replacement of cohorts, and in particular the replacement of pre-war cohorts by cohorts born after the Second World War. After the Second World War follows the Thirty Glorious Thirty marked by the development of the welfare state and economic growth. It is therefore a great phase of economic expansion and the welfare state. It was precisely those cohorts that were socialized during this period that developed these cpostmaterialist values emphasizing the need for self-recognition and self-fulfillment because it was precisely a period when economic security and therefore material needs were guaranteed. These individuals belonging to these cohorts were able to prioritize other needs in terms of Maslow's psychology, or values in terms of Inglehart's sociology. Thus, they were socialized in a period of non-scarcity allowing them to develop this value system. Thereafter, these cohorts continued their lives replacing the old cohorts. The cohorts with postmaterialist values gradually replaced the old cohorts that were born in war or pre-war periods that were much less wealthy and periods of scarcity. Through the replacement of the cohorts, there was a silent revolution in which the value systems of Europeans were revolutionized.

	~~Au fond~~, Inglehart ~~postule deux~~ types ~~d’effets~~, ~~à savoir un effet de cohorte et un effet de période~~. ~~Il est~~ possible ~~d’observer à un~~ certain ~~moment une diminution des valeurs postmatérialistes parce qu’il y~~ a ~~des effets de période comme en est l’exemple la crise pétrolière de~~ 1973. ~~C’est un effet qui aurait touché l’ensemble des cohortes~~. ~~On devrait constater sur cette théorie des effets de période~~.		Basically, Inglehart postulates two types of effects, a cohort effect and a period effect. It is possible to observe at a certain point in time a decline in postmaterialist values because there are period effects, as the 1973 oil crisis is an example. This is an effect that would have affected all the cohorts. We should see period effects on this theory.

	==~~Postmatérialisme~~==		==Postmaterialism==

	[[Fichier:comportement politique postmatérialisme 1.png\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.]]		[[Fichier:comportement politique postmatérialisme 1.png\|vignette\|Dalton, R.J. et H.-D. Klingemann, éds. (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press.]]

Arthur le 4 mai 2020 à 09:21

2020-05-04T09:21:10Z

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 11:21
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	=Political Culture: Almond and Verba=		=Political Culture: Almond and Verba=
	When it comes to political culture, there is a key work written in 1963 entitled ''The Civic Culture'' by Almond and Verba.<ref>ALMOND, GABRIEL A., and SIDNEY VERBA. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton University Press, 1963. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pnr2.</ref> These two authors wrote this book, which remains a reference work on the role of political culture. These authors have a rather particular approach to what political culture is and its role in the study of political behaviour. It can be argued that these two authors rely on the behaviourist approach and emphasize the role of political attitudes as the basis of political culture(s).		When it comes to political culture, there is a key work written in 1963 entitled ''The Civic Culture'' by Almond and Verba.<ref>ALMOND, GABRIEL A., and SIDNEY VERBA. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton University Press, 1963. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pnr2.</ref> These two authors wrote this book, which remains a reference work on the role of political culture. These authors have a rather particular approach to what political culture is and its role in the study of political behaviour. It can be argued that these two authors rely on the behaviourist approach and emphasize the role of political attitudes as the basis of political culture(s).

	Both authors have conducted an empirical study. This was an innovation at the time. They analyze the impact of political culture and more specifically the impact of civic culture on political behaviour. To do so, they developed a comparative analysis of five countries, from the United States to Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Mexico. It is an empirical analysis conducted on the basis of individual survey data. The central question was how political culture can contribute to the maintenance and stability of democratic systems. This is a largely functionalist and even somewhat conservative approach because it presupposes that a political system has a certain stability and balance. The 1950s and 1960s in the United States was a period dominated by functionalist thinking which presupposed that society must have a certain balance and there are a lot of phenomena that create imbalances such as the process of globalization and then the system somehow finds a way to rebalance itself. They tried to explain the differences in democratic governance in the functioning of political systems. They have tried to explain the different democratic functioning of these five countries through the political attitudes and orientations as well as the political values of the citizens who compose and form this political system. The idea is to start from the analysis of individuals in order to go back to an idea of stability. In other words, it is the idea of micro-macro change. We have to go through individual political attitudes in order to explain something at the macro-political level, which is the political culture or civic culture that characterizes a nation or a superior unit. They focused on learning about policy directions in relation to politics and they emphasized the experience that citizens have of the political system.		Both authors have conducted an empirical study. This was an innovation at the time. They analyze the impact of political culture and more specifically the impact of civic culture on political behaviour. To do so, they developed a comparative analysis of five countries, from the United States to Great Britain, Germany, Italy and Mexico. It is an empirical analysis conducted on the basis of individual survey data. The central question was how political culture can contribute to the maintenance and stability of democratic systems. This is a largely functionalist and even somewhat conservative approach because it presupposes that a political system has a certain stability and balance. The 1950s and 1960s in the United States was a period dominated by functionalist thinking which presupposed that society must have a certain balance and there are a lot of phenomena that create imbalances such as the process of globalization and then the system somehow finds a way to rebalance itself. They tried to explain the differences in democratic governance in the functioning of political systems. They have tried to explain the different democratic functioning of these five countries through the political attitudes and orientations as well as the political values of the citizens who compose and form this political system. The idea is to start from the analysis of individuals in order to go back to an idea of stability. In other words, it is the idea of micro-macro change. We have to go through individual political attitudes in order to explain something at the macro-political level, which is the political culture or civic culture that characterizes a nation or a superior unit. They focused on learning about policy directions in relation to politics and they emphasized the experience that citizens have of the political system.
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	=Les trois caractéristiques des valeurs=		=Les trois caractéristiques des valeurs=
	In ''The Impact of Values'', Deth and Scarbrough define values by three characteristics.<ref>Deth, J. W. V., & Scarbrough, E. (Eds.). (1998). The Impact of Values. Oxford University Press. ~~<nowiki>~~https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294751.001.0001~~</nowiki>~~</ref> These three characteristics have to be present in order for there to be values:		In ''The Impact of Values'', Deth and Scarbrough define values by three characteristics.<ref>Deth, J. W. V., & Scarbrough, E. (Eds.). (1998). The Impact of Values. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0198294751.001.0001</ref> These three characteristics have to be present in order for there to be values:

	*the values cannot be observed directly;		*the values cannot be observed directly;

Arthur : /* Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste */

2020-05-04T09:19:02Z

Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 11:19
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	Kitschelt studied a lot about electorates and political behaviour on these two poles. In particular, he has tried to show how the whole new left is situated, how the socialist party has had to adapt to the shift in the axis of party competition. Kitschelt also studied the new social movements that are part of or correspond to the libertarian left-wing value system. The new social movements convey this type of values. On the other hand, the parties of the new radical right will seek a potential electorate that has changed its positioning. The idea that these parties combine a position against immigration, such as the SVP in Switzerland, advocates the idea of authoritarian politics, but this socio-cultural idea is combined with the traditional idea of capitalism for the economic dimension. The traditional liberal parties have lost a lot to the radical right. Kitschelt speaks of a "magic formula" which is the idea of combining authoritarian politics with the idea of capitalism. In relation to this left-right value orientation, we have to take into account Kitschelt's idea that there is not only a socio-economic dimension of redistribution of resources, but that there is also a cultural dimension. It is the combination of the two that then makes it possible to explain electoral behaviour. In the polls today, there are left libertarian versus right authoritarian measures.		Kitschelt studied a lot about electorates and political behaviour on these two poles. In particular, he has tried to show how the whole new left is situated, how the socialist party has had to adapt to the shift in the axis of party competition. Kitschelt also studied the new social movements that are part of or correspond to the libertarian left-wing value system. The new social movements convey this type of values. On the other hand, the parties of the new radical right will seek a potential electorate that has changed its positioning. The idea that these parties combine a position against immigration, such as the SVP in Switzerland, advocates the idea of authoritarian politics, but this socio-cultural idea is combined with the traditional idea of capitalism for the economic dimension. The traditional liberal parties have lost a lot to the radical right. Kitschelt speaks of a "magic formula" which is the idea of combining authoritarian politics with the idea of capitalism. In relation to this left-right value orientation, we have to take into account Kitschelt's idea that there is not only a socio-economic dimension of redistribution of resources, but that there is also a cultural dimension. It is the combination of the two that then makes it possible to explain electoral behaviour. In the polls today, there are left libertarian versus right authoritarian measures.

	=~~Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste~~=		=Materialistic - postmaterialistic value orientation=
	This third type of value is supposed to explain political behaviour. This theory was proposed by Inglehart, who in 1977 published the book ''The Silent Revolution''.<ref>Inglehart, Ronald. ''The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics''. Princeton University Press, 1977. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x18ck.</ref> This theory postulates that there has been a great change in values in European societies, but also in other countries such as India. The idea was to have a theory that could be universalized. There was a great change in values with values that he calls materialistic, which are values that emphasize physical and material security. Inglehart based his theory on the Malsow pyramid which postulates that individuals first have the need to satisfy basic subsistence needs in order to survive, and then, once these needs are satisfied, they can move on to higher order needs such as social recognition of one's person, personal fulfilment or emancipation. There are two main orders of needs that Inglehart takes up, saying that this corresponds to two main types of values, he also talks about value orientation which is a coherent set of attitudes towards certain objects. There are materialistic values with the emphasis on physical material needs and post-materialistic values with the emphasis on the desire for self-realization. Inglehart postulates that there has been a great shift from these materialist values to post-materialist values since the end of World War II.		This third type of value is supposed to explain political behaviour. This theory was proposed by Inglehart, who in 1977 published the book ''The Silent Revolution''.<ref>Inglehart, Ronald. ''The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics''. Princeton University Press, 1977. ''JSTOR'', https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x18ck.</ref> This theory postulates that there has been a great change in values in European societies, but also in other countries such as India. The idea was to have a theory that could be universalized. There was a great change in values with values that he calls materialistic, which are values that emphasize physical and material security. Inglehart based his theory on the Malsow pyramid which postulates that individuals first have the need to satisfy basic subsistence needs in order to survive, and then, once these needs are satisfied, they can move on to higher order needs such as social recognition of one's person, personal fulfilment or emancipation. There are two main orders of needs that Inglehart takes up, saying that this corresponds to two main types of values, he also talks about value orientation which is a coherent set of attitudes towards certain objects. There are materialistic values with the emphasis on physical material needs and post-materialistic values with the emphasis on the desire for self-realization. Inglehart postulates that there has been a great shift from these materialist values to post-materialist values since the end of World War II.

	==Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart==		==Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart==

Arthur : /* Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste */

2020-05-04T09:17:47Z

Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 11:17
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	=Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste=		=Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste=
	~~Ce troisième~~ type ~~de valeur est censé expliquer les comportements politiques~~. ~~Cette théorie a été proposée par~~ Inglehart ~~qui a publié en~~ 1977 l'~~ouvrage~~ ''The Silent Revolution''. ~~Cette théorie postule qu’il y~~ a ~~eu un grand changement de valeurs dans les sociétés européennes~~, ~~mais également sur d’autres pays comme l’Inde~~. ~~L’idée était d’avoir une théorie universalisable~~. ~~Il y avait un grand changement de valeurs avec des valeurs qu’il qualifie de matérialiste qui sont des valeurs qui mettent en avant plutôt la sécurité physique et matérielle~~. Inglehart ~~s’appui notamment sur la pyramide de~~ Malsow ~~qui postule que les individus ont d’abord la nécessité de satisfaire de besoins basiques de subsistance afin de survivre~~, ~~et ensuite~~, ~~une fois que ces besoins sont satisfaits~~, ~~ils peuvent passer à des besoins d’ordre supérieur dont la reconnaissance sociale de sa personne~~, ~~l’épanouissement personnel ou encore l’émancipation~~. ~~Il y a deux grands ordres de besoins repris par~~ Inglehart ~~disant que cela correspond à deux grands~~ types ~~de valeurs~~, ~~il parle aussi d’orientation de valeurs qui est un ensemble cohérent d’attitudes par rapport à certains objets~~. ~~Il y a les valeurs matérialistes avec l’accent mis sur les besoins matériels physiques et les valeurs de type~~ post-~~matérialiste avec l’accent qui est mis sur le désir de réalisation de soi~~. Inglehart ~~postule qu’il y~~ a ~~eu un grand changement de ces valeurs matérialistes aux valeurs~~ post-~~matérialistes à partir de la fin de la Deuxième guerre mondiale~~.		This third type of value is supposed to explain political behaviour. This theory was proposed by Inglehart, who in 1977 published the book ''The Silent Revolution''.<ref>Inglehart, Ronald. ''The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles Among Western Publics''. Princeton University Press, 1977. ''JSTOR'', www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt13x18ck.</ref> This theory postulates that there has been a great change in values in European societies, but also in other countries such as India. The idea was to have a theory that could be universalized. There was a great change in values with values that he calls materialistic, which are values that emphasize physical and material security. Inglehart based his theory on the Malsow pyramid which postulates that individuals first have the need to satisfy basic subsistence needs in order to survive, and then, once these needs are satisfied, they can move on to higher order needs such as social recognition of one's person, personal fulfilment or emancipation. There are two main orders of needs that Inglehart takes up, saying that this corresponds to two main types of values, he also talks about value orientation which is a coherent set of attitudes towards certain objects. There are materialistic values with the emphasis on physical material needs and post-materialistic values with the emphasis on the desire for self-realization. Inglehart postulates that there has been a great shift from these materialist values to post-materialist values since the end of World War II.

	==Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart==		==Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart==

Arthur : /* Political space according to Kitschelt */

2020-05-04T09:15:47Z

Political space according to Kitschelt

← Version précédente		Version du 4 mai 2020 à 11:15
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	=Political space according to Kitschelt=		=Political space according to Kitschelt=

	[[Fichier:comportement politique espace politique selon Kitschelt 1.png\|vignette\|Kitschelt, H. (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]]		[[Fichier:comportement politique espace politique selon Kitschelt 1.png\|vignette\|Kitschelt, H. (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<ref name=":0">Kitschelt, Herbert. ''The transformation of European social democracy''. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Print.</ref>]]

	With regard to the left-right opposition, Kitschelt made an important modification to the traditional idea of the opposition between left and right in a one-dimensional space. Kitschelt worked in particular on social democracy and also on the new radical right. According to Kitschelt, this traditional idea of a one-dimensional distinction between left-wing and right-wing voters no longer reflects the distribution of voters and the different configurations of values in contemporary societies. He will propose adding a vertical axis to the horizontal axis. There is an overlapping dimension to this economic dimension, a dimension that is rather social and cultural, which he will call the opposition between libertarian and authoritarian values.		With regard to the left-right opposition, Kitschelt made an important modification to the traditional idea of the opposition between left and right in a one-dimensional space. Kitschelt worked in particular on social democracy and also on the new radical right. According to Kitschelt, this traditional idea of a one-dimensional distinction between left-wing and right-wing voters no longer reflects the distribution of voters and the different configurations of values in contemporary societies. He will propose adding a vertical axis to the horizontal axis. There is an overlapping dimension to this economic dimension, a dimension that is rather social and cultural, which he will call the opposition between libertarian and authoritarian values.

	Kitschelt used another terminology from this graph with the notions of self-organized community and paternalism and corporatism. By crossing these two axes, he gives forms of social values.[[Fichier:comportement politique espace politique selon Kitschelt 2.png\|vignette\|center\|Kitschelt, H. (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]]		Kitschelt used another terminology from this graph with the notions of self-organized community and paternalism and corporatism. By crossing these two axes, he gives forms of social values.[[Fichier:comportement politique espace politique selon Kitschelt 2.png\|vignette\|center\|Kitschelt, H. (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<ref name=":0" />]]

	Kitschelt will also try to study how the different social classes and thus the electorate are distributed in this new configuration which is a new political space. This is a term that we find in the framework of spatial theories of the vote. It opposes the two axes of social and capitalist politics. In other words, there is one axis that represents an economic dimension between a planned economy and a spontaneous economy, and a second axis that is that of self-organization or paternalism in relation to value. In this perspective, there is a sort of transversal axis that is created because there are groups of voters who are situated between two poles.		Kitschelt will also try to study how the different social classes and thus the electorate are distributed in this new configuration which is a new political space. This is a term that we find in the framework of spatial theories of the vote. It opposes the two axes of social and capitalist politics. In other words, there is one axis that represents an economic dimension between a planned economy and a spontaneous economy, and a second axis that is that of self-organization or paternalism in relation to value. In this perspective, there is a sort of transversal axis that is created because there are groups of voters who are situated between two poles.

	[[Fichier:comportement politique espace politique selon Kitschelt 3.png\|vignette\|center\|Kitschelt, H. (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.]]		[[Fichier:comportement politique espace politique selon Kitschelt 3.png\|vignette\|center\|Kitschelt, H. (1994). The Transformation of European Social Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<ref name=":0" />]]

	With this graph appears the same idea. What Kitschelt postulates is that there has been a shift in the axis of partisan competition in Europe and this shift is represented by the passage of the traditional left-right axis. This shift is represented by the passage of the traditional left-right axis, that would be the distribution of voters. There appears the new distribution of voters on an axis that opposes a left-wing libertarian policy and a policy that he qualifies as right-wing authoritarian.		With this graph appears the same idea. What Kitschelt postulates is that there has been a shift in the axis of partisan competition in Europe and this shift is represented by the passage of the traditional left-right axis. This shift is represented by the passage of the traditional left-right axis, that would be the distribution of voters. There appears the new distribution of voters on an axis that opposes a left-wing libertarian policy and a policy that he qualifies as right-wing authoritarian.

The cultural basis of political behaviour - Historique des versions

Arthur le 12 mai 2020 à 09:08

Arthur le 8 mai 2020 à 15:24

Arthur : /* Les trois caractéristiques des valeurs */

Arthur : /* Postmaterialism */

Arthur : /* Religiosity */

Arthur : /* Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart */

Arthur le 4 mai 2020 à 09:21

Arthur : /* Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste */

Arthur : /* Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste */

Arthur : /* Political space according to Kitschelt */

Arthur : /* Les trois caractéristiques des valeurs */

Arthur : /* Postmaterialism */

Arthur : /* Religiosity */

Arthur : /* Théorie du postmatérialisme de Inglehart */

Arthur : /* Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste */

Arthur : /* Orientation de valeurs matérialiste – postmatérialiste */

Arthur : /* Political space according to Kitschelt */