The independence of Latin American nations - Historique des versions

Arthur le 17 août 2023 à 12:22

2023-08-17T12:22:38Z

← Version précédente		Version du 17 août 2023 à 14:22
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	From 1808 to 1821, Brazil's political and cultural landscape underwent a radical transformation, as the royal court and Portuguese government officials moved to Rio de Janeiro to escape the Napoleonic wars in Europe. During this period, Brazil was no longer a mere colony, but the center of the Portuguese Empire. This change in status stimulated unprecedented economic and cultural growth. Ports were opened to international trade, educational and cultural institutions were established, and infrastructures developed. What's more, the colony's elite began to enjoy greater influence and develop a sense of autonomy and nascent nationalism. However, this process of emancipation was not without its tensions. Relations between the colony and the metropolis remained relatively peaceful until 1821, when King João VI, feeling that Portugal was sufficiently stable, took the decision to return to Lisbon. He left his son, Pedro, to rule Brazil. This decision sowed discord, exacerbating tensions between the Brazilian elite, who wished to retain and even extend their autonomy, and the remaining Portuguese officials, who wanted to reassert their control over the colony. The situation became increasingly tense, and agitation for independence grew. Finally, in 1822, Pedro responded to the demands of the Brazilian elite and the growing aspiration for self-determination. He declared Brazil's independence, putting an end to more than three centuries of Portuguese domination. He was crowned Brazil's first emperor, ushering in a new era for the nation. Brazil's independence was distinguished by its relatively peaceful nature and its uniqueness in the Latin American context. Rather than a violent revolution, it was the result of a gradual process of empowerment and negotiation, facilitated by factors such as the presence of the crown in Brazil and the emergence of a distinct national identity. The transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil not only changed the dynamics of the colony, but also laid the foundations for a transition to independence that remains a landmark episode in Latin American history.		From 1808 to 1821, Brazil's political and cultural landscape underwent a radical transformation, as the royal court and Portuguese government officials moved to Rio de Janeiro to escape the Napoleonic wars in Europe. During this period, Brazil was no longer a mere colony, but the center of the Portuguese Empire. This change in status stimulated unprecedented economic and cultural growth. Ports were opened to international trade, educational and cultural institutions were established, and infrastructures developed. What's more, the colony's elite began to enjoy greater influence and develop a sense of autonomy and nascent nationalism. However, this process of emancipation was not without its tensions. Relations between the colony and the metropolis remained relatively peaceful until 1821, when King João VI, feeling that Portugal was sufficiently stable, took the decision to return to Lisbon. He left his son, Pedro, to rule Brazil. This decision sowed discord, exacerbating tensions between the Brazilian elite, who wished to retain and even extend their autonomy, and the remaining Portuguese officials, who wanted to reassert their control over the colony. The situation became increasingly tense, and agitation for independence grew. Finally, in 1822, Pedro responded to the demands of the Brazilian elite and the growing aspiration for self-determination. He declared Brazil's independence, putting an end to more than three centuries of Portuguese domination. He was crowned Brazil's first emperor, ushering in a new era for the nation. Brazil's independence was distinguished by its relatively peaceful nature and its uniqueness in the Latin American context. Rather than a violent revolution, it was the result of a gradual process of empowerment and negotiation, facilitated by factors such as the presence of the crown in Brazil and the emergence of a distinct national identity. The transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil not only changed the dynamics of the colony, but also laid the foundations for a transition to independence that remains a landmark episode in Latin American history.

	Brazilian elites, who had enjoyed greater autonomy and influence during the presence of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro, were reluctant to return to the subordinate situation of pre-1808. Aware of the historic opportunity, they convinced Pedro I to remain in Brazil and become the independent emperor of the nascent nation. In 1822, he answered their call, declaring Brazil's independence from Portugal and establishing the first Brazilian Empire. However, this declaration of independence did not signify a radical break with the past. Brazil remained a slave monarchy, and the colony's social and economic structures remained largely unchanged. The elite, who had orchestrated independence, continued to hold power, while the majority of the population, including enslaved Africans, remained marginalized and oppressed. Indeed, slavery was still legal in Brazil and persisted until 1888, when it was abolished. This tragic aspect of Brazilian history underlines the complexity of the country's independence. Although independence was an important step towards national sovereignty, it did not bring about any profound change in the country's social or economic structure. The struggle for the abolition of slavery, which finally succeeded in 1888 after a long and complex process, reveals the contradictions and challenges of the newly independent Brazilian nation. Independence had freed the country from colonial domination, but the chains of slavery, and the inequalities they symbolized, remained firmly in place for several more generations. Brazil's journey towards a more equitable and inclusive society has been a tortuous one, illustrating both the promises and the limits of independence. The declaration of independence was only the beginning of a process of social and political transformation that would continue well beyond the era of Pedro I, reflecting the complexity of colonial legacies and the persistence of inequalities in Latin America.<gallery mode="packed">		Brazilian elites, who had enjoyed greater autonomy and influence during the presence of the Portuguese court in Rio de Janeiro, were reluctant to return to the subordinate situation of pre-1808. Aware of the historic opportunity, they convinced Pedro I to remain in Brazil and become the independent emperor of the nascent nation. In 1822, he answered their call, declaring Brazil's independence from Portugal and establishing the first Brazilian Empire. However, this declaration of independence did not signify a radical break with the past. Brazil remained a slave monarchy, and the colony's social and economic structures remained largely unchanged. The elite, who had orchestrated independence, continued to hold power, while the majority of the population, including enslaved Africans, remained marginalized and oppressed. Indeed, slavery was still legal in Brazil and persisted until 1888, when it was abolished. This tragic aspect of Brazilian history underlines the complexity of the country's independence. Although independence was an important step towards national sovereignty, it did not bring about any profound change in the country's social or economic structure. The struggle for the abolition of slavery, which finally succeeded in 1888 after a long and complex process, reveals the contradictions and challenges of the newly independent Brazilian nation. Independence had freed the country from colonial domination, but the chains of slavery, and the inequalities they symbolized, remained firmly in place for several more generations. Brazil's journey towards a more equitable and inclusive society has been a tortuous one, illustrating both the promises and the limits of independence. The declaration of independence was only the beginning of a process of social and political transformation that would continue well beyond the era of Pedro I, reflecting the complexity of colonial legacies and the persistence of inequalities in Latin America.

			<gallery mode="packed" widths="350px" heights="250px">
	Fichier:Autor não identificado - Embarque da Família Real Portuguesa.jpg\|The departure of the Portuguese royal family to Brazil. Anonymous painting, early 19th century.		Fichier:Autor não identificado - Embarque da Família Real Portuguesa.jpg\|The departure of the Portuguese royal family to Brazil. Anonymous painting, early 19th century.
	Fichier:Debret-djoãoVI-MHN.jpg\|King John VI of Portugal by Jean-Baptiste Debret.		Fichier:Debret-djoãoVI-MHN.jpg\|King John VI of Portugal by Jean-Baptiste Debret.
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	The independence movement in Mexico, sparked off by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, is a fascinating and complex chapter in the country's history. Hidalgo, a white priest born in Mexico, had become increasingly indignant at the injustice and brutality with which the Mexican people were treated by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish-born elites, known as "gachupines." Inspired by a desire for change and a vision of a fairer, more inclusive government, Hidalgo took a bold step in 1810. He launched an open rebellion against the Spanish, calling on Mexicans of all origins, races and social classes to join him in the fight for independence. His call was a rallying cry, transcending the deep divisions that had marked Mexican society. Hidalgo's rebellion met with initial success. The troops, galvanized by their cause and charismatic leader, won several victories. But the Spanish army, well-equipped and determined, finally got the upper hand. Hidalgo was captured, tried and executed in 1811. His death was a blow to the movement, but far from ending the struggle, it actually strengthened it. Hidalgo's rebellion had lit a spark, and the flame of independence continues to burn. Under the leadership of other heroic figures, such as José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero, the War of Independence continued for 11 tumultuous years. It was a period marked by fierce battles, courageous sacrifices and unshakeable determination. Finally, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain. Hidalgo's dream was realized, but the price was high. The memory of Father Hidalgo and his companions remains etched in Mexican history, a symbol of the struggle for justice and freedom. Their legacy continues to inspire future generations, reminding us that courage and conviction can triumph over even the most formidable obstacles.		The independence movement in Mexico, sparked off by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, is a fascinating and complex chapter in the country's history. Hidalgo, a white priest born in Mexico, had become increasingly indignant at the injustice and brutality with which the Mexican people were treated by the Spanish authorities and the Spanish-born elites, known as "gachupines." Inspired by a desire for change and a vision of a fairer, more inclusive government, Hidalgo took a bold step in 1810. He launched an open rebellion against the Spanish, calling on Mexicans of all origins, races and social classes to join him in the fight for independence. His call was a rallying cry, transcending the deep divisions that had marked Mexican society. Hidalgo's rebellion met with initial success. The troops, galvanized by their cause and charismatic leader, won several victories. But the Spanish army, well-equipped and determined, finally got the upper hand. Hidalgo was captured, tried and executed in 1811. His death was a blow to the movement, but far from ending the struggle, it actually strengthened it. Hidalgo's rebellion had lit a spark, and the flame of independence continues to burn. Under the leadership of other heroic figures, such as José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero, the War of Independence continued for 11 tumultuous years. It was a period marked by fierce battles, courageous sacrifices and unshakeable determination. Finally, in 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain. Hidalgo's dream was realized, but the price was high. The memory of Father Hidalgo and his companions remains etched in Mexican history, a symbol of the struggle for justice and freedom. Their legacy continues to inspire future generations, reminding us that courage and conviction can triumph over even the most formidable obstacles.

	Hidalgo's rebellion was primarily a political and social movement, although his character as a priest certainly influenced his role and the way he was perceived. His desire to end Spanish rule, eliminate inequality and create a fairer, more equitable government were at the heart of his rebellion. Hidalgo's call for revolution was not simply a call for national independence, but also a cry for social justice. He wanted to break the caste system that kept the vast majority of the Mexican population in poverty and subservience. That's why his movement attracted so many peasants, natives and mestizos, who were the most oppressed by the colonial system. Class dynamics took on considerable importance during the rebellion, and Hidalgo's troops targeted haciendas and other symbols of Creole wealth and power. This intensification of class struggle may have exceeded what Hidalgo had initially anticipated, and it certainly complicated his efforts to maintain control and unity within his movement. Despite these challenges and the divisions within his forces, Hidalgo's rebellion had a profound impact. It helped shape Mexican national identity and define the goals and values of the struggle for independence. After Hidalgo's death, the cause of independence was taken up by other leaders, including José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero, who continued to fight against oppression and injustice. Their legacy, like Hidalgo's, still resonates today in Mexico's history and culture, reminding us of the importance of justice, equality and freedom.<gallery mode="packed" widths="350" heights="250">		Hidalgo's rebellion was primarily a political and social movement, although his character as a priest certainly influenced his role and the way he was perceived. His desire to end Spanish rule, eliminate inequality and create a fairer, more equitable government were at the heart of his rebellion. Hidalgo's call for revolution was not simply a call for national independence, but also a cry for social justice. He wanted to break the caste system that kept the vast majority of the Mexican population in poverty and subservience. That's why his movement attracted so many peasants, natives and mestizos, who were the most oppressed by the colonial system. Class dynamics took on considerable importance during the rebellion, and Hidalgo's troops targeted haciendas and other symbols of Creole wealth and power. This intensification of class struggle may have exceeded what Hidalgo had initially anticipated, and it certainly complicated his efforts to maintain control and unity within his movement. Despite these challenges and the divisions within his forces, Hidalgo's rebellion had a profound impact. It helped shape Mexican national identity and define the goals and values of the struggle for independence. After Hidalgo's death, the cause of independence was taken up by other leaders, including José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero, who continued to fight against oppression and injustice. Their legacy, like Hidalgo's, still resonates today in Mexico's history and culture, reminding us of the importance of justice, equality and freedom.

			<gallery mode="packed" widths="350" heights="250">
	Fichier:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.jpg\|Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.		Fichier:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.jpg\|Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
	Fichier:Morelos por autor anónimo.jpg\|Morelos por autor anónimo.		Fichier:Morelos por autor anónimo.jpg\|Morelos por autor anónimo.

Arthur : /* The consequences of independence processes */

2023-08-17T10:55:21Z

The consequences of independence processes

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Arthur : /* Rio de la Plata (Buenos Aires) */

2023-08-17T10:54:10Z

Rio de la Plata (Buenos Aires)

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Arthur : /* L’Amérique espagnole continentale : la diversité des processus d’indépendance (1814 - 1824) */

2023-08-17T10:52:57Z

L’Amérique espagnole continentale : la diversité des processus d’indépendance (1814 - 1824)

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Arthur : /* L’indépendance du Brésil */

2023-08-17T10:51:34Z

L’indépendance du Brésil

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Arthur le 17 août 2023 à 10:49

2023-08-17T10:49:34Z

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Arthur le 17 août 2023 à 10:48

2023-08-17T10:48:59Z

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Arthur : /* Mexico */

2023-01-21T11:42:25Z

Mexico

← Version précédente		Version du 21 janvier 2023 à 13:42
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	The Catholic religion was indeed very strong in Mexico, and played a major role in the country's social and political life. Hidalgo's rebellion, however, was not primarily motivated by religious reasons but rather by a desire for political and economic change. He called for the end of Spanish rule and the creation of a fairer government. However, the rebellion quickly took on a class character, as Hidalgo's troops targeted the haciendas of the Creole elites and other wealthy landowners. This class struggle, which Hidalgo may not have intended, made it difficult for him to maintain control over the rebellion and led to divisions within his forces. Despite this, the rebellion managed to control a large territory in Mexico, but eventually was defeated by the Spanish army and Hidalgo was captured and executed. The struggle for independence continued under other leaders.		The Catholic religion was indeed very strong in Mexico, and played a major role in the country's social and political life. Hidalgo's rebellion, however, was not primarily motivated by religious reasons but rather by a desire for political and economic change. He called for the end of Spanish rule and the creation of a fairer government. However, the rebellion quickly took on a class character, as Hidalgo's troops targeted the haciendas of the Creole elites and other wealthy landowners. This class struggle, which Hidalgo may not have intended, made it difficult for him to maintain control over the rebellion and led to divisions within his forces. Despite this, the rebellion managed to control a large territory in Mexico, but eventually was defeated by the Spanish army and Hidalgo was captured and executed. The struggle for independence continued under other leaders.

	<gallery mode="packed">		<gallery mode="packed" widths=350px heights=250px>
	File:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.		File:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
	File:Morelos por autor anónimo.jpg\|thumb\|Morelos por autor anónimo.		File:Morelos por autor anónimo.jpg\|thumb\|Morelos por autor anónimo.

Arthur : /* Mexico */

2023-01-21T11:39:39Z

Mexico

← Version précédente		Version du 21 janvier 2023 à 13:39
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	==Mexico==		==Mexico==

	~~[[File:~~Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.~~jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Miguel~~ Hidalgo ~~y Costilla~~.]]		In Mexico, the independence movement was sparked by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. Hidalgo, a white man born in Mexico, was a priest who became deeply frustrated with the harsh treatment of the Mexican people by the Spanish government and the "gachupines" (Spanish-born elites who held power in Mexico). In 1810, he launched a rebellion against the Spanish, calling on Mexicans of all races and social classes to join him in the fight for a fairer government. Hidalgo's rebellion was initially successful, but eventually was defeated by the Spanish army. Hidalgo was captured, tried and executed in 1811. However, his rebellion sparked a war for independence that would continue for another 11 years under the leadership of other figures, like José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero, and ultimately Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821.

	In Mexico, the ~~independence movement was sparked by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla~~. Hidalgo, ~~a white man born in Mexico~~, was a ~~priest who became deeply frustrated with~~ the ~~harsh treatment~~ of ~~the Mexican people by the~~ Spanish ~~government~~ and the ~~"gachupines" (Spanish-born elites who held power in Mexico)~~. ~~In 1810~~, ~~he launched~~ a ~~rebellion against~~ the ~~Spanish, calling on Mexicans~~ of ~~all races~~ and ~~social classes~~ to ~~join him in~~ the ~~fight for a fairer government~~. ~~Hidalgo's~~ rebellion ~~was initially successful~~, but eventually was defeated by the Spanish army. Hidalgo was captured~~, tried~~ and executed ~~in 1811~~. ~~However, his rebellion sparked a war~~ for independence ~~that would continue for another 11 years~~ under ~~the leadership of~~ other ~~figures, like José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero, and ultimately Mexico achieved its independence from Spain in 1821~~.		The Catholic religion was indeed very strong in Mexico, and played a major role in the country's social and political life. Hidalgo's rebellion, however, was not primarily motivated by religious reasons but rather by a desire for political and economic change. He called for the end of Spanish rule and the creation of a fairer government. However, the rebellion quickly took on a class character, as Hidalgo's troops targeted the haciendas of the Creole elites and other wealthy landowners. This class struggle, which Hidalgo may not have intended, made it difficult for him to maintain control over the rebellion and led to divisions within his forces. Despite this, the rebellion managed to control a large territory in Mexico, but eventually was defeated by the Spanish army and Hidalgo was captured and executed. The struggle for independence continued under other leaders.

	~~The Catholic religion was indeed very strong in Mexico, and played a major role in the country's social and political life.~~ Hidalgo~~'s rebellion, however, was not primarily motivated by religious reasons but rather by a desire for political and economic change~~. He called for the end of Spanish rule and the creation of a fairer government. However, the rebellion quickly took on a class character, as Hidalgo's troops targeted the haciendas of the Creole elites and other wealthy landowners. This class struggle, which Hidalgo ~~may not have intended, made it difficult for him to maintain control over the rebellion and led to divisions within his forces~~. Despite this, the rebellion managed to control a large territory in Mexico, but eventually was defeated by the Spanish army and Hidalgo was captured and executed. The struggle for independence continued under other leaders.[[File:Morelos por autor anónimo.jpg\|thumb\|Morelos por autor anónimo]]		<gallery mode="packed">
			File:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.jpg\|thumb\|200px\|Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.
			File:Morelos por autor anónimo.jpg\|thumb\|Morelos por autor anónimo.
			Fichier:Iturbide Emperador by Josephus Arias Huerta.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Augustin I{{er}} of Mexico.
			</gallery>

	After the initial success of Hidalgo's rebellion, many of the Creole elites became fearful of the social and economic upheaval caused by the rebellion, and chose to side with the Spanish crown. Hidalgo was eventually captured and executed by the Spanish army. However, the struggle for independence continued under the leadership of José María Morelos. Morelos, an Afro-descendant priest of mixed heritage and modest origins, took up the torch of the rebellion and developed a more comprehensive program for political independence, racial equality, land redistribution, and in particular, the abolition of slavery. He managed to gain control of a significant part of the country but faced difficulties in maintaining control of his troops. Eventually, Morelos was captured and executed by the Spanish in 1815. Despite the execution of Morelos, the war for independence continued under the leadership of other figures like Vicente Guerrero, and ultimately Mexico achieved its independence in 1821.		After the initial success of Hidalgo's rebellion, many of the Creole elites became fearful of the social and economic upheaval caused by the rebellion, and chose to side with the Spanish crown. Hidalgo was eventually captured and executed by the Spanish army. However, the struggle for independence continued under the leadership of José María Morelos. Morelos, an Afro-descendant priest of mixed heritage and modest origins, took up the torch of the rebellion and developed a more comprehensive program for political independence, racial equality, land redistribution, and in particular, the abolition of slavery. He managed to gain control of a significant part of the country but faced difficulties in maintaining control of his troops. Eventually, Morelos was captured and executed by the Spanish in 1815. Despite the execution of Morelos, the war for independence continued under the leadership of other figures like Vicente Guerrero, and ultimately Mexico achieved its independence in 1821.

	~~[[Fichier:Iturbide Emperador by Josephus Arias Huerta.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Augustin I{{er}} of Mexico.]]~~

	After the execution of Morelos, the war for independence in Mexico continued with various leaders and shifting alliances. Eventually, in 1821, a Mexican aristocrat named Agustín de Iturbide declared independence and succeeded in forging an alliance between the supporters of Hidalgo, Morelos and the Creole elite against the Spanish. With this alliance, Iturbide was able to defeat the Spanish army and gain independence for Mexico. After the defeat of Spain, Iturbide proclaimed himself as the constitutional emperor of Mexico. This solution lasted for only two years, and was intended to protect the existing social hierarchy. However, the revolution ultimately resulted in the creation of an independent Mexico, although the nation-building process and the creation of a stable government still had a long way to go.		After the execution of Morelos, the war for independence in Mexico continued with various leaders and shifting alliances. Eventually, in 1821, a Mexican aristocrat named Agustín de Iturbide declared independence and succeeded in forging an alliance between the supporters of Hidalgo, Morelos and the Creole elite against the Spanish. With this alliance, Iturbide was able to defeat the Spanish army and gain independence for Mexico. After the defeat of Spain, Iturbide proclaimed himself as the constitutional emperor of Mexico. This solution lasted for only two years, and was intended to protect the existing social hierarchy. However, the revolution ultimately resulted in the creation of an independent Mexico, although the nation-building process and the creation of a stable government still had a long way to go.

Arthur : /* Peru */

2023-01-21T11:38:37Z

Peru

← Version précédente		Version du 21 janvier 2023 à 13:38
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	Peru gained its independence in a unique way, caught between the troops coming from the south led by José de San Martín and the north led by Simon Bolivar. The struggle for independence in Peru was complicated by the fact that the elites remained loyal to the Spanish king and to Spain, as they were afraid of the indigenous population and potential revolts like the one led by Túpac Amaru II in the 18th century. The elites were also concerned about losing their power and privilege in the event of independence. However, the combined forces of San Martín and Bolívar were able to defeat the Spanish army in Peru and imposed independence on the country. Despite the resistance from the elites, Peru officially declared its independence in 1821 and became a republic.		Peru gained its independence in a unique way, caught between the troops coming from the south led by José de San Martín and the north led by Simon Bolivar. The struggle for independence in Peru was complicated by the fact that the elites remained loyal to the Spanish king and to Spain, as they were afraid of the indigenous population and potential revolts like the one led by Túpac Amaru II in the 18th century. The elites were also concerned about losing their power and privilege in the event of independence. However, the combined forces of San Martín and Bolívar were able to defeat the Spanish army in Peru and imposed independence on the country. Despite the resistance from the elites, Peru officially declared its independence in 1821 and became a republic.

	Peru officially declared its independence in 1821, but it was not until the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 that Spanish colonialism in the region came to an end. The Battle of Ayacucho was fought between the combined forces of Simon Bolivar and Antonio José de Sucre, and the Spanish army led by General José de Canterac. The Battle was a decisive victory for the independence forces, and it marked the end of the Spanish presence in South America. This battle was considered as the final battle of the wars for independence of Spanish America. After the battle, the Spanish Empire lost control over all of its territories in South America and the territories became independent countries.<gallery mode="packed">		Peru officially declared its independence in 1821, but it was not until the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 that Spanish colonialism in the region came to an end. The Battle of Ayacucho was fought between the combined forces of Simon Bolivar and Antonio José de Sucre, and the Spanish army led by General José de Canterac. The Battle was a decisive victory for the independence forces, and it marked the end of the Spanish presence in South America. This battle was considered as the final battle of the wars for independence of Spanish America. After the battle, the Spanish Empire lost control over all of its territories in South America and the territories became independent countries.

			<gallery mode="packed">
	Fichier:TupacamaruI.JPG\|Túpac Amaru, the last Inca of Vilcabamba.		Fichier:TupacamaruI.JPG\|Túpac Amaru, the last Inca of Vilcabamba.
	Fichier:Martin Tovar y Tovar 01.JPG\|The Battle of Ayacucho, by Martín Tovar y Tovar.		Fichier:Martin Tovar y Tovar 01.JPG\|The Battle of Ayacucho, by Martín Tovar y Tovar.

The independence of Latin American nations - Historique des versions

Arthur le 17 août 2023 à 12:22

Arthur : /* The consequences of independence processes */

Arthur : /* Rio de la Plata (Buenos Aires) */

Arthur : /* L’Amérique espagnole continentale : la diversité des processus d’indépendance (1814 - 1824) */

Arthur : /* L’indépendance du Brésil */

Arthur le 17 août 2023 à 10:49

Arthur le 17 août 2023 à 10:48

Arthur : /* Mexico */

Arthur : /* Mexico */

Arthur : /* Peru */

Arthur : /* The consequences of independence processes */

Arthur : /* Rio de la Plata (Buenos Aires) */

Arthur : /* L’Amérique espagnole continentale : la diversité des processus d’indépendance (1814 - 1824) */

Arthur : /* L’indépendance du Brésil */

Arthur : /* Mexico */

Arthur : /* Mexico */

Arthur : /* Peru */