<?xml version="1.0"?>
<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="fr">
	<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour</id>
	<title>Theoretical models of voting behaviour - Historique des versions</title>
	<link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?action=history&amp;feed=atom&amp;title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour"/>
	<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;action=history"/>
	<updated>2026-04-10T12:18:44Z</updated>
	<subtitle>Historique des versions pour cette page sur le wiki</subtitle>
	<generator>MediaWiki 1.38.6</generator>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=49464&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Sociological model */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=49464&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-11-10T23:26:42Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Sociological model&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 11 novembre 2020 à 01:26&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l51&quot;&gt;Ligne 51 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 51 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the merits, which can be found in Lazarsfeld's book entitled ''The People's Choice'' published in 1944 is that this model marks a turning point in the study of political behaviour. Linked to this, it is important to look at individual data empirically as well. Lazarsfeld was the first to study voting behaviour empirically with survey data, based on individual data, thus differentiating himself from early studies at the aggregate level of electoral geography. The sociological model at the theoretical level emphasizes something important that rationalist and economic theories have largely overlooked, namely, the importance of the role of social context, i.e., voters are all in social contexts and therefore not only family context but also a whole host of other social contexts. The sociological model is somewhat the model that wants to emphasize this aspect. Lazarsfeld's book created this research paradigm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;One of the merits, which can be found in Lazarsfeld's book entitled ''The People's Choice'' published in 1944 is that this model marks a turning point in the study of political behaviour. Linked to this, it is important to look at individual data empirically as well. Lazarsfeld was the first to study voting behaviour empirically with survey data, based on individual data, thus differentiating himself from early studies at the aggregate level of electoral geography. The sociological model at the theoretical level emphasizes something important that rationalist and economic theories have largely overlooked, namely, the importance of the role of social context, i.e., voters are all in social contexts and therefore not only family context but also a whole host of other social contexts. The sociological model is somewhat the model that wants to emphasize this aspect. Lazarsfeld's book created this research paradigm.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sociological model obviously has a number of limitations like any voting model or any set of social science theories. These are some of the criticisms and limitations often made by proponents of other approaches. It has often been emphasized that this model and approach raises more questions than answers. It is a rather descriptive model, at least in its early stages. Its weak explanatory power has been criticized, and these are much more recent criticisms in the sense that we saw when we talked about class voting in particular, which from then on saw the emergence of a whole series of critics who said that all these variables of social position and anchoring in social contexts may have been explanatory of participation and voting at the time these theories emerged in the 1950s, but this may be much less true today in a phase or period of political misalignment. It is the idea of when does one or the other of these different theories provide a better explanation according to periods of political alignment or misalignment. The initial formation of this model was very deterministic in wanting to focus on the role of social inclusion while neglecting other aspects, even though today there is increasingly a kind of ecumenical attempt to have an explanation that takes into account different aspects. It is interesting to know that Lazarsfeld, when he began his studies with survey data, especially in an electoral district in New York State, was looking for something other than the role of social factors. He wanted to see the role of the media in particular and also the role of opinion leaders and therefore the influences that certain people can have in the electoral choice. Lazarsfeld was interested in this and simply, empirically, he found that these other factors had less explanatory weight than the factors related to political predisposition and therefore to this social inking. He wanted to look for one thing and found something else. By finding something else, he shaped a dominant theory explaining the vote. This approach has often been criticized as a static approach since socio-economic or even socio-demographic characteristics do not change in the short term and yet the vote increasingly changes in the short term, what is called in electoral volatility, i.e. changes in voting behaviour from one election to the next. This electoral volatility, especially in a period of political misalignment, is becoming more and more important and is increasingly overshadowed by this type of explanation. Regarding the causal ambiguity, there are also critics who say that this approach is very strongly correlational in the sense that it looks for correlations between certain social variables and electoral choices, but the approach does not explain why this variable approach really has a role and therefore what are the causal mechanisms that lead from insertion, positions, social predispositions to electoral choice. The psycho-sociological model is intended as a development that wants to respond to this criticism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;The sociological model obviously has a number of limitations like any voting model or any set of social science theories. These are some of the criticisms and limitations often made by proponents of other approaches. It has often been emphasized that this model and approach raises more questions than answers. It is a rather descriptive model, at least in its early stages. Its weak explanatory power has been criticized, and these are much more recent criticisms in the sense that we saw when we talked about class voting in particular, which from then on saw the emergence of a whole series of critics who said that all these variables of social position and anchoring in social contexts may have been explanatory of participation and voting at the time these theories emerged in the 1950s, but this may be much less true today in a phase or period of political misalignment. It is the idea of when does one or the other of these different theories provide a better explanation according to periods of political alignment or misalignment. The initial formation of this model was very deterministic in wanting to focus on the role of social inclusion while neglecting other aspects, even though today there is increasingly a kind of ecumenical attempt to have an explanation that takes into account different aspects. It is interesting to know that Lazarsfeld, when he began his studies with survey data, especially in an electoral district in New York State, was looking for something other than the role of social factors. He wanted to see the role of the media in particular and also the role of opinion leaders and therefore&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, &lt;/ins&gt;the influences that certain people can have in the electoral choice. Lazarsfeld was interested in this and simply, empirically, he found that these other factors had less explanatory weight than the factors related to political predisposition and therefore to this social inking. He wanted to look for one thing and found something else. By finding something else, he shaped a dominant theory explaining the vote. This approach has often been criticized as a static approach since socio-economic or even socio-demographic characteristics do not change in the short term and yet the vote increasingly changes in the short term, what is called in electoral volatility, i.e. changes in voting behaviour from one election to the next. This electoral volatility, especially in a period of political misalignment, is becoming more and more important and is increasingly overshadowed by this type of explanation. Regarding the causal ambiguity, there are also critics who say that this approach is very strongly correlational in the sense that it looks for correlations between certain social variables and electoral choices, but the approach does not explain why this variable approach really has a role and therefore what are the causal mechanisms that lead from insertion, positions, social predispositions to electoral choice. The psycho-sociological model is intended as a development that wants to respond to this criticism.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Psycho-sociological model=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Psycho-sociological model=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=48488&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 14 mai 2020 à 09:21</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=48488&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-14T09:21:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 14 mai 2020 à 11:21&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l24&quot;&gt;Ligne 24 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 24 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| fr = Les modèles explicatifs du vote&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| fr = Les modèles explicatifs du vote&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| es = Los modelos explicativos de la votación&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| es = Los modelos explicativos de la votación&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-side-deleted&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;| it = Modelli esplicativi di voto&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=48191&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur le 10 mai 2020 à 09:15</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=48191&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-10T09:15:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 10 mai 2020 à 11:15&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l23&quot;&gt;Ligne 23 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 23 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Translations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;{{Translations&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| fr = Les modèles explicatifs du vote&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| fr = Les modèles explicatifs du vote&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| es =  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;| es = &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Los modelos explicativos de la votación&lt;/ins&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;}}&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47989&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Four voting models: Iversen */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47989&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-06T14:05:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Four voting models: Iversen&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 mai 2020 à 16:05&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l349&quot;&gt;Ligne 349 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 349 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique quatre modèles du vote Iversen 1.png|vignette|Iversen, T. (1994). “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional, and Mobilizational Effects”. Comparative Political Studies 27: 155-189.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;IVERSEN, T. (1994). The Logics of Electoral Politics. Comparative Political Studies, 27(2), 155–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414094027002001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique quatre modèles du vote Iversen 1.png|vignette|Iversen, T. (1994). “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional, and Mobilizational Effects”. Comparative Political Studies 27: 155-189.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;IVERSEN, T. (1994). The Logics of Electoral Politics. Comparative Political Studies, 27(2), 155–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414094027002001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si on tient compte de l’idée de &lt;/del&gt;Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;comme quoi les préférences sont exogènes et non pas endogènes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il est &lt;/del&gt;possible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de créer une typologie comme l’a fait &lt;/del&gt;Iversen. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est &lt;/del&gt;possible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de créer une typologie qui distingue entre quatre approches croisant deux éléments importants et cruciaux &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;« est-ce que la vote est &lt;/del&gt;spatial ? &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;», à savoir&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;si cela est proximité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela est « oui »&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sinon cela est « non » et donc directionnel &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;« est-ce que les préférences des acteurs sont exogènes &lt;/del&gt;? &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir « oui » comme le postule les théories spatiales ou « non » comme le stipule &lt;/del&gt;Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par exemple&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;If we take into account &lt;/ins&gt;Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s idea that preferences are exogenous and not endogenous&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is &lt;/ins&gt;possible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to create a typology as &lt;/ins&gt;Iversen &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;did&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is &lt;/ins&gt;possible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to create a typology that distinguishes between four approaches crossing two important and crucial elements&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;is voting &lt;/ins&gt;spatial? &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;i.e.&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;if it is proximity&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is 'yes'&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;otherwise it is 'no' and therefore directional&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'are the preferences of the actors exogenous&lt;/ins&gt;? &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;The answer is &amp;quot;yes&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as postulated by spatial theories, or &amp;quot;no&amp;quot;, as stated by &lt;/ins&gt;Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, for example&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée est que ce tableau est le &lt;/del&gt;Downs-Hirschman model &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui aurait été fait afin de résumer les différentes réponses à l’anomalie dont nous avons parlé&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi, il y a quatre grandes manières&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans l’optique du &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’enjeu&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;quatre grandes manières d’expliquer comment et pourquoi les électeurs vont voter d’une certaine manière et pourquoi les partis vont se positionner&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans le &lt;/del&gt;Downs-Hirschman model, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est &lt;/del&gt;spatial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans le sens de proximité et les préférences sont exogènes &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par contre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans les théories directionnelles notamment de &lt;/del&gt;Rabinovirz &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Macdonal, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on reste dans l’idée de l’éxogénéité des préférences mais le &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;n’est pas &lt;/del&gt;spatial &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au sens de proximité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si on tient compte de l’idée de &lt;/del&gt;Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qu’il peut y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avoir une mobilisation de l’électorat dans une logique de préférence endogène et de &lt;/del&gt;non-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;maximisation de l’utilité de électeurs&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is that this table is the &lt;/ins&gt;Downs-Hirschman model &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that would have been made in order to summarize the different responses to the anomaly we have been talking about&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;So there are four main ways&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;From the perspective of the issue &lt;/ins&gt;vote, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there are four main ways to explain how and why voters are going to vote &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certain way and why parties are going to position themselves&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In the &lt;/ins&gt;Downs-Hirschman model, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is &lt;/ins&gt;spatial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the sense of proximity and preferences are exogenous&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the directional theories of &lt;/ins&gt;Rabinovirz &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Macdonal &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in particular&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we remain in the idea of the exogeneity of preferences but the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is not &lt;/ins&gt;spatial &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the sense of proximity&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;If we take into account &lt;/ins&gt;Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s idea that there can be a mobilization of the electorate in &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;logic of endogenous preference and &lt;/ins&gt;non-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;maximization of the utility of voters&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour &lt;/del&gt;Iversen, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la &lt;/del&gt;distance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est aussi importante&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La distance est entendue au sens du modèle de proximité pour qui la préférence des électeurs et la &lt;/del&gt;position &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des partis est aussi importante&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il faut tenir compte de la distance et il faut tenir compte de l’idée de mobilisation de l’électorat&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Sa &lt;/del&gt;conclusion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est que le &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est expliqué à la fois par des éléments de direction&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en parti par un élément de proximité et de &lt;/del&gt;distance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais aussi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour certains partis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il faut tenir compte également qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des partis qui agissent selon une mobilisation de l’électorat selon l’approche de &lt;/del&gt;Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Du coup, tous ces éléments permettent d’expliquer le &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et doivent être pris en compte afin d’expliquer le &lt;/del&gt;vote.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For &lt;/ins&gt;Iversen, distance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is also important&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Distance is understood in the sense of the proximity model for whom voter preference and party &lt;/ins&gt;position &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is also important&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Distance must be taken into account and the idea of mobilizing the electorate must be taken into account&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;His &lt;/ins&gt;conclusion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is that the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is explained both by elements of leadership&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partly by an element of proximity and &lt;/ins&gt;distance, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but also, for some parties&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it must also be taken into account that there are parties that act according to &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mobilization of the electorate according to the approach of &lt;/ins&gt;Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;So all these elements help to explain the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and must be taken into account in order to explain the &lt;/ins&gt;vote.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=The process of misalignment=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=The process of misalignment=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47988&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Théorie de la compétition partisane : Przeworski et Sprague */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47988&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-06T14:05:21Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Théorie de la compétition partisane : Przeworski et Sprague&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 mai 2020 à 16:05&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l338&quot;&gt;Ligne 338 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 338 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is by this configuration that May tries to explain this anomaly which is due to the fact that there is a group of voters who become activists within the party and who succeed in shifting the party's positioning towards the extremes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;It is by this configuration that May tries to explain this anomaly which is due to the fact that there is a group of voters who become activists within the party and who succeed in shifting the party's positioning towards the extremes.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Théorie de la compétition partisane &lt;/del&gt;: Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Partisan Competition Theory&lt;/ins&gt;: Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La deuxième explication renvoie au modèle directionnel&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire que c’est un élément de &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et non pas un élément de &lt;/del&gt;distance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou de proximité qui compte&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est une explication qui sort complétement de la logique de proximité et de la logique spatiale du vote&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est une troisième explication donnée par &lt;/del&gt;Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans leur théorie de la compétition partisane dit aussi théorie de la mobilisation de l’électorat&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le présupposé est que les préférences des électeurs ne sont pas exogènes mais sont endogènes elles changent dans le cadre d’un processus électoral&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On sort de l’idée qui est celle des théories spatiales comme quoi les préférences sont exogènes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elles sont préexistantes et presque fixe&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ici&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les préférences sont endogènes et elles peuvent changer&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The second explanation refers to the directional model&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i.e. it is an element of &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and not an element of &lt;/ins&gt;distance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or proximity that counts&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is an explanation that is completely outside the logic of proximity and the spatial logic of voting&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is a third explanation given by &lt;/ins&gt;Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in their theory of partisan competition, also known as the theory of mobilization of the electorate&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The presupposition is that voter preferences are not exogenous but are endogenous - they change within the framework of an electoral process&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;We leave behind the idea of spatial theories that preferences are exogenous&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that they are pre-existing and almost fixed&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Here&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;preferences are endogenous and they can change&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les partis politiques peuvent faire des choix qui ne sont pas des choix de maximisation de l’électorat au contraire des théories spatiales pour qui les partis cherchent à maximiser leur soutien électoral à court terme dans le cadre d’une élection&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour &lt;/del&gt;Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il peut y avoir une autre logique qui n’est pas une logique de maximisation de l’électorat à court terme mais qui et un objectif de mobilisation de l’électorat à moyen et &lt;/del&gt;long &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terme&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée est qu’un parti est prêt à perdre une élection pour se donner les moyens d’en gagner plus tard en se donnant le temps de se former un électorat&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Donc&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on se positionne aux extrêmes justement parce qu’on essaie de mobiliser un électorat&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le présupposé est que la mobilisation d’un électorat se fait justement par le fait de prendre des &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;claires et non pas une &lt;/del&gt;position &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;centriste&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée est de créer un parti qui forge des idéologies et des identités partisanes&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Political parties can make choices that are not choices to maximize the electorate, unlike spatial theories, where parties seek to maximize their short-term electoral support in an election&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For &lt;/ins&gt;Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there may be another logic that is not one of maximizing the electorate in the short term but one of mobilizing the electorate in the medium and &lt;/ins&gt;long &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;term&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is that a party is ready to lose an election in order to give itself the means to win it later by giving itself time to form an electorate&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;So&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we are going to the extremes precisely because we are trying to mobilize an electorate&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The assumption is that mobilizing an electorate is done by taking clear &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and not a centrist &lt;/ins&gt;position. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is to create a party that forges ideologies and partisan identities&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ainsi&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les partis peuvent offrir des programmes politiques relativement extrêmes qui ne sont pas optimaux dans le court terme&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais qui génèrent des niveaux de soutien plus élevés dans le moyen et &lt;/del&gt;long &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terme&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les partis n’essayent pas de maximiser le &lt;/del&gt;vote, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais créent des &lt;/del&gt;images &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la société&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;forgent des identités&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mobilisent des engagements pour l’avenir&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Certains partis ont des stratégies de maximisation du vote à court terme et d’autres ont des stratégies à &lt;/del&gt;long &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;terme de mobilisation sociale&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans l’optique d’expliquer cette anomalie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une autre explication à côté de l’explication curvilinéaire à côté des théories directionnelles du &lt;/del&gt;vote, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une troisième possibilité afin d’expliquer cela serait de dire qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certains partis qui abandonnent l’idée de maximiser le &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou le soutien électoral afin de mobiliser cet électorat et pour cela il faut aller vers les extrêmes&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this way&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parties can offer relatively extreme political platforms that are not optimal in the short term&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but that generate higher levels of support in the medium and &lt;/ins&gt;long &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;term&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Parties do not try to maximize the &lt;/ins&gt;vote, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but create &lt;/ins&gt;images &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of society&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;forge identities&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mobilize commitments for the future&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Some parties have short-term strategies for maximizing voting and others have &lt;/ins&gt;long&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;-term strategies for social mobilization&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In order to explain this anomaly&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;another explanation beside the curvilinear explanation beside the directional theories of the &lt;/ins&gt;vote, a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;third possibility to explain this would be to say that there are some parties that abandon the idea of maximizing the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or electoral support in order to mobilize this electorate and for this we have to go to extremes&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Quatre modèles du vote &lt;/del&gt;: Iversen=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Four voting models&lt;/ins&gt;: Iversen=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique quatre modèles du vote Iversen 1.png|vignette|Iversen, T. (1994). “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional, and Mobilizational Effects”. Comparative Political Studies 27: 155-189.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;IVERSEN, T. (1994). The Logics of Electoral Politics. Comparative Political Studies, 27(2), 155–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414094027002001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique quatre modèles du vote Iversen 1.png|vignette|Iversen, T. (1994). “The Logics of Electoral Politics: Spatial, Directional, and Mobilizational Effects”. Comparative Political Studies 27: 155-189.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;IVERSEN, T. (1994). The Logics of Electoral Politics. Comparative Political Studies, 27(2), 155–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414094027002001&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47987&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Loi de la disparité curvilinéaire : May */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47987&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-06T14:04:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Loi de la disparité curvilinéaire : May&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 mai 2020 à 16:04&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l323&quot;&gt;Ligne 323 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 323 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Przeworski and Sprague's mobilization of the electorate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Przeworski and Sprague's mobilization of the electorate.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Loi de la disparité curvilinéaire &lt;/del&gt;: May==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Law of Curvilinear Disparity&lt;/ins&gt;: May==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La loi de la disparité curvilinéaire de &lt;/del&gt;May &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est une réponse qui essaie de rester dans la logique du modèle de proximité et de rendre compte de cette anomalie empirique mais tout en gardant l’idée que ce sont les distances et la proximité qui compte&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est une réponse qui reste fidèle aux postulats de la théorie de &lt;/del&gt;Downs &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et du modèle de proximité&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;May&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s Law of Curvilinear Disparity is an answer that tries to stay within the logic of the proximity model and to account for this empirical anomaly, but with the idea that it is distance and proximity that count&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is an answer that remains faithful to the postulates of &lt;/ins&gt;Downs&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;' theory and the proximity model&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hirschman &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voulait expliquer ce qu’il se passe au sein des organisations lorsqu’elles entrent dans une &lt;/del&gt;situation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de crise ou de déclin&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée est qu’il y avait deux réponses possibles qui sont mises en &lt;/del&gt;place &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par les membres de cette organisation &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l’une des « &lt;/del&gt;exit &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir se retirer&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;aller dans une autre organisation&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’organisation est en crise et ne reflète plus nos propres besoins&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Appliqué à l’électorat&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela veut dire ne plus voter pour un parti et aller voter pour un autre parti&lt;/del&gt;. Hirschman &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;oppose à la stratégie de « &lt;/del&gt;exit &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la stratégie de « voice » qui s’appuie sur ce qu’il appel « &lt;/del&gt;loyalty &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» qui est qu’on peut choisir de ne pas partir mais de faire en sorte à ce que l’organisation &lt;/del&gt;change, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à rétablir l’équilibre entre ses propres &lt;/del&gt;aspirations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ce que l’organisation peut offrir&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée est que l’on reste &lt;/del&gt;loyal &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et on fait du « &lt;/del&gt;voice &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire agir pour que les choses changent&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hirschman &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;wanted to explain what happens in organizations when they enter a &lt;/ins&gt;situation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of crisis or decline&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea was that there were two possible responses that are put in &lt;/ins&gt;place &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;by members of that organization&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;one of &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;exit&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to withdraw&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to go to another organization&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The organization is in crisis and no longer reflects our own needs&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Applied to the electorate&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this means no longer voting for one party and going to vote for another party&lt;/ins&gt;. Hirschman &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;contrasts the &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;exit&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; strategy with the &amp;quot;voice&amp;quot; strategy&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which is based on what he calls &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;loyalty&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;, which is that one can choose not to leave but to make the organization &lt;/ins&gt;change, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to restore the balance between one's own &lt;/ins&gt;aspirations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and what the organization can offer&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is that you stay &lt;/ins&gt;loyal &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and you do &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;voice&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that is, act to make things change&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La loi de la disparité curvilinéaire reprend cette &lt;/del&gt;distinction. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a trois acteurs en jeu dans cette théorie &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a les électeurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les candidats&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et un groupe intermédiaire représenté par des activistes qui sont en faite des électeurs qui deviennent des activistes allant exercer le « &lt;/del&gt;voice &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;»&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The law of curvilinear disparity takes up this &lt;/ins&gt;distinction. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are three actors at play in this theory&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there are voters&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;candidates&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and an intermediate group represented by activists who are in fact voters who become activists going to exercise &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;voice&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le &lt;/del&gt;point &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de départ est qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une &lt;/del&gt;congruence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;attitudes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;entre &lt;/del&gt;leaders &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des partis et électorats &lt;/del&gt;due &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la possibilité de sortie pour les électeurs quand le parti ne les représente plus &lt;/del&gt;(exit). &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si des électeurs qui préfèrent des &lt;/del&gt;options &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus extrêmes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne retrouvent plus ces &lt;/del&gt;options &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au sein du parti pour lequel ils ont votés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;alors ils vont chercher ailleurs et voter pour un autre parti&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela fait que la &lt;/del&gt;congruence &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et la proximité entre le parti et l’électorat reste garanti&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D’autre part&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les électeurs idéologiquement extrêmes essayent d’exercer de l’influence sur les politiques du parti à travers l’activisme au sein du parti &lt;/del&gt;(voice).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The starting &lt;/ins&gt;point &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is that there is &lt;/ins&gt;a congruence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;attitudes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;between party &lt;/ins&gt;leaders &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and voters &lt;/ins&gt;due &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the possibility of exit for voters when the party no longer represents them &lt;/ins&gt;(exit). &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;If voters, who prefer more extreme &lt;/ins&gt;options, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;no longer find these &lt;/ins&gt;options &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;within the party they voted for&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;then they will look elsewhere and vote for another party&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This ensures &lt;/ins&gt;congruence &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and proximity between the party and the electorate&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ideologically extreme voters try to influence party policies through party activism &lt;/ins&gt;(voice).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On se retrouve avec une &lt;/del&gt;configuration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;particulière qui est le fait qu’il y a des activistes de partis insatisfaits qui sont extrémistes comparés aux électeurs et aux &lt;/del&gt;leaders &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des partis élus&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En d’autres termes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les activistes des partis tendent à être plus extrêmes dans leurs &lt;/del&gt;attitudes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques que les électeurs ou les &lt;/del&gt;leaders &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des partis&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A particular &lt;/ins&gt;configuration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is the fact that there are dissatisfied party activists who are extremist compared to voters and elected party &lt;/ins&gt;leaders. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In other words&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;party activists tend to be more extreme in their political &lt;/ins&gt;attitudes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;than voters or party &lt;/ins&gt;leaders.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Si certaines &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sont présentent comme le bon fonctionnement démocratique au sein du parti&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir que les activistes vont avoir la possibilité d’exercer le « &lt;/del&gt;voice &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» et d’influencer les &lt;/del&gt;positions. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’idée est que les &lt;/del&gt;attitudes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;extrémistes de ces anciens électeurs qui deviennent activistes de parti poussent le positionnement stratégique dans une &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui les éloigne de leurs électeurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On se retrouve avec une &lt;/del&gt;configuration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où il y a un électorat qui est au &lt;/del&gt;centre, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a des activistes de parti qui exerce le « &lt;/del&gt;voice &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;» qui sont accès vers l’extrême&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et il y a les &lt;/del&gt;leaderships &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de parti qui sont entre les deux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a cette disparité curvilinéaire parce que les trois acteurs se positionnent différemment&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;If certain &lt;/ins&gt;conditions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are present&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;such as good democratic functioning within the party, activists will have the opportunity to exercise &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;voice&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; and influence &lt;/ins&gt;positions. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is that the extremist &lt;/ins&gt;attitudes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of those former voters who become party activists push strategic positioning in a &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that takes them away from their constituents&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;We end up with a &lt;/ins&gt;configuration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;where there is an electorate that is at the &lt;/ins&gt;centre, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there are party activists who are exercising the &amp;quot;&lt;/ins&gt;voice&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;&amp;quot; and who have access to the extreme&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and there are party &lt;/ins&gt;leaderships &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that are in between&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There is this curvilinear disparity because the three actors position themselves differently&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est par cette &lt;/del&gt;configuration &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que &lt;/del&gt;May &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;essaie d’expliquer cette anomalie qui est du au fait qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un groupe d’électeurs qui devient activiste au sein du parti et qui réussi à déplacer le positionnement du parti vers les extrêmes&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is by this &lt;/ins&gt;configuration &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that &lt;/ins&gt;May &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;tries to explain this anomaly which is due to the fact that there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;group of voters who become activists within the party and who succeed in shifting the party's positioning towards the extremes&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Théorie de la compétition partisane : Przeworski et Sprague==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Théorie de la compétition partisane : Przeworski et Sprague==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47986&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Modèle unifié du vote : Merrill et Grofman */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47986&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-06T14:03:51Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Modèle unifié du vote : Merrill et Grofman&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 mai 2020 à 16:03&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l298&quot;&gt;Ligne 298 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 298 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;These are models that should make us attentive to the different motivations that voters may or may not have to make in making an electoral choice. There are other variants or models that try to accommodate this complexity. As part of spatial theories of the vote, some theories consider the characteristics of candidates. There are other theories that highlight the impact of economic conditions and how voters compare different election results in their electoral choices, which refers to economic voting in the strict sense of the term. There are other models that try to relate the multiplicity of issues to an underlying ideological space, i.e., instead of looking at specific issues, everything is brought back to a left-right dimension as a shortcut, for example, and there are other theories that consider the degree of ambiguity and clarity of the candidates' positions. In directional models with intensity, there are models that try to show how the salience of different issues changes from one group to another, from one social group to another, or from one candidate and one party to another.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;These are models that should make us attentive to the different motivations that voters may or may not have to make in making an electoral choice. There are other variants or models that try to accommodate this complexity. As part of spatial theories of the vote, some theories consider the characteristics of candidates. There are other theories that highlight the impact of economic conditions and how voters compare different election results in their electoral choices, which refers to economic voting in the strict sense of the term. There are other models that try to relate the multiplicity of issues to an underlying ideological space, i.e., instead of looking at specific issues, everything is brought back to a left-right dimension as a shortcut, for example, and there are other theories that consider the degree of ambiguity and clarity of the candidates' positions. In directional models with intensity, there are models that try to show how the salience of different issues changes from one group to another, from one social group to another, or from one candidate and one party to another.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Modèle unifié du vote &lt;/del&gt;: Merrill &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Grofman=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Unified Voting Model&lt;/ins&gt;: Merrill &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Grofman=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D'autres chercheurs ont essayé de proposer des modèles combinés qui combinent différentes explications&lt;/del&gt;. Merrill &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Grofman &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont proposés des modèles unifiés qui veulent sortir de cette &lt;/del&gt;hyper-simplification &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;par rapport aux théories spatiales où soit l’on fait un choix de possibilités, soit un choix de &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais où on évacue tout autre élément comme l’identification partisane&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la socialisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l’insertion sociale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;la conjoncture économique aussi bien que le rôle des &lt;/del&gt;leaders &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'opinion comme vu dans le modèle de l'entonnoir de la théorie de &lt;/del&gt;Michigan.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Other researchers have tried to propose combined models that combine different explanations&lt;/ins&gt;. Merrill &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Grofman &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;have proposed unified models that want to get out of this &lt;/ins&gt;hyper-simplification &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;with respect to spatial theories where one either makes a choice of possibilities or a choice of &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but evacuates any other element such as partisan identification&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;socialization&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;social inclusion&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;economic conditions as well as the role of opinion &lt;/ins&gt;leaders &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as seen in the funnel model of &lt;/ins&gt;Michigan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theory&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon &lt;/del&gt;Merril &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Grofman, on &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ne peut pas déterminer si un modèle pur est supérieur à un autre parce qu'il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des limites méthodologiques et des limites liées aux données. Il y a évidemment des tentatives qui ont été faites pour évaluer le pouvoir explicatif des modèles directionnels mais selon ces chercheurs, ces modèles spatiaux ont été conçus pour être purement théorique afin de mettre en évidence sur le plan purement théorique quelles sont les &lt;/del&gt;motivations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que les électeurs peuvent avoir pour leur choix électoral&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;According to &lt;/ins&gt;Merril &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Grofman, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;one cannot determine whether one pure model is superior to another because there are methodological and data limitations. Of course, there have been attempts to assess the explanatory power of directional models, but according to these researchers, these spatial models were designed to be purely theoretical in order to highlight &lt;/ins&gt;on a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;purely theoretical level what &lt;/ins&gt;motivations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voters may have for their electoral choice&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Néanmoins&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela s'applique mal sur le plan empirique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon eux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il faut combiner différents &lt;/del&gt;types &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'explications et en particulier&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans le choix électoral&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les composantes liées à la proximité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à la direction&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et aussi à la direction plutôt « intensité »&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui jouent tous un rôle significatif dans le positionnement des candidats et des partis&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Autrement dit&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils proposent quelque chose d’assez œcuménique qui combine les modèles directionnels et les modèles de proximité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les chiffres abondent dans leurs sens puisqu'on a vu que finalement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;systématiquement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les deux modèles ont un effet significatif&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this is empirically incorrect&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;According to them&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it is necessary to combine different &lt;/ins&gt;types &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of explanations and in particular&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the electoral choice&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the components related to proximity&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;leadership&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and also the rather &amp;quot;intensity&amp;quot; leadership&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;all of which play a significant role in the positioning of candidates and parties&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In other words&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they propose something quite ecumenical that combines directional and proximity models&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Numbers abound, since we have seen that&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the end&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;both models systematically have a significant effect&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont à la fois des choix de proximité et des choix directionnels avec intensité puisqu’il y a des électeurs qui font peut-être un choix d’intensité et d’autres de &lt;/del&gt;direction. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il faut tenir compte de l’hétérogénéité de l'électorat et comment différents électeurs peuvent avoir des &lt;/del&gt;motivations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;différentes pour choisir le parti ou le candidat auquel donner leur &lt;/del&gt;vote. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Selon l&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;importance de l'utilité des choix des électeurs varie d'un candidat à l’autre mais aussi d’un le électeur à l'autre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est aussi &lt;/del&gt;possible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’ajouter que le poids de l'&lt;/del&gt;identification &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partisane change d’un électeur à l’autre&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They are both proximity choices and directional choices with intensity, since there are voters who may choose intensity and others who may choose &lt;/ins&gt;direction. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;One must take into account the heterogeneity of the electorate and how different voters may have different &lt;/ins&gt;motivations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for choosing which party or candidate to &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The extent to which the usefulness of voters&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;choices varies from candidate to candidate, but also from voter to voter&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is also &lt;/ins&gt;possible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to add that the weight of partisan &lt;/ins&gt;identification &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;varies from one voter to another&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;D’autre part&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les préférences pour les candidats qui sont au pouvoir sont mieux expliquées par le modèle de proximité et par le modèle directionnel &lt;/del&gt;simple. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par contre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;le modèle directionnel avec intensité explique mieux les choix électoraux des candidats qui ne sont pas actuellement au pouvoir&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;preferences for candidates in power are best explained by the proximity model and the &lt;/ins&gt;simple &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;directional model&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the intensity directional model better explains the electoral choices of candidates who are not currently in power&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Critiques du modèle de proximité&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Reviews of the proximity model&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Iversena a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proposé une manière de classer les différentes théories explicatives du vote qui permettent d’ajouter un élément très &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;négligé jusqu’à présent&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Beaucoup de chercheurs ont critiqués le modèle de proximité de &lt;/del&gt;Downs &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en particulier&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une première critique qui &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;été faite et que le modèle de proximité simple nous offre une mauvaise représentation de la psychologie du vote&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est l’idée qui a donnée lieu au développement des modèles directionnels qui est que&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;selon &lt;/del&gt;Downs &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et ceux qui l’ont suivis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parce qu’il y a une transparence de l’information&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les électeurs peuvent très bien voir quels sont les programmes politiques des partis ou encore des candidats&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Iversena &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proposed &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;way of classifying the different explanatory theories of voting that allow to add a very &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;element that has been neglected until now&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Many researchers have criticised the &lt;/ins&gt;Downs &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proximity model in particular&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A first criticism that has been made is that the simple proximity model gives us &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;misrepresentation of the psychology of voting&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is the idea that gave rise to the development of directional models, which is that&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;according to &lt;/ins&gt;Downs &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and those who have followed him&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;because there is transparency of information&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voters can very well see what the political platforms of the parties or candidates are&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La deuxième critique est l'absence d'une théorie adéquate de la &lt;/del&gt;formation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des préférences&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces théories spatiales partent du présupposé qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un électeur ou des électeurs qui ont des préférences politiques par rapport à certains enjeux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais évacuent complètement l'explication de comment ces préférences se forment&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cette théorie ne porte pas sur la &lt;/del&gt;formation &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de préférences politiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;elles partent de l'idée qu’il y a des électeurs avec certaines préférences politiques et ensuite ces électeurs vont regarder quelle est l'offre et vont choisir en fonction de cette offre&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le choix peut être fait selon différents critères mais on part du présupposé qu’il y a ces électeurs qui arrivent dans un processus électoral qui renvoie à l’idée d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;hexogèneité des préférences des électeurs&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The second criticism is the lack of an adequate theory of preference &lt;/ins&gt;formation. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These spatial theories start from the assumption that there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voter or voters who have political preferences with respect to certain issues&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but completely discard the explanation of how these preferences are formed&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This theory is not about the &lt;/ins&gt;formation &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political preferences&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they start from the idea that there are voters with certain political preferences and then these voters will look at what the offer is and will choose according to that offer&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The choice can be made according to different criteria, but they start from the assumption that there are these voters who arrive in an electoral process that refers to the idea of the hexogeneity of voters&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;preferences&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une troisième critique apportée au modèle de proximité &lt;/del&gt;simple &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est l’idée de l’électeur médian qui est l’idée que l'ensemble des électeurs se regroupe autour du &lt;/del&gt;centre, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donc&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les partis&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en fonction de ce constat&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;vont maximiser leur soutien électoral au centre et donc s’ils sont rationnels&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les partis auront tendance à se situer plutôt au &lt;/del&gt;centre. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Or&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on constate que cela n’est pas toujours vrai et qu’il y a des partis qui proposent des politiques plus extrêmes qui reçoivent un soutien électoral considérable&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Donc, il y a cette anomalie empirique où il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une théorie qui présuppose et qui essaie d'expliquer les choix électoraux mais aussi les &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;parties &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans une logique de proximité vers le &lt;/del&gt;centre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de l'échiquier politique mais par contre il y a le constat empirique qui est contraire et qui voit des partis et des électeurs qui se situent ailleurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le modèle directionnel apporte aussi certaines réponses à cette critique&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A third criticism of the &lt;/ins&gt;simple &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;proximity model is the idea of the median voter, which is the idea that all voters group around the &lt;/ins&gt;centre, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;so parties&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;based on this observation&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;will maximize their electoral support at the centre&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and therefore if they are rational&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parties will tend to be located more at the &lt;/ins&gt;centre. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;However&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we see that this is not always true and that there are parties that propose more extreme policies that receive considerable electoral support&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;So there is this empirical anomaly where there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;theory that presupposes and tries to explain the electoral choices but also the &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the &lt;/ins&gt;parties &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in a logic of proximity to the &lt;/ins&gt;centre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the political spectrum, but on the other hand there is the empirical observation that is the opposite and that sees parties and voters located elsewhere&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The directional model also provides some answers to this criticism&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Réponses aux critiques du modèle de proximité&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Responses to criticisms of the proximity model&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a plusieurs réponses aux critiques du modèle de proximité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont des réponses possibles plus pour justifier et rendre compte de cette anomalie&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L’anomalie consiste à dire qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une majorité de l’électorat qui se situe autour du &lt;/del&gt;centre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais on observe qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des partis qui se situent aux extrêmes et qui peuvent même capturer une grande partie des préférences de l’électorat&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a eu des tentatives de réponse à cette anomalie&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Au fond&lt;/del&gt;, Downs &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avait tort de parler de la logique de proximité et d’expliquer certaines &lt;/del&gt;exceptions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du modèle de proximité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On distingue trois réponses possibles &lt;/del&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are several responses to criticisms of the proximity model&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These are possible answers more to justify and account for this anomaly&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The anomaly is that there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;majority of the electorate around the &lt;/ins&gt;centre&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, but there are parties at the extremes that can even capture &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;large part of the preferences of the electorate&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There have been attempts to address this anomaly&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Basically&lt;/ins&gt;, Downs &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;was wrong to talk about proximity logic and to explain some of the &lt;/ins&gt;exceptions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to the proximity model&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are three possible answers&lt;/ins&gt;:&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;celle de la loi de la disparité curvilinéaire proposé par &lt;/del&gt;May ;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that of the law of curvilinear disparity proposed by &lt;/ins&gt;May;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du modèle directionnel de &lt;/del&gt;Rabinowitz &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Matthews ;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the directional model of &lt;/ins&gt;Rabinowitz &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Matthews;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la mobilisation de l’électorat de &lt;/del&gt;Przeworski &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et &lt;/del&gt;Sprague.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;*Przeworski &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;Sprague&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;'s mobilization of the electorate&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Loi de la disparité curvilinéaire : May==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Loi de la disparité curvilinéaire : May==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47985&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Résumé des quatre modèles */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47985&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-06T08:15:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Résumé des quatre modèles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 mai 2020 à 10:15&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l281&quot;&gt;Ligne 281 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 281 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;As far as the proximity model with discounting is concerned, there is a concern when we are going to apply it empirically: we need to be able to determine what the degree of discounting is, how much the voter is going to discount. This is something that remains difficult in theory, we don't know how much the voter will discount.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;As far as the proximity model with discounting is concerned, there is a concern when we are going to apply it empirically: we need to be able to determine what the degree of discounting is, how much the voter is going to discount. This is something that remains difficult in theory, we don't know how much the voter will discount.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Résumé des quatre modèles&lt;/del&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Summary of the four models&lt;/ins&gt;==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique résumé des quatre modèles 1.png|vignette|center|Merrill, S. III et B. Grofman (1999). A Unified Theory of Voting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Merrill, Samuel, and Bernard Grofman. A unified theory of voting : directional and proximity spatial models. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique résumé des quatre modèles 1.png|vignette|center|Merrill, S. III et B. Grofman (1999). A Unified Theory of Voting. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Merrill, Samuel, and Bernard Grofman. A unified theory of voting : directional and proximity spatial models. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Quatre réponses possibles à la &lt;/del&gt;question &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du comment les électeurs décident de voter&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Four possible answers to the &lt;/ins&gt;question &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of how voters decide to vote&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour résumer ces approches&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a quatre réponses possibles à la &lt;/del&gt;question &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de comment les électeurs décident de voter&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On veut savoir comment et pourquoi un électeur va &lt;/del&gt;voter &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;pour un &lt;/del&gt;certain &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;parti&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;To summarize these approaches&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there are four possible answers to the &lt;/ins&gt;question &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of how voters decide to vote&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;We want to know how and why a &lt;/ins&gt;voter &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;will vote for a &lt;/ins&gt;certain &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;party&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La première réponse est qu’au fond&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils votent selon la &lt;/del&gt;position, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;selon leurs caractéristiques sociales ou encore selon leur socialisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ce qui renvoie au modèle sociologique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il n’y a pas de véritable choix électoral dans ce &lt;/del&gt;type &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’explication mais cela est sur la base de notre &lt;/del&gt;insertion &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans un contexte &lt;/del&gt;social. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Pour &lt;/del&gt;Lazarsfeld, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on pense politiquement comment est-on socialement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il n’y a pas vraiment l'idée de choix électoral&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le &lt;/del&gt;concept &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de choix électoral n’appartient pas au modèle sociologique mais plutôt aux théories rationalistes&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les théories rationalistes et les modèles spatiaux du &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ont eu comme rapport très bénéfique de mettre justement le libre choix des électeurs au &lt;/del&gt;centre &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;analyses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The first answer is that basically&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they vote according to their &lt;/ins&gt;position, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;according to their social characteristics or according to their socialization&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which refers to the sociological model&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There is no real electoral choice in this &lt;/ins&gt;type &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of explanation, but it is based on our &lt;/ins&gt;insertion &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in a &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;context&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;For &lt;/ins&gt;Lazarsfeld, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we think politically how we are socially&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there is not really the idea of electoral choice&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;concept &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of electoral choice does not belong to the sociological model but rather to rationalist theories&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Rationalist theories and spatial models of the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;have had the very beneficial relationship of putting precisely the free choice of voters at the &lt;/ins&gt;centre &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of &lt;/ins&gt;analyses.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une deuxième réponse &lt;/del&gt;possible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est qu’ils vont voter pour le candidat qui appartient au parti avec laquelle ils s'identifient&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela renvoie au modèle de &lt;/del&gt;Michigan, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;au modèle psychosociologique&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A second &lt;/ins&gt;possible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;answer is that they will vote for the candidate who belongs to the party with which they identify&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This refers to the &lt;/ins&gt;Michigan &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;model&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the psycho-sociological model&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Une troisième réponse &lt;/del&gt;possible &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est qu’ils vont voter pour le candidat dont les idées politiques sont les plus proches des leurs&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela est le modèle de proximité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La proximité peut être calculée sur la base des &lt;/del&gt;programmes &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et des &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;réelles déclarées par les partis ou alors selon un facteur d’actualisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de &lt;/del&gt;perception &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ou de différence selon le modèle d’actualisation&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A third &lt;/ins&gt;possible &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;answer is that they will vote for the candidate whose political ideas are closest to their own&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is the proximity model&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Proximity can be calculated on the basis of the &lt;/ins&gt;programmes &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and actual &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;declared by the parties or on the basis of a discount factor&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;perception &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;factor or a difference factor according to the discount model&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Finalement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils peuvent voter pour le candidat qui est le plus à même dans la &lt;/del&gt;perception &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des électeurs de changer les choses de sorte ou de manière à les laisser les plus satisfaits&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Finally&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they can vote for the candidate who is most likely in the voters' &lt;/ins&gt;perception &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;to change things in a way or in a way that leaves them the most satisfied&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont des modèles qui doivent nous rendre attentif aux différentes &lt;/del&gt;motivations &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que les électeurs peuvent ou ne peuvent pas avoir à faire dans le cadre d’un choix électoral&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a d’autres variantes ou modèles qui essaient de tenir compte de cette complexité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;S’inscrivant dans les théories spatiales du &lt;/del&gt;vote, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;certaines théories considèrent les caractéristiques des candidats&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y a d’autres théories qui mettent en évidence l'&lt;/del&gt;impact &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des &lt;/del&gt;conditions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;économiques et comment les électeurs comparent des résultats d'élections différentes dans leurs choix électoraux qui renvoie au vote économique au sens &lt;/del&gt;strict &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;du terme&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'autre modèles qui essaient de faire le lien entre la multiplicité des enjeux et un espace idéologique sous&lt;/del&gt;-&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;jacent&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire qu’au lieu de regarder par rapport à des enjeux spécifiques&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on ramène tout en dimension gauche – droite par exemple comme raccourci, et il y avait d&lt;/del&gt;'&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;autres théories qui considèrent le degré d'ambiguïté et la clarté de la position des candidats&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans les modèles directionnels avec intensité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a des modèles qui essaient de montrer comment la saillance des différents enjeux change d’un groupe à l'autre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d'un groupe &lt;/del&gt;social &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à l'autre ou encore d’un candidat et d'un parti à l'autre&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These are models that should make us attentive to the different &lt;/ins&gt;motivations &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that voters may or may not have to make in making an electoral choice&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are other variants or models that try to accommodate this complexity&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As part of spatial theories of the &lt;/ins&gt;vote, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;some theories consider the characteristics of candidates&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are other theories that highlight the &lt;/ins&gt;impact &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of economic &lt;/ins&gt;conditions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and how voters compare different election results in their electoral choices, which refers to economic voting in the &lt;/ins&gt;strict &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sense of the term&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are other models that try to relate the multiplicity of issues to an underlying ideological space, i.e., instead of looking at specific issues, everything is brought back to &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;left&lt;/ins&gt;-&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;right dimension as a shortcut&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;for example&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and there are other theories that consider the degree of ambiguity and clarity of the candidates&lt;/ins&gt;' &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;positions&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In directional models with intensity&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there are models that try to show how the salience of different issues changes from one group to another&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;from one &lt;/ins&gt;social &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;group to another, or from one candidate and one party to another&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Modèle unifié du vote : Merrill et Grofman=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Modèle unifié du vote : Merrill et Grofman=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47984&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Relation entre modèles explicatifs du vote et cycle de réalignement */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47984&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-06T08:14:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Relation entre modèles explicatifs du vote et cycle de réalignement&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 mai 2020 à 10:14&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l355&quot;&gt;Ligne 355 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 355 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pour Iversen, la distance est aussi importante. La distance est entendue au sens du modèle de proximité pour qui la préférence des électeurs et la position des partis est aussi importante. Il faut tenir compte de la distance et il faut tenir compte de l’idée de mobilisation de l’électorat. Sa conclusion est que le vote est expliqué à la fois par des éléments de direction, en parti par un élément de proximité et de distance mais aussi, pour certains partis, il faut tenir compte également qu’il y a des partis qui agissent selon une mobilisation de l’électorat selon l’approche de Przeworski et Sprague. Du coup, tous ces éléments permettent d’expliquer le vote et doivent être pris en compte afin d’expliquer le vote.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;Pour Iversen, la distance est aussi importante. La distance est entendue au sens du modèle de proximité pour qui la préférence des électeurs et la position des partis est aussi importante. Il faut tenir compte de la distance et il faut tenir compte de l’idée de mobilisation de l’électorat. Sa conclusion est que le vote est expliqué à la fois par des éléments de direction, en parti par un élément de proximité et de distance mais aussi, pour certains partis, il faut tenir compte également qu’il y a des partis qui agissent selon une mobilisation de l’électorat selon l’approche de Przeworski et Sprague. Du coup, tous ces éléments permettent d’expliquer le vote et doivent être pris en compte afin d’expliquer le vote.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le processus de désalignement&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The process of misalignment&lt;/ins&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Certains ont une autre manière de parler des &lt;/del&gt;convergences &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et de montrer comment peut-on rapprocher les théories explicatives du &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;avec le processus de désalignement politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces auteurs ont essayés de dire que les différentes théories explicatives du &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peuvent être plus ou moins explicatives dans le sens d’avoir plus ou moins d’importance de pouvoir explicatif selon les &lt;/del&gt;phases &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans lesquelles on se trouve dans le cadre d’un processus d’alignement et de désalignement&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il faut distinguer trois &lt;/del&gt;notions : phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’alignement politique &lt;/del&gt;(1) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est lorsqu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un renforcement des loyautés partisanes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir des liens affectifs entre les électeurs et les parti &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de désalignement politique &lt;/del&gt;(2) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est peut être celle dans laquelle on est actuellement en &lt;/del&gt;Europe &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;depuis la crise économique qui est un affaiblissement des loyautés partisanes ayant pour conséquence l’augmentation de la volatilité électorale&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire que l’on peut changer de parti plus facilement d’une élection à l’autre &lt;/del&gt;; &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de réalignement &lt;/del&gt;(3) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui consiste à créer de nouvelles loyautés partisanes&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Some have another way of talking about &lt;/ins&gt;convergences &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and showing how the theories explaining the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can be reconciled with the process of political misalignment&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These authors have tried to say that the different explanatory theories of the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;can be more or less explanatory in the sense of having more or less importance of explanatory power depending on the &lt;/ins&gt;phases &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in which one is in a process of alignment and misalignment&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Three &lt;/ins&gt;notions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;must be distinguished&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political alignment &lt;/ins&gt;(1)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, which is when there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;strengthening of partisan loyalties&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i.e. emotional ties between voters and parties&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political misalignment &lt;/ins&gt;(2)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, which may be the one we are currently in in &lt;/ins&gt;Europe &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;since the economic crisis, which is a weakening of partisan loyalties resulting in increased electoral volatility&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i.e. it is easier to change parties from one election to the next&lt;/ins&gt;; &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of realignment &lt;/ins&gt;(3)&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;, which consists of creating new partisan loyalties&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique processus de désalignement 1.png|vignette|center|Harrop, M. et W. L. Miller (1987). Elections and Voters. New York: New Amsterdam Books.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harrop, Martin, and William L. Miller. Elections and voters : a comparative introduction. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education, 1987. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique processus de désalignement 1.png|vignette|center|Harrop, M. et W. L. Miller (1987). Elections and Voters. New York: New Amsterdam Books.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Harrop, Martin, and William L. Miller. Elections and voters : a comparative introduction. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Education, 1987. Print.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce schéma montre le processus de désalignement avec des changements dans la &lt;/del&gt;structure &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;générationnelle et des changements dans la &lt;/del&gt;structure &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociale qui créées un désalignement politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le désalignement créé une volatilité électorale plus importante qui créée un changement dans le système des partis qui peut avoir un &lt;/del&gt;feedback &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur le processus d’alignement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de désalignement ou de réalignement&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This diagram shows the process of misalignment with changes in the generational &lt;/ins&gt;structure &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and changes in the social &lt;/ins&gt;structure &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that create political misalignment&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Misalignment creates greater electoral volatility that creates a change in the party system that can have a &lt;/ins&gt;feedback &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on the process of alignment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;misalignment or realignment&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Relation entre modèles explicatifs du vote et &lt;/del&gt;cycle &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de réalignement&lt;/del&gt;=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Relationship between voting explanatory models and realignment &lt;/ins&gt;cycle=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ces auteurs ont proposés de dire qu’il y aurait une relation entre les modèles explicatif du &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et le &lt;/del&gt;cycle &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’alignement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;réalignement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;désalignement dans le sens où le modèle sociologique serait plus à même d’expliquer le &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans des &lt;/del&gt;phases &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de réalignement politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C’est un &lt;/del&gt;moment &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;où les clivages sociaux influencent directement le &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans cette approche et donc le modèle sociologique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;peut être&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à ce &lt;/del&gt;moment &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;là&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;explique mieux le &lt;/del&gt;vote. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans une &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’alignement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela serait le modèle psychosociologique&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire que les loyautés de parti se libèrent de leur &lt;/del&gt;base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociale et donc ces &lt;/del&gt;identifications &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;partisanes se forment et se cristallisent&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Finalement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans une &lt;/del&gt;phase &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de désalignement&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela serait le modèle économique puisqu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une perte de ces loyautés partisanes&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;donc ces électeurs deviennent de plus en plus réactifs par rapport aux évènements politiques et donc peut être plus rationnels dans leur processus de décision&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ils s’appuient peut être moins sur leur loyauté partisane&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ainsi leur &lt;/del&gt;vote &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est peut être moins expliqué par leur &lt;/del&gt;base &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sociale et plus par leur choix parmi une offre qui est le modèle économique&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;These authors proposed to say that there would be a relationship between the explanatory models of the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and the &lt;/ins&gt;cycle &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of alignment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;realignment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;misalignment in the sense that the sociological model would be better able to explain the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in &lt;/ins&gt;phases &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of political realignment&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;It is a &lt;/ins&gt;moment &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;when social cleavages directly influence the &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in this approach and therefore the sociological model&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;perhaps&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;at that &lt;/ins&gt;moment, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;better explains the &lt;/ins&gt;vote. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In a &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of alignment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this would be the psycho-sociological model&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i.e. party loyalties are freed from their social &lt;/ins&gt;base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and thus these party &lt;/ins&gt;identifications &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;are formed and crystallized&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Finally&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in a &lt;/ins&gt;phase &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of misalignment&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this would be the economic model, since there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;loss of these partisan loyalties&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;so these voters become more and more reactive to political events and therefore may be more rational in their decision-making process&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;They may rely less on their partisan loyalties&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;so their &lt;/ins&gt;vote &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;may be explained less by their social &lt;/ins&gt;base &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and more by their choice among an offer that is the economic model&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Mise à part qu’il y a les modèles combinés&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on peut penser que différents modèles peuvent expliquer différemment selon les &lt;/del&gt;moments &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;historiques et les &lt;/del&gt;phases &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’un processus d’alignement et de désalignement politique tout comme des modèles peuvent expliquer mieux certains &lt;/del&gt;types &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de candidat ou selon le profil et le &lt;/del&gt;type &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;d’électeurs&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Apart from the combined models&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;it can be thought that different models may explain differently according to historical &lt;/ins&gt;moments &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and &lt;/ins&gt;phases &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of a process of political alignment and misalignment just as models may better explain certain &lt;/ins&gt;types &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of candidates or according to the profile and &lt;/ins&gt;type &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of voters&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Annexes=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;=Annexes=&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47983&amp;oldid=prev</id>
		<title>Arthur : /* Directional model with intensity: Rabinowitz */</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://baripedia.org/index.php?title=Theoretical_models_of_voting_behaviour&amp;diff=47983&amp;oldid=prev"/>
		<updated>2020-05-06T08:12:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;autocomment&quot;&gt;Directional model with intensity: Rabinowitz&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;table style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122;&quot; data-mw=&quot;interface&quot;&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot; /&gt;
				&lt;tr class=&quot;diff-title&quot; lang=&quot;fr&quot;&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;← Version précédente&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;Version du 6 mai 2020 à 10:12&lt;/td&gt;
				&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot; id=&quot;mw-diff-left-l261&quot;&gt;Ligne 261 :&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;diff-lineno&quot;&gt;Ligne 261 :&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Directional model with intensity: Rabinowitz==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Directional model with intensity: Rabinowitz==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le modèle directionnel avec intensité rajoute un élément qui est lié à l'intensité avec laquelle les candidats et les partis politiques défendent certaines &lt;/del&gt;positions. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;C'est un développement assez raisonnable tout comme le modèle de l'actualisation dont la proximité était quelque chose de raisonnable et qui rend le modèle plus conforme à la réalité&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il est possible de dire la même chose du modèle directionnel avec intensité&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The intensity directional model adds an element that is related to the intensity with which candidates and political parties defend certain &lt;/ins&gt;positions. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is a fairly reasonable development, as is the discounting model, whose proximity was something reasonable and which makes the model more consistent with reality&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The same can be said of the directional model with intensity&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Le choix des candidats se fait à la fois selon la &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais aussi selon l'intensité des &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;sur un enjeu donné&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Donc&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;les électeurs vont voter pour les candidats qui se situent dans la &lt;/del&gt;direction (1) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et qui vont dans cette &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la manière la plus &lt;/del&gt;intense (2), &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;à savoir qui proposent des politiques allant dans cette &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de manière la plus forte et plus &lt;/del&gt;intense.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The choice of candidates is made both according to &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but also according to the intensity of &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on a given issue&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Thus&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;voters will vote for candidates who are in the &lt;/ins&gt;direction (1) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and who are going in that &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the most &lt;/ins&gt;intense &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;way &lt;/ins&gt;(2), &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that is, who propose policies going in that &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the strongest and most &lt;/ins&gt;intense &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;way&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plusieurs raisons que les auteurs de ces modèles directionnels évoquent pour expliquer ce choix de direction avec intensité plutôt qu’un choix de proximité comme le proposait &lt;/del&gt;Downs. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;aspect &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;est basé sur l'idée qu’il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un problème d’information qui représente une difficulté et des coûts que les électeurs doivent payer pour rassembler l'&lt;/del&gt;information &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et pour s'informer par rapport à une élection&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée est que les électeurs n’arrivent pas à vraiment évaluer d'une manière prospective les différentes &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;des partis&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Donc&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils n'arrivent pas à vraiment bien situer où se situent les différents partis&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Par contre&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;cela est vrai pour le modèle directionnel, ils arrivent à percevoir une &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de politique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En ce qui concerne le modèle avec intensité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;ils arrivent à percevoir quelque chose de plus&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est-à-dire pas seulement une &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;mais une intensité à travers laquelle un parti politique défend certaines &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et va dans certaines &lt;/del&gt;directions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;There are several reasons that the authors of these directional models cite to explain this choice of direction with intensity rather than &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;choice of proximity as proposed by &lt;/ins&gt;Downs. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;aspect &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;is based on the idea that there is an information problem that represents &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;difficulty and costs that voters must pay to gather &lt;/ins&gt;information &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and to become informed about an election&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea is that voters are not really able to really evaluate in a forward-looking way the different &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the parties&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Therefore&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they cannot really situate where the different parties stand&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;On the other hand&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;this is true for the directional model; they manage to perceive a policy &lt;/ins&gt;direction. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As for the intensity model&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;they manage to perceive something more&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that is to say, not only a &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;but an intensity through which a political party defends certain &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and goes in certain political &lt;/ins&gt;directions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce modèle de proximité directionnel avec intensité illustre ce qu’on appel la politique symbolique qui est liée au problème de l‘information&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La politique symbolique dit que ce qui est &lt;/del&gt;important &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;en politique ne sont pas nécessairement les &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;rationnellement perçues ou encore les &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques des partis mais ce sont ce que les symboles politiques évoquent par rapport à certains enjeux&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Ce sont surtout les modèles directionnels avec intensité qui capitalisent sur l'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de la politique symbolique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'&lt;/del&gt;importance &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de symboles réside dans le fait de ce qui suscite des émotions&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Les symboles évoquent des émotions&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'idée de l’intensité peut être aussi vue comme l’idée qu’il y a certains enjeux&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qu’il y a certaines &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politiques qui mettent en avant des symboles et certains de ces symboles évoquent rendant ces deux enjeux plus visibles aux yeux de électeurs mais dans le sens de faire dire aux électeurs que ce parti en particulier va dans cette &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;et avec une forte intensité&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This model of directional proximity with intensity illustrates what is called symbolic politics which is related to the problem of information&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Symbolic politics says that what is &lt;/ins&gt;important &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in politics are not necessarily the rationally perceived &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or the political &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of the parties but what the political symbols evoke in relation to certain issues&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of symbolic politics is especially capitalized on by the intensity directional models&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The &lt;/ins&gt;importance &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;of symbols lies in what arouses emotions&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Symbols evoke emotions&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The idea of intensity can also be seen as the idea that there are certain issues&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that there are certain political &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that put forward symbols and some of these symbols evoke making these two issues more visible to voters but in the sense of making voters say that this particular party is going in that &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and with a high intensity&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;À la base de la réflexion des modèles directionnels et en particulier des modèles directionnels avec intensité&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y a ce qu’on appelle la politique symbolique&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Un symbole s’évalue en fonction de deux paramètres que sont une &lt;/del&gt;direction (1), &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un symbole donne une certaine &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;dans la politique et en plus une certaine intensité &lt;/del&gt;(2) &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est dans quelles mesures est-on favorable ou défavorable par rapport à une certaine politique&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;At the basis of the reflection of directional models&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;and in particular of directional models with intensity, there is what is called symbolic politics&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;A symbol is evaluated on the basis of two parameters, namely &lt;/ins&gt;direction (1), &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;a symbol gives a certain &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;in the policy and in addition a certain intensity &lt;/ins&gt;(2) &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;which is to what extent is one favourable or unfavourable to a certain policy&lt;/ins&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique fonction d’utilité du modèle directionnel avec intensité 1.png|vignette|&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Fonction d’utilité du modèle directionnel avec intensité&lt;/del&gt;.]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Fichier:comportement politique fonction d’utilité du modèle directionnel avec intensité 1.png|vignette|&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Utility function of the directional model with intensity&lt;/ins&gt;.]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;L'avantage du modèle directionnel avec intensité est qu’il va dans une &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus intense&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c’est-à-dire qu’il prend une &lt;/del&gt;position &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;politique qui évoque l’idée de la politique symbolique d’une manière plus saillante&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The advantage of the intensity directional model is that it goes in a more intense &lt;/ins&gt;direction, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;i.e. it takes a political &lt;/ins&gt;position &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;that evokes the idea of symbolic politics in a more salient way&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;La fonction d'utilité de ce modèle est modifiée par rapport au modèle &lt;/del&gt;simple &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;c'est-à-dire que plus un parti s'éloigne dans la même &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;que l’électeurs&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;plus il aura de chances d'être choisi par cet électeur&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Plus un parti s'éloignent dans l'autre &lt;/del&gt;direction, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;moins l’électeur va le choisir parce que la fonction d'utilité diminue progressivement&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The utility function of this model is modified compared to the &lt;/ins&gt;simple &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;model, i.e. the further a party moves in the same &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;as the voter&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the more likely it is to be chosen by that voter&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;The further a party moves in the other &lt;/ins&gt;direction, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the less likely the voter will choose it because the utility function gradually decreases&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Dans ce modèle&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;une région d'acceptabilité de l'extrémisme des &lt;/del&gt;positions &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;qui est une région en dehors de laquelle l'intensité des positions ou de la &lt;/del&gt;direction &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;montrée par un parti ne peut pas aller parce que si elle va au-delà de cette région&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;l’électeur ne va plus choisir ce parti&lt;/del&gt;.  &lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;In this model&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;region of acceptability of positional extremism which is a region outside of which the intensity of the &lt;/ins&gt;positions &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;or the &lt;/ins&gt;direction &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;shown by a party cannot go because if it goes beyond that region&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;the voter will no longer choose that party&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;−&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;En ce qui concerne le modèle de proximité avec actualisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il y &lt;/del&gt;a &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;un souci lorsqu'on va l’appliquer empiriquement &lt;/del&gt;: &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;il faut pouvoir déterminer quel est le degré d'actualisation&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;de combien l’électeur va actualiser&lt;/del&gt;. &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;Cela est quelque chose qui reste difficile dans la théorie&lt;/del&gt;, &lt;del style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;on ne sait pas de combien l’électeur va actualiser&lt;/del&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot; data-marker=&quot;+&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;As far as the proximity model with discounting is concerned&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;there is &lt;/ins&gt;a &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;concern when we are going to apply it empirically&lt;/ins&gt;: &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we need to be able to determine what the degree of discounting is&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;how much the voter is going to discount&lt;/ins&gt;. &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;This is something that remains difficult in theory&lt;/ins&gt;, &lt;ins style=&quot;font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;&quot;&gt;we don't know how much the voter will discount&lt;/ins&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Résumé des quatre modèles==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;==Résumé des quatre modèles==&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Arthur</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>