Transformations of war and violence in Europe - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Second type of war or total war: 1789 - 1815,1914 - 1945 */

2021-04-25T20:49:22Z

Second type of war or total war: 1789 - 1815,1914 - 1945

← Version précédente		Version du 25 avril 2021 à 22:49
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	== Second type of war or total war: 1789 - 1815,1914 - 1945 ==		== Second type of war or total war: 1789 - 1815,1914 - 1945 ==

	[[Fichier:Lejeune - Bataille de Marengo.jpg\|vignette\|~~La bataille de~~ Marengo. ~~Tableau de~~ Louis-François Lejeune.]]		[[Fichier:Lejeune - Bataille de Marengo.jpg\|vignette\|The battle of Marengo. Painting by Louis-François Lejeune.]]

	There are both technological and organizational determinants with the rise in mass, particularly during the revolutionary wars that began in 1792. The armed forces of a country will be conceived as the "nation in arms" within the framework of conscription armies that will radicalize the struggles in terms of violence. The destructive character of these wars will end with the fall of Napoleon, which will open on the period of "peace of one hundred years" which is characterized by a return of limited wars.		There are both technological and organizational determinants with the rise in mass, particularly during the revolutionary wars that began in 1792. The armed forces of a country will be conceived as the "nation in arms" within the framework of conscription armies that will radicalize the struggles in terms of violence. The destructive character of these wars will end with the fall of Napoleon, which will open on the period of "peace of one hundred years" which is characterized by a return of limited wars.

Arthur : /* Limited/ institutionalised/ Trinitarian wars (from the "1st type" according to Holsti): 1648 - 1789 */

2021-04-25T20:49:06Z

Limited/ institutionalised/ Trinitarian wars (from the "1st type" according to Holsti): 1648 - 1789

← Version précédente		Version du 25 avril 2021 à 22:49
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	The wars of the first type that followed in the Middle Age are known as limited wars and institutionalized wars. In these wars,"going to war" means respecting a certain number of strict standards that allow war to be a strict mechanism for resolving conflicts and allocating resources within the European inter-state system.		The wars of the first type that followed in the Middle Age are known as limited wars and institutionalized wars. In these wars,"going to war" means respecting a certain number of strict standards that allow war to be a strict mechanism for resolving conflicts and allocating resources within the European inter-state system.

	[[Fichier:Guerre turcs autrichiens 1716-18.jpg\|vignette\|gauche\|~~Guerre turco~~-~~autrichienne de~~ 1716-1718. ~~Huile sur toile exposée au Musée national hongrois~~.]]		[[Fichier:Guerre turcs autrichiens 1716-18.jpg\|vignette\|gauche\|Turkish-Austrian War of 1716-1718. Oil on canvas exhibited in the Hungarian National Museum.]]

	These are relatively short wars lasting from 1 to 2 years. Wars are also common. Limited wars follow a clear sequencing process beginning with a declaration of war, followed by a ceasefire and ending with a peace treaty. The fact that today's wars have not lived up to this vision is due to the fact that states no longer declare war. Since the First World War and even more so since the Second World War, the institution of war has fallen into disrepute and is no longer practised.		These are relatively short wars lasting from 1 to 2 years. Wars are also common. Limited wars follow a clear sequencing process beginning with a declaration of war, followed by a ceasefire and ending with a peace treaty. The fact that today's wars have not lived up to this vision is due to the fact that states no longer declare war. Since the First World War and even more so since the Second World War, the institution of war has fallen into disrepute and is no longer practised.

Arthur : /* From Religious Wars to Modern Wars */

2021-04-25T20:48:44Z

From Religious Wars to Modern Wars

← Version précédente		Version du 25 avril 2021 à 22:48
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	<gallery mode="packed" widths="150px" heights="150px">		<gallery mode="packed" widths="150px" heights="150px">
	Gustav II of Sweden.jpg\|~~Le roi Gustave~~ II ~~Adolphe~~.		Gustav II of Sweden.jpg\|King Gustavus II Adolphus.
	Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt - Maurits prins van Oranje-edit 1.jpg\|Portrait de Maurice de Nassau ~~par~~ Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt.		Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt - Maurits prins van Oranje-edit 1.jpg\|Portrait of Maurice de Nassau by Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt.
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Arthur : /* War as an institution of the "interstate system" */

2021-04-25T20:48:14Z

War as an institution of the "interstate system"

← Version précédente		Version du 25 avril 2021 à 22:48
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	Violence is often perceived, especially in its organized form and in the form of war, as chaotic elements whose passion for violence prevails over any political or legal considerations. War can also be seen as a specific institution, i. e. an inter-state practice governed by a number of norms and rules that must be followed in order to conduct war in a legitimate manner.		Violence is often perceived, especially in its organized form and in the form of war, as chaotic elements whose passion for violence prevails over any political or legal considerations. War can also be seen as a specific institution, i. e. an inter-state practice governed by a number of norms and rules that must be followed in order to conduct war in a legitimate manner.

	[[File:De zielenvisserij - Fishing for souls (Adriaen Pietersz. van de Venne).jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|''Fishing for Souls'' (''Zielenvisserij''), 1614, a satirical allegory of Protestant-Catholic struggles for souls during the Dutch Revolt (Rijksmuseum)]]		[[File:De zielenvisserij - Fishing for souls (Adriaen Pietersz. van de Venne).jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\|''Fishing for Souls'' (''Zielenvisserij''), 1614, a satirical allegory of Protestant-Catholic struggles for souls during the Dutch Revolt (Rijksmuseum).]]

	Modern territoriality in Europe is the result of multiple imperial pretensions competing in a relatively small and balanced territory: the European states have generally started by thinking of themselves as empires. This shows that, on the one hand, the modern State is inseparable from the principle of sovereignty, which states that the only authority of last resort and last instance on the national territory is the State which is sovereign or otherwise called sovereign on that territory to the exclusion of any other State. The principle of sovereignty in principle, which explicitly defines the State, exists only because other States recognizes it. Each government and each State claims absolute primacy over its territory, but at the same time this primacy is not absolute because it exists only because it is recognized by other States. The State is governed by a legal principle which is the principle of mutual recognition. In order to understand what a State is, we must not only look at international relations, but also at the relations between nascent States which will recognize themselves as reciprocally sovereign in a territory having ownership of a given space mutually recognized.		Modern territoriality in Europe is the result of multiple imperial pretensions competing in a relatively small and balanced territory: the European states have generally started by thinking of themselves as empires. This shows that, on the one hand, the modern State is inseparable from the principle of sovereignty, which states that the only authority of last resort and last instance on the national territory is the State which is sovereign or otherwise called sovereign on that territory to the exclusion of any other State. The principle of sovereignty in principle, which explicitly defines the State, exists only because other States recognizes it. Each government and each State claims absolute primacy over its territory, but at the same time this primacy is not absolute because it exists only because it is recognized by other States. The State is governed by a legal principle which is the principle of mutual recognition. In order to understand what a State is, we must not only look at international relations, but also at the relations between nascent States which will recognize themselves as reciprocally sovereign in a territory having ownership of a given space mutually recognized.
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	The colonial period is a time when there is an inter-state system on the European continent, but they are also empires outside the European continent. This contradiction will disappear with the end of colonization, which will universalize the state principle.		The colonial period is a time when there is an inter-state system on the European continent, but they are also empires outside the European continent. This contradiction will disappear with the end of colonization, which will universalize the state principle.

	[[Fichier:Colonisation en 1945.png\|thumb\|center\|500px\|~~Carte du Monde présentant les~~ possessions ~~coloniales en~~ 1945.]]		[[Fichier:Colonisation en 1945.png\|thumb\|center\|500px\|World map showing colonial possessions in 1945.]]

	The state as we know it is inseparable from the existence of an inter-state system. To understand what a modern state is, it must be placed in a broader system that is an inter-state system based on the universalism of the state form, as well as on the specificity of each state. There are specificities and peculiarities to each State, but a universalism of the form of the State. There are a number of principles that govern the inter-state system, namely the mutual recognition of sovereignty between States. Still, war itself is also the result of certain conventions recognized by States among themselves. Historically, sovereignty was also the sovereign right of the State to wage war, provided that war is conducted according to the standards and principles that go with sovereignty's mutual recognition. Historically, war can be seen as an institution of the inter-state system.		The state as we know it is inseparable from the existence of an inter-state system. To understand what a modern state is, it must be placed in a broader system that is an inter-state system based on the universalism of the state form, as well as on the specificity of each state. There are specificities and peculiarities to each State, but a universalism of the form of the State. There are a number of principles that govern the inter-state system, namely the mutual recognition of sovereignty between States. Still, war itself is also the result of certain conventions recognized by States among themselves. Historically, sovereignty was also the sovereign right of the State to wage war, provided that war is conducted according to the standards and principles that go with sovereignty's mutual recognition. Historically, war can be seen as an institution of the inter-state system.

Arthur le 18 avril 2021 à 17:04

2021-04-18T17:04:11Z

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	\| fr = Transformations de la guerre et de la violence en Europe		\| fr = Transformations de la guerre et de la violence en Europe
	\| es = Transformaciones de la guerra y de la violencia en Europa		\| es = Transformaciones de la guerra y de la violencia en Europa
			\| lt = Karo ir smurto transformacijos Europoje
	}}		}}

Arthur : /* Organizational and technological determinants */

2021-01-19T07:35:20Z

Organizational and technological determinants

← Version précédente		Version du 19 janvier 2021 à 09:35
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	[[File:Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg\|thumb\|Illustrations of military uniforms from 1690 to 1865 by René L'Hôpital.]]		[[File:Encyclopaedia-Britannica-1911-27-0611.jpg\|thumb\|Illustrations of military uniforms from 1690 to 1865 by René L'Hôpital.]]

	Between 1450 and 1700, Michael Robert described this period as that of a "Military Revolution" based on conscripted armies, generally peasants who would be forced to participate in the war by virtue of their duty of allegiance. This entails imposing a hierarchy and chain of command to coordinate massive armies. The military revolution of that era was based on a reorganization of the army, a redefinition of ~~the~~ recruitment ~~of combatants~~, which involved rationalizing logistics, tactics and military administration. The period between 1450 and 1700 corresponds to various developments that were decisive for the evolution of the art of warfare. On the one hand, the generalization of uniform wearing by combatants, the introduction of strict discipline or ~~the~~ supervision ~~of supply~~. This military revolution is also linked to the construction of the State with its rationalization and bureaucratization. The invention of the printing press made it possible to print tactical manuals, military doctrine and disciplinary regulations to disseminate rules and principles to combatant forces participating in their discipline, and to subject them to behaviour and conduct in wartime that would make them more effective. It is a time when we rediscover the ancient rules, such as, for example, with the organizational refinement of the phalanx.		Between 1450 and 1700, Michael Robert described this period as that of a "Military Revolution" based on conscripted armies, generally peasants who would be forced to participate in the war by virtue of their duty of allegiance. This entails imposing a hierarchy and chain of command to coordinate massive armies. The military revolution of that era was based on a reorganization of the army, a redefinition of combatants' recruitment, which involved rationalizing logistics, tactics, and military administration. The period between 1450 and 1700 corresponds to various developments that were decisive for the evolution of the art of warfare. On the one hand, the generalization of uniform wearing by combatants, the introduction of strict discipline, or supply supervision. This military revolution is also linked to the construction of the State with its rationalization and bureaucratization. The invention of the printing press made it possible to print tactical manuals, military doctrine and disciplinary regulations to disseminate rules and principles to combatant forces participating in their discipline, and to subject them to behaviour and conduct in wartime that would make them more effective. It is a time when we rediscover the ancient rules, such as, for example, with the organizational refinement of the phalanx.

	War is becoming more and more lethal as a result of the reorganization of the armed forces, but at the same time the organisation of war in international relations presupposes respect for principles such as the principle of proportionality, the principle of distinction between civil and military or the declaration of war and the conclusion of a treaty.		War is becoming more and more lethal as a result of the reorganization of the armed forces, but at the same time, the organisation of war in international relations presupposes respect for principles such as the principle of proportionality, the principle of distinction between civil and military or the declaration of war and the conclusion of a treaty.

	== From Religious Wars to Modern Wars ==		== From Religious Wars to Modern Wars ==

	Cromwell, Gustave Adolphe II and Maurice de Nassau were warring parties in the Thirty Years' War. These three protagonists have one thing in common: they are Protestant. Among Calvinists of the sixteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there is the idea of predestination which is the idea that everything that happens to an individual was decided by God, corresponds to the will of God, enrichment in earthly life is willed by God. The idea of predestination in Calvinism implies that earthly success has a religious value leading to a very strong valorization in Calvinist communities with economic success. The combination of a radical foundation, the ideology of predestination that a military victory is not only a military victory, but also to be on the right side from a theological point of view, implies that there is an emphasis by the Protestants of the time, a valorization of military reform and the military organizational system to make it more effective.		Cromwell, Gustave Adolphe II and Maurice de Nassau were warring parties in the Thirty Years' War. These three protagonists have one thing in common: they are Protestant. Among Calvinists of the sixteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there is the idea of predestination which is the idea that everything that happens to an individual was decided by God, corresponds to the will of God, enrichment in earthly life is willed by God. The idea of predestination in Calvinism implies that earthly success has a religious value leading to a very strong valorization in Calvinist communities with economic success. The combination of a radical foundation, the ideology of predestination that a military victory is not only a military victory but also to be on the right side from a theological point of view, implies that there is an emphasis by the Protestants of the time, a valorization of military reform and the military organizational system to make it more effective.

	<gallery mode="packed" widths="150px" heights="150px">		<gallery mode="packed" widths="150px" heights="150px">
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	Gunpowder was introduced in Europe as early as the 13th century, giving rise to individual firearms~~, but also to~~ the guns and mortars that would shape the way of warfare in the period from the Military Revolution to the present day. The industrial revolution is also a determining factor in the advent of the so-called "industrial warfare", which is ~~the application of~~ the industrial method to warfare with a chain production, a standardization that allows an increase in efficiency.		Gunpowder was introduced in Europe as early as the 13th century, giving rise to individual firearms and the guns and mortars that would shape the way of warfare in the period from the Military Revolution to the present day. The industrial revolution is also a determining factor in the advent of the so-called "industrial warfare", which is applying the industrial method to warfare with a chain production, a standardization that allows an increase in efficiency.

	== The forced march to total war? ==		== The forced march to total war? ==

	Sticking to technological and organizational criteria is counterproductive because there are limited and institutionalized periods of warfare, which can be explained by the interaction of the role of war as an institution of inter-state warfare, which sometimes rather acts as an institution of violent practices in times of war, while technological and organizational factors push towards more lethal wars. From exogenous, technology is rapidly becoming an endogenous factor in organizational development. ~~It is the~~ same competitive structure of the European inter-state system ~~that~~ explains the "competitive centralisation" of states and the development and diffusion of military technologies.		Sticking to technological and organizational criteria is counterproductive because there are limited and institutionalized periods of warfare, which can be explained by the interaction of the role of war as an institution of inter-state warfare, which sometimes rather acts as an institution of violent practices in times of war, while technological and organizational factors push towards more lethal wars. From exogenous, technology is rapidly becoming an endogenous factor in organizational development. The same competitive structure of the European inter-state system explains the "competitive centralisation" of states and the development and diffusion of military technologies.

	= From medieval wars to total warfare =		= From medieval wars to total warfare =

Arthur : /* War as an institution of the "interstate system" */

2021-01-19T07:32:13Z

War as an institution of the "interstate system"

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:55

2018-02-11T19:55:39Z

← Version précédente		Version du 11 février 2018 à 21:55
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	}}		}}

	In ''The State, War and the State of War'', Holsti explains the successive transformations of war in Europe, starting with the wars of the Middle Ages from 1650 to 1789, he discusses the limited wars known as institutionalized wars, which he describes as wars of the first ~~typeHolsti~~, Kalevi J. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge University Press, 1996.. The wars of the second type are the total warfare that emerged after the French Revolution with the Napoleonic wars until the Second World War. Wars of the third type emerged after 1945, mainly concerning Third World states. War has changed and transformed throughout European history.		In ''The State, War and the State of War'', Holsti explains the successive transformations of war in Europe, starting with the wars of the Middle Ages from 1650 to 1789, he discusses the limited wars known as institutionalized wars, which he describes as wars of the first type<ref>Holsti, Kalevi J. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge University Press, 1996.</ref>. The wars of the second type are the total warfare that emerged after the French Revolution with the Napoleonic wars until the Second World War. Wars of the third type emerged after 1945, mainly concerning Third World states. War has changed and transformed throughout European history.

	For war to occur, there must be a complex and hierarchical social organization capable of forcing men to fight. Depending on the ways in which political societies are organized, wars will change. We will see how war is transformed in European history as the forms of political organisations change and modern states become increasingly powerful and effective in their war activities.		For war to occur, there must be a complex and hierarchical social organization capable of forcing men to fight. Depending on the ways in which political societies are organized, wars will change. We will see how war is transformed in European history as the forms of political organisations change and modern states become increasingly powerful and effective in their war activities.

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:54

2018-02-11T19:54:46Z

← Version précédente		Version du 11 février 2018 à 21:54
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	}}		}}

	In ''The State, War and the State of War'' ~~published in 2001~~, Holsti explains the successive transformations of war in Europe, starting with the wars of the Middle Ages from 1650 to 1789, he discusses the limited wars known as institutionalized wars, which he describes as wars of the first ~~type~~. The wars of the second type are the total warfare that emerged after the French Revolution with the Napoleonic wars until the Second World War. Wars of the third type emerged after 1945, mainly concerning Third World states. War has changed and transformed throughout European history.		In ''The State, War and the State of War'', Holsti explains the successive transformations of war in Europe, starting with the wars of the Middle Ages from 1650 to 1789, he discusses the limited wars known as institutionalized wars, which he describes as wars of the first typeHolsti, Kalevi J. The State, War, and the State of War. Cambridge University Press, 1996.. The wars of the second type are the total warfare that emerged after the French Revolution with the Napoleonic wars until the Second World War. Wars of the third type emerged after 1945, mainly concerning Third World states. War has changed and transformed throughout European history.

	For war to occur, there must be a complex and hierarchical social organization capable of forcing men to fight. Depending on the ways in which political societies are organized, wars will change. We will see how war is transformed in European history as the forms of political organisations change and modern states become increasingly powerful and effective in their war activities.		For war to occur, there must be a complex and hierarchical social organization capable of forcing men to fight. Depending on the ways in which political societies are organized, wars will change. We will see how war is transformed in European history as the forms of political organisations change and modern states become increasingly powerful and effective in their war activities.

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:54

2018-02-11T19:54:06Z

← Version précédente		Version du 11 février 2018 à 21:54
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	\| département =		\| département =
	\| professeurs = [[Stephan Davidshofer]]<ref>[[http://unige.academia.edu/StephanDavidshofer\|Stephan Davidshofer \| University of Geneva]] - Academia.edu</ref><ref>[http://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Davidshofer-Stephan--56940.htm Publications de Stephan Davidshofer] \| Cairn.info</ref><ref>Davidshofer, Stephan. “[http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0047 La Gestion De Crise Européenne Ou Quand L'Europe Rencontre La Sécurité : Modalités Pratiques Et Symboliques D'une Autonomisation].” Http://Www.theses.fr/, Paris, Institut D'études Politiques, 1 Jan. 2009</ref> <br> [[Christian Olsson]]<ref>[http://philoscsoc.ulb.be/fr/users/colsson Page personnelle de Christian Olsson sur le site de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles]</ref><ref>[http://ulb.academia.edu/COlsson Page de Christian Olsson sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://fr.linkedin.com/in/christian-olsson-2ba437b Profile Linkedin de Christian Olsson]</ref>		\| professeurs = [[Stephan Davidshofer]]<ref>[[http://unige.academia.edu/StephanDavidshofer\|Stephan Davidshofer \| University of Geneva]] - Academia.edu</ref><ref>[http://www.cairn.info/publications-de-Davidshofer-Stephan--56940.htm Publications de Stephan Davidshofer] \| Cairn.info</ref><ref>Davidshofer, Stephan. “[http://www.theses.fr/2009IEPP0047 La Gestion De Crise Européenne Ou Quand L'Europe Rencontre La Sécurité : Modalités Pratiques Et Symboliques D'une Autonomisation].” Http://Www.theses.fr/, Paris, Institut D'études Politiques, 1 Jan. 2009</ref> <br> [[Christian Olsson]]<ref>[http://philoscsoc.ulb.be/fr/users/colsson Page personnelle de Christian Olsson sur le site de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles]</ref><ref>[http://ulb.academia.edu/COlsson Page de Christian Olsson sur Academia.edu]</ref><ref>[https://fr.linkedin.com/in/christian-olsson-2ba437b Profile Linkedin de Christian Olsson]</ref>
	~~\| assistants =~~
	\| assistants =		\| assistants =
	\| enregistrement = [https://mediaserver.unige.ch/collection/AN3-1220-2014-2015.rss 2014], [https://mediaserver.unige.ch/collection/AN3-1220-2014-2015.rss 2015]		\| enregistrement = [https://mediaserver.unige.ch/collection/AN3-1220-2014-2015.rss 2014], [https://mediaserver.unige.ch/collection/AN3-1220-2014-2015.rss 2015]
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	}}		}}

	In ''The State, War and the State of War'' published in 2001, Holsti explains the successive transformations of war in Europe, starting with the wars of the Middle Ages from 1650 to 1789, he discusses the limited wars known as institutionalized wars, which he describes as first type ~~wars~~. The wars of the second type are the total ~~wars~~ that emerged after the French Revolution with the Napoleonic wars until the Second World War. Wars of the third type emerged after 1945, mainly concerning Third World states. War has changed and transformed throughout European history.		In ''The State, War and the State of War'' published in 2001, Holsti explains the successive transformations of war in Europe, starting with the wars of the Middle Ages from 1650 to 1789, he discusses the limited wars known as institutionalized wars, which he describes as wars of the first type. The wars of the second type are the total warfare that emerged after the French Revolution with the Napoleonic wars until the Second World War. Wars of the third type emerged after 1945, mainly concerning Third World states. War has changed and transformed throughout European history.

	For war to occur, there must be a complex and hierarchical social organization capable of forcing men to fight. Depending on the ways in which political societies are organized, wars will change. We will see how war is transformed in European history as the forms of political organisations change and modern states become increasingly powerful and effective in their war activities.		For war to occur, there must be a complex and hierarchical social organization capable of forcing men to fight. Depending on the ways in which political societies are organized, wars will change. We will see how war is transformed in European history as the forms of political organisations change and modern states become increasingly powerful and effective in their war activities.
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	Cromwell, Gustave Adolphe II and Maurice de Nassau were warring parties in the Thirty Years' War. These three protagonists have one thing in common: they are Protestant. Among Calvinists of the sixteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there is the idea of predestination which is the idea that everything that happens to an individual was decided by God, corresponds to the will of God, enrichment in earthly life is willed by God. The idea of predestination in Calvinism implies that earthly success has a religious value leading to a very strong valorization in Calvinist communities with economic success. The combination of a radical foundation, the ideology of predestination that a military victory is not only a military victory, but also to be on the right side from a theological point of view, implies that there is an emphasis by the Protestants of the time, a valorization of military reform and the military organizational system to make it more effective.		Cromwell, Gustave Adolphe II and Maurice de Nassau were warring parties in the Thirty Years' War. These three protagonists have one thing in common: they are Protestant. Among Calvinists of the sixteenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, there is the idea of predestination which is the idea that everything that happens to an individual was decided by God, corresponds to the will of God, enrichment in earthly life is willed by God. The idea of predestination in Calvinism implies that earthly success has a religious value leading to a very strong valorization in Calvinist communities with economic success. The combination of a radical foundation, the ideology of predestination that a military victory is not only a military victory, but also to be on the right side from a theological point of view, implies that there is an emphasis by the Protestants of the time, a valorization of military reform and the military organizational system to make it more effective.

	<gallery mode="packed" widths=150px heights=150px>		<gallery mode="packed" widths="150px" heights="150px">
	Gustav II of Sweden.jpg\|Le roi Gustave II Adolphe.		Gustav II of Sweden.jpg\|Le roi Gustave II Adolphe.
	Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt - Maurits prins van Oranje-edit 1.jpg\|Portrait de Maurice de Nassau par Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt.		Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt - Maurits prins van Oranje-edit 1.jpg\|Portrait de Maurice de Nassau par Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt.
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	= References =		= References =
	<references/>		<references />

	[[Category:political science]]		[[Category:political science]]

Transformations of war and violence in Europe - Historique des versions

Arthur : /* Second type of war or total war: 1789 - 1815,1914 - 1945 */

Arthur : /* Limited/ institutionalised/ Trinitarian wars (from the "1st type" according to Holsti): 1648 - 1789 */

Arthur : /* From Religious Wars to Modern Wars */

Arthur : /* War as an institution of the "interstate system" */

Arthur le 18 avril 2021 à 17:04

Arthur : /* Organizational and technological determinants */

Arthur : /* War as an institution of the "interstate system" */

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:55

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:54

Arthur le 11 février 2018 à 19:54

Arthur : /* Second type of war or total war: 1789 - 1815,1914 - 1945 */

Arthur : /* Limited/ institutionalised/ Trinitarian wars (from the "1st type" according to Holsti): 1648 - 1789 */

Arthur : /* From Religious Wars to Modern Wars */

Arthur : /* War as an institution of the "interstate system" */

Arthur : /* Organizational and technological determinants */

Arthur : /* War as an institution of the "interstate system" */